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Family Sociology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When was non-heterosexuality removed from the DSM

A

1973

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2
Q

What time period is particularly notorious for discrimination towards LGBTQ

A

1950s

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3
Q

What happened in the US that was similar to the RCMP screening out deviants in the 1950s

A

Eisenhower signed an order banning gays and lesbians from working in the federal government on security risk grounds

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4
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1969

A

decriminalization of consensual same-sex sex in private between two consenting adults (21 years and over)

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5
Q

WhaT (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1977

A

Quebec became the first jurisdiction in the world to protect citizens from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation.

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6
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1992

A

Justice minister Kim Campbell announces the end of a ban on gays and lesbians serving in the armed forces

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7
Q

What (LGBTQ) two key events happened in 1995

A

the supreme court rules that sexual orientation should be read in to the 1982 Canadian charter and Ontario court rules in favour of adoption rights for gays and lesbians

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8
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1996

A

sexual orientation is added to the Canadian human rights act

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9
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1999

A

the Supreme Court rules that gay and lesbian couples should have the same rights as heterosexual common law couples

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10
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2000

A

Bill C-23 is passed which recognized same sex couples as common law couples who are afforded equal rights as opposite-sex common law couples

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11
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2001

A

census includes the category common-law same-sex relationship for the first time.

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12
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2003

A

the Ontario court of appeal rules that same sex couples are entitled to marry and that denying them that right is unconstitutional

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13
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2005

A

seven provinces and one territory had court decisions extending marriage to same sex couples.

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14
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened on July 20th 2005

A

canada legalizes same sex marriage

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15
Q

Canada is the ___ country in the world to legalize same sex marriage, behind _____

A

4th, netherlands, Belgium and spain

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16
Q

What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2006

A

census now includes same-sex married couples.

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17
Q

Once same sex couples were allowed to marry in 2005 what was the one exception

A

religious groups are allowed to refuse the marriage

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18
Q

How many countries is same sex marriage legal in

A

26

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19
Q

What percent of all couples in canada were same sex in 2001

A

0.8%

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20
Q

Were there more male or female same sex couples in 2011

A

male

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21
Q

Are opposite sex or same sex couples more likely to have children at home

A

opposite

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22
Q

are lesbians or gays more likely to have children at home and by how much

A

females by 5x

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23
Q

What percent of all couples were same sex in canada in 2016

A

0.9%

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24
Q

What fraction of same sex couples were married in 2016

A

1/3

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25
Q

What percent of same sex couples had children living with them in 2016. what percent of opposite sex couples had children living with them in 2016

A

12% and 50%

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26
Q

What fraction of same-sex couples with children are lesbians

A

4/5

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27
Q

Two key factors that affecting the acceptance of same sex marriage (that influenced opposite sex couples to a degree as well)

A

the function of a marriage moving away from being economical, and the sexual revolution

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28
Q

How many points are on the scale to measure sexuality

A

7

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29
Q

what percent of the male human population is gay

A

10%

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30
Q

What two processes were contributing factors towards the acceptance of same sex marriage

A

secularization and activism

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31
Q

When did the first activist gay protest come to canada/ottawa

A

1971

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32
Q

What three areas of same sex families does sociological research focus on

A

process through which LGBTQ become parents, outcomes of children raised in LGBTQ families, and dynamics of relationships in LGBTQ families.

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33
Q

Is most of the sociological literature on LGBTQ families on lesbian or gay families

A

lesbian

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34
Q

Are children in LGTBQ families disadvantaged

A

no

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35
Q

Daughters raised by co-mothers are (2)

A

less likely to have firmly heterosexual identities, and have more tolerance of gender non-conformity (especially for girls but less so for boys)

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36
Q

Should we assume that same sex couples are genderless by default

A

no

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37
Q

What two ways do lesbian black mothers differ in the gender stratification in their household relative to the homosexual gender specialization model and where the primary earner has greater authority and control

A

Factors specific to black families and many black lesbian families are step families

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38
Q

How are black women in their families historically differed from non black families/women (5)

A

more likely to participate in labour force, less likely to use pooled accounts, more likely to have separate accounts, and more economic separation of resources among partners, black women have a more authoritative status in organization of family (revered status of motherhood)

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39
Q

Mignon Moore’s study found what 3 major findings

A

In black lesbian families there is more economic independence rather than egalitarian distribution in household labour, the status of mother creates hierarchies, and there are gendered presentations associated with the type of household task performed.

