Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology 1110 > Geo Final > Flashcards

Geo Final Flashcards

1
Q

weathering

A

the way a rock falls apart

- creates sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

rock

A

an aggregate of minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mineral

A

naturally occurring substance composed of a specific ration of chemical elements arranged in a specific crystalline structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of weathering

A
  1. physical

2. chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

importance of w to weathering

A
  1. w is a polar molec
  2. w expands by 9% when it freezes
  3. w is common on eth in all 3 phases
  4. universal solvent
  5. if it is not a part of the chem rxn, it provides a place for one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sedimentary rocks

A 
rocks that form as the result of:
1. weathering
2. erosion
3. transport
deposition
5. precipitation
6. lithification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

erosion

A

how sediment is set in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transport

A

the way sediment moves once it is in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

deposition

A

the way sediment stops moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 forces that cause weathering erosion, transport, and deposition:

A
  1. moving w
  2. moving air
  3. moving ice
  4. gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

precipitation

A

a form of deposition that happens when new mineral crystals form from elements in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lithification

A

the transformation of loose sediment into solid srock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is lithification accomplished (2)

A
  • compacting

- cementing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

porosity

A

the space btwn sediment grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

permeability

A

a measure of how well connected the pores are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cementing sediment

A

sediment is cemented to form a solid rock when w infiltrates into the pores and ppttn creates new minerals in the pores that bind the sedi together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

clastic sedi rocks

A

rocks made up of clasts or rock fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

threshold velocity

A

the speed of w necessary to move a grain of a certain size (erosion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

clay minerals (2)

A

flat silicate minerals that have:

  1. a shape like a piece of paper
  2. an electrical charge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are clay minerals easy to erode?

A

no because they stick together because of their charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sorting

A

the range of rock sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

well sorted

A

a narrow range of sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

poorly sorted

A

a wide range of sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sphericity

A

the shape of a grain (high/low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

roundness

A

the surface of a grain (round/angular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

composition

A

minerology of the grains in a rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

do mafic or felsic minerals weather faster?

A

mafic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

work is done to sediment by (4)

A
  1. moving w
  2. moving ice
  3. moving air
  4. gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

source area

A

the point of origin for sedi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

inertia

A

the tendency of a moving object to stay in motion; ensures transport continues over time and distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

as sedi moves from high to low (4)

A
  1. grain size dec
  2. sorting improves
  3. sphericity inc
  4. roundness improves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

work increases with (2)

A

time and distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

moving from high to low, larger grains (2)

A
  1. are left behind b/c they are harder to move

2. break apart to become more smaller grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how does composition change going from high to low?

A

becomes simpler as heavier mafic grains are left behind, or they weather and disappear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the least mature rock?

A

breccia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the most mature rock?

A

claystone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 common types of sandstone

A
  1. lithic
  2. arkosic
  3. quartz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

sedimentary structure

A

a physical feature, most commonly a layer, because of a preferred arrangement of grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is a layer/bed (injection feature) important?

A

reps a unique env of deposition, and maybe weathering, erosion, and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why is the bottom contact of a layer important?

A

where and when the unique env started

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

why is the top contact of a layer important?

A

where and when the unique env ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

horiz bedding

A

a layer of sedi that is has parallel upper and lower contacts parallel to the eths surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

internal structure of a horiz bed

A

uniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is a uniform layer created?

A

fine sedi in suspension sinks to the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

graded bedding texture

A

not uniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

normal graded bedding

A

grain size decs from lower to the upper contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how is normal graded bedding created

A

over time w velocity dec’d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

reverse graded bedding

A

grain size inc from lower to upper contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is reverse bedding a result of (2)?

A

processes after deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

kinetic sieving

A

little things fall through large as things are shaken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

dispersive pressures

A

big ones rise above (mosh pit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cross bedding

A

layers of sedi that are inclined at an angle to eths surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does cross bedding indicate?

A

flow in 1 direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how does cross bedding form (2)?

A
  • fast moving w from the river enters the lake/ocean and stops
  • the sedi is deposited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

ripple bedding (2)

A

consists of linear ridges of sedi of diff lengths

- either symmetrical or asymmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

internal structure of an asymmetrical ripple

A

cross beds all facing 1 direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

internal structure of a symmetrical ripple

A

cross beds facing in two opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where does ripple bedding form?

A

shallow turbulent w moving in 1 or 2 directions with an abundant supply of sand moving as bedload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

bedload

A

sedi that is rolling, sliding, or bouncing along the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

massive bedding (2)

A
  1. uniformly mixed

2. poorly sorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how was deposition in massive bedding?

A

very rapid, due to a sudden drop in w velocity before it could be sorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

how do chem sedi rocks form?

