Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 broad types of families
Family of orientation, family of procreation, family of choice, and family of fate.
According to the personal definition what is family based on
the people we feel connected to
Personal definitions of families are dictated but which 3 things
cultural norms, economic factors, and state policies.
What are the 2 limitations of personal definitions of the family
what about babies and children who can’t articulate a personal definition and if everyone defines a personal family differently it becomes difficult to translate into law and policies.
What does the legal definition of family entail
the state defines families, and their obligations, rights, and benefits.
What is a limitation/advantage to legal definitions of the family
It is constantly changing due to technological advances and diverse families.
What are the legal implications for a legal definition of the family
if you break up in a common law relationship you are able to sue for spousal support, there are implications for taxes (e.g. filing together), and implications for inheritances
How long does a couple have to be cohabiting for prior to being recognized as a common law couple
3 years
What is the “family as an institution” definition of family
Looks at the structure of the family. says that the family is a social institution that fulfils functions such as reproduction, socialization of children, and care of young and elderly
instead of focusing on the physical space where family members live, the family as an institution definition of family focuses on _______
interactions (functions would be an acceptable answer too)
What does an institution do
organizes social behaviour and has a common function in mind.
Two main reasons why it is important as to HOW we define family
Informs laws and policies and It shapes our lives.
How does how we define family inform laws and policies
determines rights, benefits, and obligations.
What kind of rights/benefits and obligations are influenced by how we define family (4)
who’s included in inheritance, immigration things like sponsorship and deportation and separation, who you can marry, and who has access to confidential files and decisions
What is a major way that how we define family shapes our lives
it decides on who we can marry
John Gillis coined the terms family we live with and families we live by. What are they respectively
We live with is based on consensus data about family structure (think household composition and divorce, marriage, and fertility rates).
We live by- the idealization of the family state as love
Is “family as structure” doing or being family
being
What does family as structure or being family define family as
something that is based on blood or legal relationships and co-residence.
What are the limitations to family as structure (being family)
Privileges residence- what about transnational families, children in more than one family?
and
Not based on actual behaviour- it is identification for admin purposes but not the fulfillment of needs.
“Family as household” says that a family is
related and unrelated people living where resources are shared.
Family as an interaction (doing family) means
family involves interaction, shared activities, inventing time and resources.
What are the 3 broad categories for how people conceptualize family
Exclusionists, Moderates, and inclusionists
People who conceptualize family from an exclusionist perspective state that
family is the structural definition, it is the nuclear family, great emphasis on marriage, gender roles, and children.
People who conceptualize family from a moderate perspective state that
family is mostly the structural definition- emphasis on children, includes common law and same sex couples.
People who conceptualize family from an inclusionist perspective state that
family is based on love rather than legal status.
When was the family economy seen in England and france
18th and 19th century.
The dissolution of marriage prior to the 18th and 19th century used to be due to _____ during the 18th and 19th century and onward, the dissolution of marriage was due to _____
death, divorce
A large part of a women life in the 18th and 19th century (E&F) was
being pregnant and breastfeeding
why was so much of a women’s life being pregnant and breast feeding prior to the 18th and 19th century (e&f)
because they were having 6 or more children and all had a lower life expectancy.
7 sources of data we can use to study families today
vital registration, census, general service survey, qualitative interviews, systematic observation, scientific studies, diaries.
4 sources of data we used in the past to study families
religious documents, diaries, newspapers, art
4 reasons it is important to take a historical perspectival
Don’t need to panic when we see change because we know it occurred in the past too, debunks the myth that family structure was the same across time, location and culture, helps us explain and understand current family structure, and helps us identify changes and stability in family structure and patterns
Historically families were not uniform- they differed by … (3)
economic mode of production, social class, and race and culture.
Percent of agricultural workers in 18th century england
75%
3 Important demographics to know about 18th century england
high mortality, high fertility, late age of marriage.
Gender relations in 18th century england were:
patriarchal
Who was responsible for raising the child in 18th century england
everyone in the household (servants, journey men, wet nurses, mothers, fathers, siblings)
We’re illegitimate children common or uncommon in 18th century England
Uncommon
9 ways the modern family structure in North America differs from 18th and 19th century England
No kin doesn’t usually live with kin now, there is now a distinction between work and play, marriage is a partnership now not an economic decision, difference in quality of child rearing, perception of children and their daily activities changed, greater status of women, use of education to socialize children, inter generational families, institutionalization of elderly as opposed to family care
What percent of 15-24 year olds rural workers in 18th and 19 century France and England were servants
60%
Average marriage age for women and men respectively in 18th and 19th century England and France
24-25 and 27
In what year in Ontario were women allowed to own property they had before marriage
1859
In what year could women have rights to the child over the father or in case of separation
1855
What kind of welfare state does Northern and Western Europe have
Social democratic
What kind of welfare state does Southern Europe have
Conservative
What country is an exception to the weak versus strong family societies seen in Europe
Ireland
In terms of family relations how do northern and Southern Europe differ
In age of independence and strength of family ties
Why do north and Southern Europe differ
Type of state, economic factors, housing market, and historical factors
When and where did the industrial revolution start
1750 England
What emerged with the industrial revolution
The nuclear family
Two machines that emerged were the flying shuttle and the spinning Jenny which was impacted women and which one impacted men
Flying shuttle influenced male weavers and the spinning Jenny influenced spinning women
Why did peasants lose their land with the invention of the spinning Jenny and flying shuttle/beginning of the industrial revolution
Increased taxes on property
When did the industrial revolution occur in North America
1820/mid early 19th century
Middle class women emerged in the workforce when?