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40
Q

Which mother in black lesbian step families has a more feminine gender display relative to their partner

A

the biological mother.

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41
Q

Why was kinship important in agricultural societies

A

it gave protection and insurance

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42
Q

Why was protection and insurance needed in agricultural socieities

A

there was a lot of uncertainty and vulnerability due to infectious diseases and mortality.

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43
Q

What was the function of the family during the agricultural period

A

accumulating, preserving and transmitting information and reinforcement of forms and behaviour

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44
Q

In agricultural societies marriage was an _____ _____

A

economic arrangement

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45
Q

What is institutional marriage

A

when the functions of marriage are defined, the marriage is characterized by strong social norms that govern behaviours

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46
Q

Would people get married for love in agricultural socieities

A

no

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47
Q

Who had primary control over selecting a marriage spouse

A

kin

48
Q

Sex in the 1800s (2)

A

women were idealized as sexless and pure, was strictly used for procreation

49
Q

what are two myths about sex that were prominent before the sexual revolution

A

semen was a life force that would weaken men if they lost too much, and that sex drive would be lower with a vegetarian bland diet

50
Q

In what year was selling, advertising, or providing contraception a criminal offence in the criminal code of canada

A

1892

51
Q

When did we see the rise of companionate marriage

A

20th century

52
Q

what was the emphasis of the companionate marriage (4)

A

companionship, personal compatibility, sexual intimacy, and emotional satisfaction in married (nuclear) life

53
Q

When did dating emerge

A

following world war 1

54
Q

When did the importance of sexual satisfaction WITHIN a marriage occur

A

1950s

55
Q

What type of people would cohabit up to and during the 1960s

A

the poor

56
Q

When did an acceptance of pre-marital sex within loving committed relationships emerge

A

1960s

57
Q

When was the pill legalized in Canada

A

1969

58
Q

What other key thing became decriminalized when the pill became legal

A

homosexual sex

59
Q

What are the 4 main impacts of the legalization of the pill

A

allowed women to be in control of pregnancy, lowered the cost of engaging in long-term career investment, affected to the perception of employing women, increased women’s age at first marriage and the acceptability of delaying marriage to pursue a career

60
Q

What is the emphasis in an individualized marriage

A

self-development

61
Q

What type of marriage is said to be flexible and negotiable in terms of roles

A

the individualized marriage

62
Q

When did a rise in cohabitation occur

A

the 1960s

63
Q

How long does a couple have to be living together to be considered common law in BC

A

2 years

64
Q

Is the percent of common law couples in Quebec higher or lower than the rest of canada

A

higher

65
Q

what 4 things can cohabitation be

A

a prelude to marriage, stage in the marriage process, alternative to marriage, indistinguishable from marriage

66
Q

What does the restandardization of life course refer to (2)

A

prescribed social transitions not sequenced in a particular order and emphasis on choice biography instead of standard biography

67
Q

What does the detraditionalization of marriage refer to

A

wearing of social norms (less social regulation of personal family life), and spouses needing to negotiate new way to act instead of relying on established norms

68
Q

What does the individualization of personal life refer to

A

individuals engage in reflexive project of the self; they have to construct their own identity and decide their own trajectory.

69
Q

Is Giddens for or against the individualization of personal life (does he think it is good or bad)

A

for

70
Q

Who believes that individualization of personal life is bad and that having to personally decide at every juncture is stressful

A

beck-gernsheim

71
Q

What is Gidden’s pure relationship ideal

A

an ideal form of intimate relationship that people enter into for its own sake rather than fulfilling certain roles or having children

72
Q

what two things in the pure relationship characterized by

A

confluence love and plastic sexuality

73
Q

What is confluence love

A

temporary love conditional on emotional and sexual satisfaction

74
Q

what is plastic sexuality

A

pleasure rather than reproduction being the central part of sexuality

75
Q

Sassler and miller looked at cohabiting couples and gender roles/norms. what did they find

A

there were lower expectations to conform or specialize in traditional gender roles in cohabiting relationships, but gender inequality still exists in these relationships

76
Q

The research by Sassler and Miller found which 4 gender norms entrenched in young modern adults

A

men are responsible for initiating the first date and paying, men have more decision making power, women try to influence decisions indirectly, rather then head on and men have greater control over the progression of the relatonshop

77
Q

What is the definition of power in relationships

A

ability to get one’s way, even in the face of a partner’s opposition

78
Q

What are the two theoretical perspectives that aim to explain the power and inequality seen in marriages

A

Resource theory of power and the gender perspective

79
Q

What are the three types of power

A

manifest power, hidden power, and covert power

80
Q

What is manifest power

A

power that is evident

81
Q

What is hidden power

A

subordinate group adheres to hegemonic beliefs

82
Q

What is covert power

A

suppressed discussions and negotiations to maintain status quo.

