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Plants and People > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homo habilis

A

the first humanoid species appeared 2.8 mya

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2
Q

hold old are homo sapiens?

A

250 000 ya

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3
Q

describe 3 uses of plants in foraging societies

A
  1. edible plants
  2. poisonous plants for hunting
  3. medicinal plants
  4. hallucinogenic plants
  5. plants for fibres and dyes
  6. construction materials
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4
Q

the diet of kung bushmen consisted of?

A
  • 2/3 plant based

- 2,355 Kcal/day rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins

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5
Q

what is contemporary forest gardening ?

A

uses cultivated plants

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6
Q

people in foraging societies were ____________

A

animists

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7
Q

animisn comes from what?

A

primeval and universal belief that souls/ spirits inhabit ordinary plants, animals and things governing their existence

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8
Q

what do forgaging societies who practice animism believe?

A
  • the human being is equal to animals, plants and natural forces
  • the human being is a part of the nature and not something distinct or above it
  • all nature forms must be treated with respect and be on the good side of the spirits through rituals
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9
Q

what is the shaman?

A

the repository of knowledge that allows him/her to act as an intermediate between the visable world and an invisible spirit world, he/she practices sorcery for purposes of healing, divination and control over natural events

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10
Q

shamanistic traditions have existed since __________ times

A

prehistoric

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11
Q

axis mundi

A

world axis

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12
Q

what is the belief of the shaman with the worlds axis?

A

they can traverse the link between the physical and spiritual world, commune the spirits for assistance in healing, weather control and future telling

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13
Q

what is the mother of corn?

A

mexico

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14
Q

the ritual of feeding grains to plants is practiced in __________ region of ________

A

malnad Karnataka

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15
Q

what are spirit houses?

A

minature homes that stand outside mainly thai budhist homes. it is hoped that spirits will live in the houses instead of homes of people

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16
Q

artificial selection

A

human intervention in plant or animal reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are present

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17
Q

similarly to natural selection artifical selection has lead to _________

A

evolution

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18
Q

how is artificial selection different from natural selection?

A

artificial selection deals with cultivated plants and animals

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19
Q

artificial selection can be used for what 3 different ways?

A
  1. increasing divercity of harvested organs
  2. increasing size of harvested organ
  3. shape and taste of harvested organ
  4. increasing size of flowers and number of petals
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20
Q

what is a cultivar?

A

a plant race that has been selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation

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21
Q

do cultivars exist in nature?

A

no

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22
Q

artificial selection also includes parts of plants not interest of men including?

A

biological traits like resistance to disisease and other ecological factors

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23
Q

reduced genetic divercity increases susceptibility to _________ and ____________

A

pests and disease

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24
Q

what are germplasm collections?

A
  • native or indigenous varieties of cultivated crop plants used elsewhere in commercial production
  • identification and collection of wild relatives of the more commonly cultivated plants
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25
Q

around ____ species of plants are cultivated for food while ___________ are ornamentals

A

5000, 50 000

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26
Q

who is Nicolai Vavilov?

A
  • He planned to collect all of the useful germplasm that had potential in the Soviet Union, to classify it, and to use it in a national plant breeding effort
  • Russian scientist
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27
Q

what are the plants from the near east? ( fertile crescent )

A

wheat, barley, peas, chickpeas, olives, dates, grapes, flax

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28
Q

what originated in china and east asia?

A

rice, soybeans, mango, bannanas

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29
Q

What originated in Africa?

A

coffee, sorghum, millet grains, yams, cotton

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30
Q

plants from south America include?

A

potato, tomatoe, quinoa, amaranth, strawberries

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31
Q

what are macro nutrients?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Fats
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32
Q

What are micronutrients?

A
  1. Vitamins

2. Minerals

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33
Q

what is the average caloric inatke needed?

A

1200-3200

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34
Q

Glucose and fructose are classified as ____________

A

monosacharides

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35
Q

Carbohydrates can include 5 categories including?

A
  1. monosacharides
  2. polysacharides
  3. disacharides
  4. starch grains
  5. dietarty fibre
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36
Q

sucrose is made up of _______ and _______

A

glucose and fructose

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37
Q

maltose is made up of _______ and__________

A

glucose and glucose

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38
Q

sucrose and maltose are _______

A

disaccharides

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39
Q

table sugar is ______ and is refined from sugarcane or sugar beet

A

sucrose

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40
Q

where is maltose found?

A

germinating grains

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41
Q

polysaccharides include ______ of glucose

A

polymers

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42
Q

what is starch?

A

the form in which glucose is stored in plants, found in seeds, roots underground stems and some fruits

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43
Q

what 4 polysaccharides are associated with the plant cell wall?