1960s
Which women worked during the beginning of the industrial revolution and why
Working class women because the mans wage was not enough
3 reasons that the perception of children changed
The time period allowed for contemplation of children rather than children being an economic necessity, emphasis on education, children were seen as blank slates- so emphasis on moulding them to be specialized skilled workers
3 reasons that Kin was important at the beginning of the industrial revolution
Economic instability, high death rate, and poor health
Who was appointed as the kin keeper
The older or middle daughter
3 roles of surrogate parents/ kin keepers
Resolve conflict, story telling, continuing traditions
What are the 2 reasons people would have helped their kin during the period of the beginning of the industrial revolution
Social obligation and exchange relations
4 reasons people might help kin today
Reciprocation (exchange theory), social expectation, love, altruism.
There was a ______ of marital fertility at the beginning of the industrial revolution
Decline
During what century were children deemed a responsibility of both parents
18th
What period saw the emergence of crucial/natural motherhood
19th century
What is.a theoretical perspective
It is a framework that provides a lens to view, interpret and evaluate social phenomena
What does a theoretical perspective shape?
research questions, hypotheses, data collection, and interpretation.
Are theoretical perspectives fixed and complete?
no
What does ontology mean
what can be known. It is the study of the nature of knowledge and reality
What are the two types of ontologies
ontology of realism and ontology of contructionism
What is the premise of ontology of realism
there is a reality that exist independent of our perception
What is the premise of ontology of contructionism
reality is socially constructed and does not exist independent of our perception
What does epistemology look at
how to know something
Two types of epistemology
Positivism and interpretivism
What is the premise of positivitsm
objective knowledge is possible through the use of the scientific method
Which ontological approach does positivism take
ontology of realism
What two things would the epistemological perspective of interpretivism state
reality is produced by individuals (subjective) and research findings are based on aspects of the researcher (such as background and personality)
What ontological approach does interpretivism take
ontology of constructionism
What is reflexivity
A researcher’s self conscious reflections of how their background, beliefs and biases affect research.
What are the 7 theoretical frameworks from the mid 19th century
materialist/conflict perspective, symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, feminism and intersectionality, life course perspective, rational choice and exchange frame, and theories of late modernity
What is the emphasis of conflict theory
there is a dominance of some groups over others.
Does conflict theory reject or concur on the perspective that society is like an organism
rejects
What is social order based on according to conflict theory
control and manipulation (rather than consensus and cooperation)
Why does social change occur according to conflict theory (5)
change occurs as a result of conflict, class struggle, shift in the balance of power, constant competition and confrontation over scarce resources.
Conflict theory would appraise social change as:
desirable rather than destabilizing.
According to Friedrich Engel, monogamous marriages and the state arose as societies…..
moved from hunter and gatherers to agrarian feudal based economy.
The agricultural revolution led to… (3)
settlement, surplus and accumulation of wealth, development of land and private property
The development of laws to protect ownership and men’s monopoly led monogamous marriages- what issues did this solve (2)
inheritance issues, control over women’s sexuality to ensure paternal offspring
Does conflict theory take a micro or macro perspective
macro
does symbolic interactionism take a micro or macro perspective
micro
3 premises of symbolic interactionism
society is the product of interactions between people, we see ourselves through the eyes of others and we perform or enact social roles based on the expectations of others.
According to symbolic interactionism what are social roles
symbols which have real meaning only when they are acted out in relation to other people
What is the premise of structural functionalism
society is similar to the human body in the sense that there are interrelated parts working together towards the wellbeing.
What is the function of institutions according to structural functionalism
cause equilibrium and society.
Structural functionalism is due to the works of which two prominent scholars
Durkheim and Comte.
Which theoretical perspective was Bronislaw Malinowski a fan of
structural functionalism
What are the 4 functions of the family according to George Murdock (A structural functionalist)
sexual regulation, reproduction, socialization, sharing of economic resources
Which theoretical perspective did Parsons adopt
structural functionalism
What 2 things are necessary for a smooth functioning society according to Parsons
shared norms and values and conformity to society’s moral code
What would be considered social deviations according to Parsons and why
single motherhood, teenage pregnancy, divorce, and non-marital sex. These lead to instability and negative consequences that undermine the whole society.
2 proponents of contemporary structural functionalism
David popenoe and Gary Becker
Is structural functionalism prominent today
no
Two major criticisms of structural functionalism (not the feminist critiques)
fails to predict or explain social change and treats deviations from heterosexual nuclear family as defective and abnormal.
What was the main/broad feminist critique of structural functionalism
that it assumed that what was good for society was good for its individual members
What is the problem that has no name
womens unhappiness
According to Maggie Hummers’ what 3 things do feminist theories share in common
gender is a social construction that oppresses women more than men, patriarchy shapes these constructions, women’s experiential knowledge best helps us to envision a future non-sexist society
What are the 6 types of feminists
Liberal, marxist, radical, post-structural, post colonial and anti-racist
According to liberal feminists where does the problem come from
the laws and underrepresentation of women in key positions
According to marxist feminists where does the problem come from
oppression under capitalism
According to radical feminists were does the problem come from
a broad patriarchal structure in which male interests dominate
According to cultural feminists where does the problem come from
women’s attributes being undervalued (assumes that women and men have inherently different qualities)
Third wave feminism aims to what
represent the experiences of all women, not just some
what is the premise of anti-essentialism
experience of women is not uniform and we need to challenge the prevailing assumption that it is
Queer theory says what
we need to challenge the assumption that women are a social group with common traits and interests.