83
Q

What does divorce refer to

A

the dissolution of marriage which requires legal action

84
Q

What is the difference between an annulment and a divorce

A

when you get an annulment it’s as if the marriage was voided, never happened

85
Q

is there. formal process to end a common law relationship

A

no

86
Q

Divorce rates were low until the ____

A

1960’s

87
Q

what were the two exceptions to divorce being rare prior to 1960s

A

muslims in Malaysia and muslims in Indonesia had high divorce rates in the 1940s

88
Q

2 main reasons divorce was so uncommon prior to the 1960s

A

legal difficulty of obtaining a divorce and strong norms against it

89
Q

in 1967 what was the federal divorce law like

A

there was none

90
Q

what were the provincial laws for women who wanted a divorce in 1967? men?

A

men had to prove adultery, women had to prove incestuous adultery, rape, sodomy, bestality, bigamy, or adultery with cruelty or desertion

91
Q

When was the first federal divorce act enacted

A

1968

92
Q

was the 1968 divorce act available equally to men and women

A

yes

93
Q

did the 1968 divorce act retain fault based divorce or remove it

A

kept it

94
Q

when was the no fault divorce a thing

A

1968 divorce act

95
Q

what constituted a permanent marriage breakdown according to the 1968 divorce act

A

imprisonment over 2 years, alcohol or drug addiction, or desertion

96
Q

When filing for a no fault divorce in 1968 what were the requirements

A

both spouses had to live separately for at least 3 years and five years in the case of desertion

97
Q

What key divorce event happened in 1976

A

the law reform commission recommended that breakdown of marriage be the only ground for divorce

98
Q

when did the 1985 divorce act come into effect

A

1986

99
Q

what was the key feature of the 1986 divorce act

A

marriage breakdown became the only ground for divorce.

100
Q

marriage breakdown solidifies the idea of marriage as a ____, social construct rather than marriage being of ____ or ____ nature

A

secular, moral, sacred

101
Q

in the 1985 divorce act what were the waiting requirements (in the absence of a fault based criteria)

A

one year

102
Q

what were the wait requirements for divorce in the 1985 divorce act when there was a fault based criteria

A

no wait

103
Q

what percent of divorces were no fault divorces in 2004

A

95%

104
Q

concepts such as alimony and maintenance were replaced with what word in the 1985 divorce act

A

support

105
Q

when the 1985 divorce act came out, what usually happened to children

A

they would go to the mother in case of divorce because it was believed that was in the best interest of the child cause they were in the tender years

106
Q

why is the divorce rate per 100k people a crude measure of divorce

A

not everyone is subject to the same risk of divorce

107
Q

what is a different measure of divorce that is different from divorce rate per 100k people and who utilizes this measure

A

divorce rate per 1000 marriages and it is often used in media articles

108
Q

what is the problem with divorce rate per 1000 marriages as a statistic

A

it misleading regarding the risk of divorce

109
Q

Why is the divorce rate per 1000 marriages misleading (makes it look like the risk is so high)

A

refers to marriages that were enacted in various years

110
Q

What is the best measure for risk of divorce

A

probability of divorce before a set period (e.g. 1 year, 30 years)

111
Q

What is the average length of first marriage

A

12-14 years

112
Q

Why do people divorce according to exchange theory

A

The cost/benefit analysis of the relationship is skewed toward costs

113
Q

why do people get divorced according to the conflict perspective

A

nature of capitalism or the the capitalist mode of production strains family life

114
Q

how does the capitalist mode of production strain family life (2)

A

long hours with stress reduces energy and time, economic booms and busts

115
Q

What is the political economy perspective

A

it is a theoretical perspective that aims to understand society and social relations based on the interplay of social, economic, political and ideological factors

116
Q

What time period saw an increase in research looking at the negative effects of divorce on children

A

1980s and 1990s

117
Q

Modern research on divorce and child well-being would state what is more detrimental to the child than divorce

A

family instability

Family Sociology (2 decks)

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