A

cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin

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44
Q

soluble fiber includes?

A

hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages

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45
Q

insoluble fibre includes?

A

cellulose and lignin

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46
Q

cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages are all what?

A

dietary fibers

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47
Q

a diet with high fiber prevents _____ ______ and _____ ______

A

colon canver and high cholesterol

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48
Q

whats a better source of fiber, grain cereals or fruits and vegetables?

A

grain cereals

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49
Q

what are FODMAPS?

A

short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, important for people with IBS

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50
Q

FODMAPS stands for?

A

fermentable oligo di monosaccharides and polyols

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51
Q

_________________ supply the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins

A

proteins

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52
Q

it is recommended that only ____% of caloric intake should be provided by proteins

A

10

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53
Q

out of the 20 amino acids ___ can be synthesized in the human body

A

11

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54
Q

the 9 amino acids that cannot be synthesized are known as what?

A

essential amino acids and must come from diet

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55
Q

plant protein is usually __________ while animal protein is usually_______ meaning

A

animal protein has all the amino acids while plants lack some

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56
Q

_________ is the main protein of wheat

A

gluten

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57
Q

what is celiac disease?

A

autoimmune disorder of the small intestine , seems to have a genetic componant

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58
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

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59
Q

essential fatty acids include?

A

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids (present in vegetable oils)

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60
Q

saturated fatty acids have only ________ bonds between carbon atoms?

A

single

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61
Q

_______________ are the main constituents of vegetable oils

A

triglycerides

62
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have one or more _____ bonds

A

double

63
Q

olives, peanuts, canola, avocado etc are __________ fatty acids

A

unsaturated

64
Q

coconut oil, cocoa butter, palm oil, are _____________ fatty acids

A

saturated

65
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

a steroid lipid that is vital to constituent of cells and it is used in the synthesis of various hormones

66
Q

co pare LDLs anf HDLs

A

LDLs carry cholesterol to the tisses and is bad cholesterol since linked to heart disease

HDLs take excess cholesterol back to the liver which processes and excretes cholesterol, this is good cholesterol and lowers risk of heart disease

67
Q

foods of animal origin are high in ______ fats and cholesterol while food of plant origin lacks cholesterol and contains ______ fats

A

saturated, unsaturated

68
Q

what are trans fats?

A

result when manufacturers convert liquid oils into solid fats through hydrogenation

69
Q

______ act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways In the body

A

vitamins

70
Q

water soluble vitamins include?

A

B complex and C

71
Q

fat soluble vitamins include?

A

ADEK

72
Q

deficiency in vitamin A causes?

A

night blindless, problems with epithelium

73
Q

what is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins?

A

water soluble vitamins are eliminated from the body daily while fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body and build up to toxic levels

74
Q

most vitamins are found in ___________

A

plants

75
Q

what vitamin is not found in plants?

A

B12

76
Q

deficiency with vitamin B1 causes?

A

beriberi

77
Q

deficiency with vitamin B2 causes?

A

mouth sores and lesions of eyes

78
Q

deficiency with vitamin B6 causes?

A

skin disorders, muscle weakness

79
Q

deficiency with vitamin B9 causes?

A

anemia and diarreah

80
Q

defcicency with vitamin C causes?

A

scurvy

81
Q

what is vitamin C needed for?

A

growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body

82
Q

vitamin c is an antioxidant which means?

A

nuterients that block some of the damage caused by free radicals, free radicals are made when your body breaks down food or when your exposed to tobacco smoke. the buildup of this is resppnsible for the aging process, heart disease, arthritis

83
Q

what is the purpose of vitamin D?

A

helps absorb calcium, which bones need to grow

84
Q

What is the purose of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant, plays role in the immune system and metabolic processes

85
Q

what does vitamin K do?

A

deficiency means poor blood clotting, makes proteins for healthy bones and tissues

86
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic compounds that exist in the body as ions or as part or complex molecules. major minerals are needed in greater amounts

87
Q

name the major minerals and minor minerals?

A

major(calcium, P,K,Na,Mn)

minor (Fe, Zn, Iodine)

88
Q

major cereal crops include?

A

wheat, corn maize, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, millet, rye

89
Q

the roots of herbs are called?

A

fibrous

90
Q

the stem of herbs is called?

A

culm

91
Q

what is the ligule in grasses?

A

prevents water, insects etc entering the sheath

92
Q

what are some signs of wind pollination ?

A

small numerous flowers, unisexual no perianth

93
Q

what is the fruit of grasses?

A

caryopsis

94
Q

the aleurone layer of the caryopsis is high in _________ while the endosperm stores _______

A

proteins, starch

95
Q

__________ is the second oldest domesticated plant?

A

wheat

96
Q

why was wheat domestication more complicated that that of other plants?

