Final Exam Flashcards
When was non-heterosexuality removed from the DSM
1973
What time period is particularly notorious for discrimination towards LGBTQ
1950s
What happened in the US that was similar to the RCMP screening out deviants in the 1950s
Eisenhower signed an order banning gays and lesbians from working in the federal government on security risk grounds
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1969
decriminalization of consensual same-sex sex in private between two consenting adults (21 years and over)
WhaT (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1977
Quebec became the first jurisdiction in the world to protect citizens from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation.
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1992
Justice minister Kim Campbell announces the end of a ban on gays and lesbians serving in the armed forces
What (LGBTQ) two key events happened in 1995
the supreme court rules that sexual orientation should be read in to the 1982 Canadian charter and Ontario court rules in favour of adoption rights for gays and lesbians
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1996
sexual orientation is added to the Canadian human rights act
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 1999
the Supreme Court rules that gay and lesbian couples should have the same rights as heterosexual common law couples
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2000
Bill C-23 is passed which recognized same sex couples as common law couples who are afforded equal rights as opposite-sex common law couples
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2001
census includes the category common-law same-sex relationship for the first time.
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2003
the Ontario court of appeal rules that same sex couples are entitled to marry and that denying them that right is unconstitutional
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2005
seven provinces and one territory had court decisions extending marriage to same sex couples.
What (LGBTQ) key event happened on July 20th 2005
canada legalizes same sex marriage
Canada is the ___ country in the world to legalize same sex marriage, behind _____
4th, netherlands, Belgium and spain
What (LGBTQ) key event happened in 2006
census now includes same-sex married couples.
Once same sex couples were allowed to marry in 2005 what was the one exception
religious groups are allowed to refuse the marriage
How many countries is same sex marriage legal in
26
What percent of all couples in canada were same sex in 2001
0.8%
Were there more male or female same sex couples in 2011
male
Are opposite sex or same sex couples more likely to have children at home
opposite
are lesbians or gays more likely to have children at home and by how much
females by 5x
What percent of all couples were same sex in canada in 2016
0.9%
What fraction of same sex couples were married in 2016
1/3
What percent of same sex couples had children living with them in 2016. what percent of opposite sex couples had children living with them in 2016
12% and 50%
What fraction of same-sex couples with children are lesbians
4/5
Two key factors that affecting the acceptance of same sex marriage (that influenced opposite sex couples to a degree as well)
the function of a marriage moving away from being economical, and the sexual revolution
How many points are on the scale to measure sexuality
7
what percent of the male human population is gay
10%
What two processes were contributing factors towards the acceptance of same sex marriage
secularization and activism
When did the first activist gay protest come to canada/ottawa
1971
What three areas of same sex families does sociological research focus on
process through which LGBTQ become parents, outcomes of children raised in LGBTQ families, and dynamics of relationships in LGBTQ families.
Is most of the sociological literature on LGBTQ families on lesbian or gay families
lesbian
Are children in LGTBQ families disadvantaged
no
Daughters raised by co-mothers are (2)
less likely to have firmly heterosexual identities, and have more tolerance of gender non-conformity (especially for girls but less so for boys)
Should we assume that same sex couples are genderless by default
no
What two ways do lesbian black mothers differ in the gender stratification in their household relative to the homosexual gender specialization model and where the primary earner has greater authority and control
Factors specific to black families and many black lesbian families are step families
How are black women in their families historically differed from non black families/women (5)
more likely to participate in labour force, less likely to use pooled accounts, more likely to have separate accounts, and more economic separation of resources among partners, black women have a more authoritative status in organization of family (revered status of motherhood)
Mignon Moore’s study found what 3 major findings
In black lesbian families there is more economic independence rather than egalitarian distribution in household labour, the status of mother creates hierarchies, and there are gendered presentations associated with the type of household task performed.
Which mother in black lesbian step families has a more feminine gender display relative to their partner
the biological mother.
Why was kinship important in agricultural societies
it gave protection and insurance
Why was protection and insurance needed in agricultural socieities
there was a lot of uncertainty and vulnerability due to infectious diseases and mortality.
What was the function of the family during the agricultural period
accumulating, preserving and transmitting information and reinforcement of forms and behaviour
In agricultural societies marriage was an _____ _____
economic arrangement
What is institutional marriage
when the functions of marriage are defined, the marriage is characterized by strong social norms that govern behaviours
Would people get married for love in agricultural socieities
no
Who had primary control over selecting a marriage spouse
kin
Sex in the 1800s (2)
women were idealized as sexless and pure, was strictly used for procreation
what are two myths about sex that were prominent before the sexual revolution
semen was a life force that would weaken men if they lost too much, and that sex drive would be lower with a vegetarian bland diet
In what year was selling, advertising, or providing contraception a criminal offence in the criminal code of canada
1892
When did we see the rise of companionate marriage
20th century
what was the emphasis of the companionate marriage (4)
companionship, personal compatibility, sexual intimacy, and emotional satisfaction in married (nuclear) life
When did dating emerge
following world war 1
When did the importance of sexual satisfaction WITHIN a marriage occur
1950s
What type of people would cohabit up to and during the 1960s
the poor
When did an acceptance of pre-marital sex within loving committed relationships emerge
1960s
When was the pill legalized in Canada
1969
What other key thing became decriminalized when the pill became legal
homosexual sex
What are the 4 main impacts of the legalization of the pill
allowed women to be in control of pregnancy, lowered the cost of engaging in long-term career investment, affected to the perception of employing women, increased women’s age at first marriage and the acceptability of delaying marriage to pursue a career
What is the emphasis in an individualized marriage
self-development
What type of marriage is said to be flexible and negotiable in terms of roles
the individualized marriage
When did a rise in cohabitation occur
the 1960s
How long does a couple have to be living together to be considered common law in BC
2 years
Is the percent of common law couples in Quebec higher or lower than the rest of canada
higher
what 4 things can cohabitation be
a prelude to marriage, stage in the marriage process, alternative to marriage, indistinguishable from marriage
What does the restandardization of life course refer to (2)
prescribed social transitions not sequenced in a particular order and emphasis on choice biography instead of standard biography
What does the detraditionalization of marriage refer to
wearing of social norms (less social regulation of personal family life), and spouses needing to negotiate new way to act instead of relying on established norms
What does the individualization of personal life refer to
individuals engage in reflexive project of the self; they have to construct their own identity and decide their own trajectory.
