Midterm 1 Flashcards
Homo habilis
the first humanoid species appeared 2.8 mya
hold old are homo sapiens?
250 000 ya
describe 3 uses of plants in foraging societies
- edible plants
- poisonous plants for hunting
- medicinal plants
- hallucinogenic plants
- plants for fibres and dyes
- construction materials
the diet of kung bushmen consisted of?
- 2/3 plant based
- 2,355 Kcal/day rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins
what is contemporary forest gardening ?
uses cultivated plants
people in foraging societies were ____________
animists
animisn comes from what?
primeval and universal belief that souls/ spirits inhabit ordinary plants, animals and things governing their existence
what do forgaging societies who practice animism believe?
- the human being is equal to animals, plants and natural forces
- the human being is a part of the nature and not something distinct or above it
- all nature forms must be treated with respect and be on the good side of the spirits through rituals
what is the shaman?
the repository of knowledge that allows him/her to act as an intermediate between the visable world and an invisible spirit world, he/she practices sorcery for purposes of healing, divination and control over natural events
shamanistic traditions have existed since __________ times
prehistoric
axis mundi
world axis
what is the belief of the shaman with the worlds axis?
they can traverse the link between the physical and spiritual world, commune the spirits for assistance in healing, weather control and future telling
what is the mother of corn?
mexico
the ritual of feeding grains to plants is practiced in __________ region of ________
malnad Karnataka
what are spirit houses?
minature homes that stand outside mainly thai budhist homes. it is hoped that spirits will live in the houses instead of homes of people
artificial selection
human intervention in plant or animal reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are present
similarly to natural selection artifical selection has lead to _________
evolution
how is artificial selection different from natural selection?
artificial selection deals with cultivated plants and animals
artificial selection can be used for what 3 different ways?
- increasing divercity of harvested organs
- increasing size of harvested organ
- shape and taste of harvested organ
- increasing size of flowers and number of petals
what is a cultivar?
a plant race that has been selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation
do cultivars exist in nature?
no
artificial selection also includes parts of plants not interest of men including?
biological traits like resistance to disisease and other ecological factors
reduced genetic divercity increases susceptibility to _________ and ____________
pests and disease
what are germplasm collections?
- native or indigenous varieties of cultivated crop plants used elsewhere in commercial production
- identification and collection of wild relatives of the more commonly cultivated plants
around ____ species of plants are cultivated for food while ___________ are ornamentals
5000, 50 000
who is Nicolai Vavilov?
- He planned to collect all of the useful germplasm that had potential in the Soviet Union, to classify it, and to use it in a national plant breeding effort
- Russian scientist
what are the plants from the near east? ( fertile crescent )
wheat, barley, peas, chickpeas, olives, dates, grapes, flax
what originated in china and east asia?
rice, soybeans, mango, bannanas
What originated in Africa?
coffee, sorghum, millet grains, yams, cotton
plants from south America include?
potato, tomatoe, quinoa, amaranth, strawberries
what are macro nutrients?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats
What are micronutrients?
- Vitamins
2. Minerals
what is the average caloric inatke needed?
1200-3200
Glucose and fructose are classified as ____________
monosacharides
Carbohydrates can include 5 categories including?
- monosacharides
- polysacharides
- disacharides
- starch grains
- dietarty fibre
sucrose is made up of _______ and _______
glucose and fructose
maltose is made up of _______ and__________
glucose and glucose
sucrose and maltose are _______
disaccharides
table sugar is ______ and is refined from sugarcane or sugar beet
sucrose
where is maltose found?
germinating grains
polysaccharides include ______ of glucose
polymers
what is starch?
the form in which glucose is stored in plants, found in seeds, roots underground stems and some fruits
what 4 polysaccharides are associated with the plant cell wall?
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin
soluble fiber includes?
hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages
insoluble fibre includes?
cellulose and lignin
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages are all what?
dietary fibers
a diet with high fiber prevents _____ ______ and _____ ______
colon canver and high cholesterol
whats a better source of fiber, grain cereals or fruits and vegetables?
grain cereals
what are FODMAPS?
short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, important for people with IBS
FODMAPS stands for?
fermentable oligo di monosaccharides and polyols
_________________ supply the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
proteins
it is recommended that only ____% of caloric intake should be provided by proteins
10
out of the 20 amino acids ___ can be synthesized in the human body
11
the 9 amino acids that cannot be synthesized are known as what?
essential amino acids and must come from diet
plant protein is usually __________ while animal protein is usually_______ meaning
animal protein has all the amino acids while plants lack some
_________ is the main protein of wheat
gluten
what is celiac disease?
autoimmune disorder of the small intestine , seems to have a genetic componant
what is a triglyceride?
glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
essential fatty acids include?
linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids (present in vegetable oils)
saturated fatty acids have only ________ bonds between carbon atoms?
single
_______________ are the main constituents of vegetable oils
triglycerides
unsaturated fatty acids have one or more _____ bonds
double
olives, peanuts, canola, avocado etc are __________ fatty acids
unsaturated
coconut oil, cocoa butter, palm oil, are _____________ fatty acids
saturated
what is cholesterol?
a steroid lipid that is vital to constituent of cells and it is used in the synthesis of various hormones
co pare LDLs anf HDLs
LDLs carry cholesterol to the tisses and is bad cholesterol since linked to heart disease
HDLs take excess cholesterol back to the liver which processes and excretes cholesterol, this is good cholesterol and lowers risk of heart disease
foods of animal origin are high in ______ fats and cholesterol while food of plant origin lacks cholesterol and contains ______ fats
saturated, unsaturated
what are trans fats?
result when manufacturers convert liquid oils into solid fats through hydrogenation
______ act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways In the body
vitamins
water soluble vitamins include?