A

involved multiple species, hybridization, and poly ploidy

97
Q

what is the difference between leavened and unleavened bread?

A

leavened - fermentation involved

unleavened - no fermentation involved, pitas etc

98
Q

what is the leavening process?

A

yeast and dough are added together, CO2 resulted during alcoholic fermentation is trapped in the dough stretching and expanding it

99
Q

what is whole wheat?

A

entire grain is used to prepare flower, most nutricious

100
Q

what is refined bread?

A

only the starch part is milled, pericarp and embryo removed, flour stores better

101
Q

what is enriched bread?

A

refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins

102
Q

corn was domesticated in _____

A

mexico

103
Q

_____ is a good nutrient source of carbohydrates ad proteins

A

corn

104
Q

what is the oldest domesticated plant?

A

rice

105
Q

where was rice domesticated?

A

hina

106
Q

rice is usually grown in ?

A

flooded fields

107
Q

what is rice called wheat grown without flooding?

A

upland rice

108
Q

what are Amaranthus

A

C4 plants with super rapid growth, suitable for warm climates, rich in lysine, high in
Ca P Mg K Zn, vitamins E and B

109
Q

where were amaranthus domesticated?

A

mexico

110
Q

where was quinoa domesticated?

A

by the inca in the andes of Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia and peru

111
Q

fabales can include?

A

herbs, flowers, corolla, fruit

112
Q

because of the prescence of nitrogen fixing bacteria the cultivation of legumes _______ the soil?

A

enriches

113
Q

peanuts have an unusual development of the fruit called ___________-

A

geocarpy

114
Q

where were peanuts domesticated and cultivated?

A

peru and ecuador

115
Q

who invented peanut butter?

A

Canadian Marcellus edson

116
Q

do soybeans have incomplete or complete protein?

A

compete

117
Q

what do phytoestrogens do?

A

help lower bad cholesterol and reduce blood pressure, lowering risks of cardiovascular disease

118
Q

where were soybeans domesticated?

A

north china

119
Q

describe the flowers of food plants?

A

acitonomorphic and bisexual, 5 merous

120
Q

food plants are usually ______–

A

herbs

121
Q

describe the corolla of food plants?

A

5 petals, fused, variable

122
Q

what is the fruit of food plants?

A

berry or capsule

123
Q

solanum means?

A

corolla rotate, berry is full (potatom eggplant, tomatoe)

124
Q

capsium means ?

A

corolla campanulate, berry is empty (pepper)

125
Q

what are alkaloids?

A

poisonous plants

126
Q

where did tomatoes originate?

A

in italy

127
Q

what is lycopene?

A

powerful flavonoid antioxidant in tomatoes

128
Q

what is zeaxanthin?

A

another flavonoid componant

129
Q

what is the most important food crop after cerals?

A

potatoes

130
Q

where was the potatoe domesticated?

A

in andes peru and boliviaby the incas

131
Q

in Europe the potato was associated with _________

A

witchcraft

132
Q

what was the great irish potato famine?

A

1845-1850, population increased and poor farmers made more money because of the need for potatoes

133
Q

when did potatoes arrive in north America?

A

1620s`

134
Q

describe origin of the eggplant?

A

introduced in Europe after 1500s and originally thought of as poisonous like the potato

135
Q

pepper were domesticated in _____

A

mexico

136
Q

who found capsium fruits as spicy?

A

columbus

137
Q

what is capsium?

A

found in large quantities in the placental tissue to a lesser extent,

138
Q

fruit can vary from ?

A

pome drupe or aggregate

139
Q

many fruit contain ______ in leaves and seeds

A

cyanide

140
Q

what is grafting?

A

any technique in which part of shoot call scion is inserted or attatched to the root/ stock of another plant

141
Q

what does grafting do?

A

allows for selection and preservation of somatic mutants

142
Q

where were pairs domesticated?

A

Europe and W asia

143
Q

apples have a____ stigma surrounding them

A

bad

144
Q

where were cherries domesticated?

A

Europe, turkey, NE Africa and a W asia

145
Q

plums cultivation depends on ______

A

grafting

146
Q

plums were domesticated in ?

A

europe

147
Q

apricots were domesticated in ________

A

china

148
Q

peaches were domesticated in ________

A

china about 4000 years ago

149
Q

almonds were domesticated where?

A

5000 years ago in east mediteranian region

150
Q

eating allmonds in a large amounts is bad why?

A

a lot of cyanide and poisonous in large quantities

151
Q

_________ supplies the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins

A

proteins

Plants and People (4 decks)

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