Is Giddens for or against the individualization of personal life (does he think it is good or bad)
for
Who believes that individualization of personal life is bad and that having to personally decide at every juncture is stressful
beck-gernsheim
What is Gidden’s pure relationship ideal
an ideal form of intimate relationship that people enter into for its own sake rather than fulfilling certain roles or having children
what two things in the pure relationship characterized by
confluence love and plastic sexuality
What is confluence love
temporary love conditional on emotional and sexual satisfaction
what is plastic sexuality
pleasure rather than reproduction being the central part of sexuality
Sassler and miller looked at cohabiting couples and gender roles/norms. what did they find
there were lower expectations to conform or specialize in traditional gender roles in cohabiting relationships, but gender inequality still exists in these relationships
The research by Sassler and Miller found which 4 gender norms entrenched in young modern adults
men are responsible for initiating the first date and paying, men have more decision making power, women try to influence decisions indirectly, rather then head on and men have greater control over the progression of the relatonshop
What is the definition of power in relationships
ability to get one’s way, even in the face of a partner’s opposition
What are the two theoretical perspectives that aim to explain the power and inequality seen in marriages
Resource theory of power and the gender perspective
What are the three types of power
manifest power, hidden power, and covert power
What is manifest power
power that is evident
What is hidden power
subordinate group adheres to hegemonic beliefs
What is covert power
suppressed discussions and negotiations to maintain status quo.
What does divorce refer to
the dissolution of marriage which requires legal action
What is the difference between an annulment and a divorce
when you get an annulment it’s as if the marriage was voided, never happened
is there. formal process to end a common law relationship
no
Divorce rates were low until the ____
1960’s
what were the two exceptions to divorce being rare prior to 1960s
muslims in Malaysia and muslims in Indonesia had high divorce rates in the 1940s
2 main reasons divorce was so uncommon prior to the 1960s
legal difficulty of obtaining a divorce and strong norms against it
in 1967 what was the federal divorce law like
there was none
what were the provincial laws for women who wanted a divorce in 1967? men?
men had to prove adultery, women had to prove incestuous adultery, rape, sodomy, bestality, bigamy, or adultery with cruelty or desertion
When was the first federal divorce act enacted
1968
was the 1968 divorce act available equally to men and women
yes
did the 1968 divorce act retain fault based divorce or remove it
kept it
when was the no fault divorce a thing
1968 divorce act
what constituted a permanent marriage breakdown according to the 1968 divorce act
imprisonment over 2 years, alcohol or drug addiction, or desertion
When filing for a no fault divorce in 1968 what were the requirements
both spouses had to live separately for at least 3 years and five years in the case of desertion
What key divorce event happened in 1976
the law reform commission recommended that breakdown of marriage be the only ground for divorce
when did the 1985 divorce act come into effect
1986
what was the key feature of the 1986 divorce act
marriage breakdown became the only ground for divorce.
marriage breakdown solidifies the idea of marriage as a ____, social construct rather than marriage being of ____ or ____ nature
secular, moral, sacred
in the 1985 divorce act what were the waiting requirements (in the absence of a fault based criteria)
one year
what were the wait requirements for divorce in the 1985 divorce act when there was a fault based criteria
no wait
what percent of divorces were no fault divorces in 2004
95%
concepts such as alimony and maintenance were replaced with what word in the 1985 divorce act
support
when the 1985 divorce act came out, what usually happened to children
they would go to the mother in case of divorce because it was believed that was in the best interest of the child cause they were in the tender years
why is the divorce rate per 100k people a crude measure of divorce
not everyone is subject to the same risk of divorce
what is a different measure of divorce that is different from divorce rate per 100k people and who utilizes this measure
divorce rate per 1000 marriages and it is often used in media articles
what is the problem with divorce rate per 1000 marriages as a statistic
it misleading regarding the risk of divorce
Why is the divorce rate per 1000 marriages misleading (makes it look like the risk is so high)
refers to marriages that were enacted in various years
What is the best measure for risk of divorce
probability of divorce before a set period (e.g. 1 year, 30 years)
What is the average length of first marriage
12-14 years
Why do people divorce according to exchange theory
The cost/benefit analysis of the relationship is skewed toward costs
why do people get divorced according to the conflict perspective
nature of capitalism or the the capitalist mode of production strains family life
how does the capitalist mode of production strain family life (2)
long hours with stress reduces energy and time, economic booms and busts
What is the political economy perspective
it is a theoretical perspective that aims to understand society and social relations based on the interplay of social, economic, political and ideological factors
What time period saw an increase in research looking at the negative effects of divorce on children
1980s and 1990s
Modern research on divorce and child well-being would state what is more detrimental to the child than divorce
family instability