B complex and C
fat soluble vitamins include?
ADEK
deficiency in vitamin A causes?
night blindless, problems with epithelium
what is the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins?
water soluble vitamins are eliminated from the body daily while fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body and build up to toxic levels
most vitamins are found in ___________
plants
what vitamin is not found in plants?
B12
deficiency with vitamin B1 causes?
beriberi
deficiency with vitamin B2 causes?
mouth sores and lesions of eyes
deficiency with vitamin B6 causes?
skin disorders, muscle weakness
deficiency with vitamin B9 causes?
anemia and diarreah
defcicency with vitamin C causes?
scurvy
what is vitamin C needed for?
growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body
vitamin c is an antioxidant which means?
nuterients that block some of the damage caused by free radicals, free radicals are made when your body breaks down food or when your exposed to tobacco smoke. the buildup of this is resppnsible for the aging process, heart disease, arthritis
what is the purpose of vitamin D?
helps absorb calcium, which bones need to grow
What is the purose of vitamin E?
antioxidant, plays role in the immune system and metabolic processes
what does vitamin K do?
deficiency means poor blood clotting, makes proteins for healthy bones and tissues
what are minerals?
inorganic compounds that exist in the body as ions or as part or complex molecules. major minerals are needed in greater amounts
name the major minerals and minor minerals?
major(calcium, P,K,Na,Mn)
minor (Fe, Zn, Iodine)
major cereal crops include?
wheat, corn maize, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, millet, rye
the roots of herbs are called?
fibrous
the stem of herbs is called?
culm
what is the ligule in grasses?
prevents water, insects etc entering the sheath
what are some signs of wind pollination ?
small numerous flowers, unisexual no perianth
what is the fruit of grasses?
caryopsis
the aleurone layer of the caryopsis is high in _________ while the endosperm stores _______
proteins, starch
__________ is the second oldest domesticated plant?
wheat
why was wheat domestication more complicated that that of other plants?
involved multiple species, hybridization, and poly ploidy
what is the difference between leavened and unleavened bread?
leavened - fermentation involved
unleavened - no fermentation involved, pitas etc
what is the leavening process?
yeast and dough are added together, CO2 resulted during alcoholic fermentation is trapped in the dough stretching and expanding it
what is whole wheat?
entire grain is used to prepare flower, most nutricious
what is refined bread?
only the starch part is milled, pericarp and embryo removed, flour stores better
what is enriched bread?
refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins
corn was domesticated in _____
mexico
_____ is a good nutrient source of carbohydrates ad proteins
corn
what is the oldest domesticated plant?
rice
where was rice domesticated?
hina
rice is usually grown in ?
flooded fields
what is rice called wheat grown without flooding?
upland rice
what are Amaranthus
C4 plants with super rapid growth, suitable for warm climates, rich in lysine, high in
Ca P Mg K Zn, vitamins E and B
where were amaranthus domesticated?
mexico
where was quinoa domesticated?
by the inca in the andes of Columbia, Ecuador, Bolivia and peru
fabales can include?
herbs, flowers, corolla, fruit
because of the prescence of nitrogen fixing bacteria the cultivation of legumes _______ the soil?
enriches
peanuts have an unusual development of the fruit called ___________-
geocarpy
where were peanuts domesticated and cultivated?
peru and ecuador
who invented peanut butter?
Canadian Marcellus edson
do soybeans have incomplete or complete protein?
compete
what do phytoestrogens do?
help lower bad cholesterol and reduce blood pressure, lowering risks of cardiovascular disease
where were soybeans domesticated?
north china
describe the flowers of food plants?
acitonomorphic and bisexual, 5 merous
food plants are usually ______–
herbs
describe the corolla of food plants?
5 petals, fused, variable
what is the fruit of food plants?
berry or capsule
solanum means?
corolla rotate, berry is full (potatom eggplant, tomatoe)
capsium means ?
corolla campanulate, berry is empty (pepper)
what are alkaloids?
poisonous plants
where did tomatoes originate?
in italy
what is lycopene?
powerful flavonoid antioxidant in tomatoes
what is zeaxanthin?
another flavonoid componant
what is the most important food crop after cerals?
potatoes
where was the potatoe domesticated?
in andes peru and boliviaby the incas
in Europe the potato was associated with _________
witchcraft
what was the great irish potato famine?
1845-1850, population increased and poor farmers made more money because of the need for potatoes
when did potatoes arrive in north America?
1620s`
describe origin of the eggplant?
introduced in Europe after 1500s and originally thought of as poisonous like the potato
pepper were domesticated in _____
mexico
who found capsium fruits as spicy?
columbus
what is capsium?
found in large quantities in the placental tissue to a lesser extent,
fruit can vary from ?
pome drupe or aggregate
many fruit contain ______ in leaves and seeds
cyanide
what is grafting?
any technique in which part of shoot call scion is inserted or attatched to the root/ stock of another plant
what does grafting do?
allows for selection and preservation of somatic mutants
where were pairs domesticated?
Europe and W asia
apples have a____ stigma surrounding them
bad
where were cherries domesticated?
Europe, turkey, NE Africa and a W asia
plums cultivation depends on ______
grafting
plums were domesticated in ?
europe
apricots were domesticated in ________
china
peaches were domesticated in ________
china about 4000 years ago
almonds were domesticated where?
5000 years ago in east mediteranian region
eating allmonds in a large amounts is bad why?
a lot of cyanide and poisonous in large quantities
_________ supplies the amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
proteins