A

when a new mineral pptts from elements/molecs in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

coral reef

A

long, linear ridge found in a shallow marine setting; limestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

formation of reef

A

calcite remains of marine orgs accumulate on the sea floor

65
Q

conditions of reef formation (4)

A
  • warm w (over 20 deg)
  • w w/ normal salinity
  • w that is clean and clear so sunlight can penetrate + filter feeding orgs are not harmed
  • w that is circulating so that enough O is available
66
Q

formation of dolomite

A

alteration product of limestone, forms when a change in mineralogy occurs in the ocean (Mg)

67
Q

coal

A

partially preserved terrestrial plant remains

68
Q

oil/gas//hydrocarbons

A

partially preserved remains of aquatic plants/algae

69
Q

formation of oil/gas conditions (3)

A
  1. O is absent
  2. clastic sedi deposition is slow
  3. w circulation is minimal
70
Q

source rock (4)

A
  1. rock where oil is made
  2. often black shale
  3. high porosity
  4. low permeability
71
Q

reservoir rock (4)

A
  1. where oil is stored
  2. often lime or sandstone
  3. high porosity
  4. high permeability
72
Q

cap rock (4)

A
  1. what stops the oil
  2. often a salt
  3. low porosity
  4. low permeability
73
Q

fossils

A

the remains of plants and animals partially preserved in the geological record

74
Q

geological record includes (4)

A
  1. rock
  2. sedi
  3. soil
  4. ice (glaciers)
75
Q

most fossils are (2)

A

shells + bones

76
Q

trace fossils

A

evidence for the presence of plants of animals; burrows, footprints, etc.

77
Q

4 causes of sea level change

A
  1. ice ages (formation/melting)
  2. plate tectonics (growth/movement changes the size of the oceans)
  3. thermal expansion of the ocean as it heats up
  4. local variations in geology (sedi)
78
Q

typical coast (3)

A
  • shallow w sandy beach
  • coral reef further offshore
  • deepw mud well offshore
79
Q

what happens to deposits as w rises?

A

shift toward shore

80
Q

unconformity

A

a surface that reps where something is missing in the geological record

81
Q

what type of rock are in our coastal ranges?

A

igneous

82
Q

what type of rock makes up the rockies?

A

sedi

83
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

rocks that form when a pre-existing rock is altered by heat and pres w/ no sig melting

84
Q

the 2 physical forces that can change a rock

A
  1. pres

2. stress

85
Q

pres (3)

A
  • forces are = in all directions
  • changes volume and density
  • does not change shape
86
Q

stress (3)

A
  • forces not =ly applied in all directions
  • change in shape
  • does not change volume or density
87
Q

compressive stress

A

un= forces directed inward results in upward oval

88
Q

tensional stress

A

un= forces directed outward results in horiz oval

89
Q

shear stress

A

forces moving side-by-side result in slanted ovals

90
Q

metamorphism is caused by (4)

A
  • heat
  • pres
  • stress
  • w
91
Q

strain

A

how a rock responds to pres/stress; change in shape

92
Q

3 types of strain

A
  1. elastic (retains)
  2. plastic (deformed)
  3. brittle (broken)
93
Q

3 factors that affect metamorphism

A
  1. heat (minerals)
  2. w (superheated)
  3. composition of original rock
94
Q

what happens to a rock during metamorphism (6)?

A
  1. some original minerals will disappear
  2. new minerals form
  3. mineral crystals get larger/combine
  4. density of rock inc
  5. some original structures (horiz bedding) disappear
  6. new structures (foliations) form
95
Q

4 common meta rocks

A
  1. slate
  2. phyllite
  3. schist
  4. gneiss
96
Q

meta formation

A

beginning w/ shale and inc temp/pres/depth - slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

97
Q

low grade meta rock

A

slate

98
Q

high grade meta rock

A

gneiss

99
Q

types of metamorphism (4)

A
  1. regional (high heat/pres)
  2. dynamic (low heat/high pres)
  3. contact (high heat/low pres)
  4. hydrothermal metamorphism/metasomatism (heat, pres, w)
100
Q

craton

A

a very old, very stable mass of mostly meta rock that makes up the interior of all continents

101
Q

what is an example of an exposed craton

A

the Canadian Shield

102
Q

facies

A

a collection of rocks and minerals and their features (structure) that rep a particular env

103
Q

metamorphic facies

A

a set of meta rocks and minerals that rep the heat and pres in a particular meta env

104
Q

geological time main principles (4)

A
  1. uniformitarianism
  2. catastrophism
  3. actualism
105
Q

uniformitarianism (2)

A
  • the eth formed by way of slow consistent forces that have always been the same
  • suggests the eth is very old
106
Q

catastrophism (2)

A
  • eth formed due to catastrophic events

- eth not very old

107
Q

actualism

A

eth formed and will probably continue to form as a result of slow consistent processes periodically interrupted by catastrophic events

108
Q

superposition

A

sequence: oldest rocks on the bottom and youngest on the top

109
Q

original horizontality

A

rock layer that is tilted or folded was originally deposited as a horiz layer

110
Q

lateral continuity

A

rock formations that are found at diff locations were once part of the same continuous formation

111
Q

inclusions

A

a rock formation inside another is always older

112
Q

cross-cutting relationships

A

a rock that cuts across another is always younger

113
Q

fossil succession (3)

A
  • oldest fossils are simple
  • newer fossils are more complex
  • fossils + the life forms they depict get more complex w/ time
114
Q

relative (2)

A
  • comparison of diff events/features

- determine which is older and which is younger

115
Q

absolute

A

determination of the age of an event/feature in yrs

116
Q

isotope

A

an atom that has diff #s of neutrons and therefore diff masses

117
Q

stable isotope

A

does not decay

118
Q

radiogenic isotope

A

decays/changes

119
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for 1/2 the parent isotopes to become daughter isotopes (ratios tell ages)

120
Q

non-conformity

A

separates 2 diff and incompatible rock types

121
Q

disconformity

A

separates 2 similar rock formation that have diff ages based on isotopes/fossils

122
Q

angular unconformity

A

separates 2 rock formations that have diff orientations

123
Q

when do folds and faults occur?

A

when a rock is subjected to stress which changes its shape

124
Q

anticline

A

fold upward

125
Q

syncline

A

fold downward

126
Q

what type of stress is a symmetrical fold caused by?

A

compressive

127
Q

what type of stress is a, asymmetrical fold caused by?

A

shear

128
Q

does tensional stress cause folding?

A

no

129
Q

what type of stress causes a reverse fault?

A

compressive

130
Q

what type of stress causes a normal fault?

A

tensional

131
Q

what type of stress causes a strike slip fault?

A

shear

132
Q

groundw

A

water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock

133
Q

w table

A

the surface that separates the saturated zone (all pores full of w)
from the non-saturated zone

134
Q

is the water table always flat?

A

no; waves w/ the ground

135
Q

what happens when too much ground is removed (2)?

A
  1. w table is lowered

2. sometimes even the ground is lowered

136
Q

fossil w

A

w deposited in the ground during past conditions (limited resource)

137
Q

eg. of a Canadian aquifer

A

Ogallala aquifer (rockies)

138
Q

Hadean Eon (2)

A
  • 4/65-4.0 bya

- any rocks formed were recycled b/c the eth was very hot

139
Q

Archean Eon (3)

A
  • 4.0-2.5 bya
  • solid mafic crust started to form as the eth cooled (oceanic)
  • eventually cc formed (small, fast moving)
140
Q

Proterozoic Eon (6)

A
  • 2.5bya-570 mya
  • cont to cool
  • oceanic crust thickens
  • cp’s inc in size as more felsic minerals form and the smaller plates join together (fewer, larger, more slow moving plates)
  • O starts to appear in sig [] in the atmos
  • large stable land masses + O-rich atmos = abundant complex life
141
Q

Paleozoic Era (3)

A
  • 570-250 mya
  • 3 orogenies/mountain building episodes in eastern NA due to plate convergence (sedi)
  • along now NA, then a passive plate margin existed
142
Q

Mesozoic Era (2)

A
  • 250-65mya
  • plate convergence (op vs cp) along the W coast of NA (mtns created separated and new sources of sedi)
  • later, mtn building shifted E b/c of the subducting op @ a shallower angle, which created a wider mtn belt in the W coast (inc volcanism)
143
Q

Cenozoic Era (2)

A
  • 65mya-today

- plate margin on W coast of NA went from being mostly c vs o convergent, to one that includes transform and divergence

144
Q

eg. of transform margin

A

S Cali

145
Q

eg. of divergence

A

N BC

146
Q

egs. of convergence (3)

A
  • N Cali
  • Oregon
  • Washington
147
Q

last ice age was caused by (5)

A
  1. presence of large land masses at high latitudes
  2. separation of cold polar ocean w from warm equit w’s
  3. formation of Isthmus of Panama
  4. red CO2 in the atmos
  5. changes in the amount of solar rad received by eth
148
Q

Isthmus of Panama (3)

A
  • land bridge that connects N and S America
  • deflected warm E/W ocean currents at the eqt N
  • created the Gulf Stream in the atlantic o, which provided snow to glaciers of NA
149
Q

what does a reduction of CO2 do to the atmos?

A

supports colder temps

150
Q

what is CO2 red caused by?

A

plate tectonics and the uplift of the Himalaya mtns (shifted monsoon; inc’d weathering; removed CO2)

151
Q

what changes the amount of solar rad received by eth (3)?

A
  • changes in the size of eths orbit around the sun
  • changes in the tilt of the eths axis
  • changes in the wobble of the eths axis
152
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

a sig change in the amount of solar rad hitting eth that occurs about every 96,000 yrs

153
Q

5 hazards along the sea-to-sky?

A
  1. earthquakes
  2. steep mtn slopes (mass wasting)
  3. volcanism (weak volcanic rock prone to failure btwn eruptions)
  4. extreme weather (ppttn = lubrication)
  5. old glacial deposits (stranded sedi)
154
Q

4 forms of mass wasting

A
  1. falls
  2. slides
  3. flows
  4. creep
155
Q

coastal flooding

A

strong sustained winds blowing from the o to the land will generate larger, more freq waves

156
Q

storm surge

A

w trapped against the shoreline results in a temp inc in sea lvl

157
Q

what causes coastal flooding?

A

storm surge

158
Q

what is an eg. of coastal flowing?

A

gulf of Mexico

Geology 1110 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions