Exam Flashcards
the yew is from where?
europe and asia
what are some common poisonous plants?
curare (s america)
Kombe (africa)
Aconite
Yew
who wrote the first western book about poisons?
ancient greeks
what was used as an instrument of justice and caused accidental poisoning because of the similarity to wild parsnip?
poison hemlock (europe) and water hemlock (north america)
berries as little as three are said to be fatal for a child and causes death by respiratory paralysis and cardiovascular failure is known as?
belladona
what is the 3rd most toxic compound substances after plutonium after botulism that destroys ribosomes?
ricin
when is the best time to collect plants and why?
when it flowers because it accumulates the highest concentration for ingredients
what are the 3 organs that can be collected?
herba (stems, leaves, flowers) flows (flowers, inflourescences) radices or rhizoma (underground roots) fructus or samen (fruits or seeds)
microorganisms cannot develop in syrups with a sugar content over 65 % (Tor F)?
T
what is a tincture?
the active ingredients are extracted with ethanol, a mother tincture is made with fresh or dry plant, diluted with ethanol, stored in jar in dark place for 10-14 days then strained
differentiate internal vs external tincture
internal - few drops in water, tea etc
external - applied to baths, or topically ( potentially toxic if consumed)
what are the 4 bases used in ointments
- absorption - beeswax
- emulsifying
- vegetable oils
- hydrocarbon bases - paraffin
Tituration
fine fragments of medicinal plants are evenly mixed by grinding together with small amount of base gradually increasing amount of base
Animism is sometimes described as a ______________ religion
primordial
what is the evidence that neanderthals had plant based diets?
plant fossils in cave dwellings and analysis of dental tartar
describe Chinese traditional medicine
- focused on body functions not organs
- yin- yang
- disease was an imbalance of yin-yang
Yin-Yang
two complementary aspects that make up every phenomenon in the universe
who is shen -hung?
divine farmer, “emperor of 5 grains”
what is Ayurvedic medicine?
- health depends on balanced state of mind body and spirit
- fusion of hinduism and budhism
- safety concerns, indian medicines contained toxic levels of lead, mercury, arsenic
how did the beginning of western medicine start?
Hippocrates, disease was cause of environmental factors, natural cause, diet, living habits
who developed the doctrine of signatures?
Paracelsus
Paracelsus was known as ?
father of toxicology
what was the doctrine of signatures?
dissemination pathway between animistic and cause, effect based uses of plants
- shapes symbolized inward values
what is the essence of plant treatment against cancer?
they act as mitotic inhibitors, extremely toxic so treatment cannot occur
what are yew seeds used for?
seeds are poisonous but red aril around them is not, role is to attract birds which disperse the seeds
what use did the scythians have for the yew?
tipped arrows and spears with yew extract
name 3 features of the yew
grown in temperate gardens, resistant to cold, diseases and tolerate shade, only downside is slow growth
the yew caused accidental poisoning because of ________ _______ that cause hypertension and result in heart failure
taxine alkaloids
where did taxol come from and why is it important?
bark extract from yew tree called taxol targets tubulin affecting the mitotic spindle assembly
vincristine is used to treat what?
leukemia and lung cancer
vinblastine is used to treat what?
hodgkins lymphoma
what does phodophyllotoxin do?
inhibits the enzyme topoisomeraseII during late and early G2 stage
etoposide is used for?
chemotherapy, for lung cancer, testicular cancer,
teniposide is used for?
treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia
podophyllotoxin under the name condylox is used to treat?
HPV
what is laterial?
fake cure, causes cyanide poisoning
madagascar periwinkle was used where and for what?
chinese traditional medicine for hodgkins lymphoma
what are phytochemicals?
occur naturally in vegtables, fruits, grains, and seeds, prevent cancer and other diseases
green tea contains ____________ that decreases cancer?
catechins
coffee would be considered a ___________ laxative
mild
castor oil and beer would be considered a _______ laxative
strong
what was ancient Egyptians thought on purging?
believed purge was necessary 3 times a month, enema. believed all diseases came from food
what was the aztecs cure for stomach troubles?
purge, eat pine nuts, drink tomato juice with chilli, gourd seeds and cacao
what did the obijiwa use hops inflorescence for?
gastric antacid
what is the difference between a bulk purgative and stimulative purgative?
bulk - increase volume of intestine
stimulative- stimulate peristaltic activity
plantago, dried bark of cascara, and aloe vera are all used for ?
laxitive purposes
how does aloe vera work as a laxitive?
ancient egyp and greece, increases intestinal water content, stimulating mucous secretion and increasing peristalsis
what is berberine?
antidiarrheal alkaloid that destroys helibacter pylori and giardia lambia
what is artemisia used for?
remedy against gastrointestinal parasites
what stem root can be used against tapeworm?
pomegranate stem root
mint among many other things also helps with anti ____and _______
gas and bloating
what is congestive heart failure?
when the heart cant provide sufficient pump force to distribute blood flow needs of the body
congestive heart failure can lead to an edema which is what?
excess of watery fluid in cavaties of the body
what do cardiac glycosides do?
increase the force of heart muscle contraction without increasing O2 consumption, extremely toxic
what did william withering do?
discovered fox glove which is a cure for CHF and dropsy
what is digitallin used for?
cardiac tonic and vascular stimulant, heart is slowed but force of beats increase
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure
reserpine does what for the heart
relaxation of vessels and diminished out put of the heart
What can be used for mild cases of hypertension reduces cholesterol and increases antioxidants?
garlic
shake foot and garlic are both good for ?
hypertension
what is ephedra?
gymnosperm in Chinese traditional medicine
ephedrine is used for ?
increasing heart rate, hypotension, illegal enhancer
what is a cardiac arythmia?
abnormal electrical activity
hawthorn is used for?
treating chronic heart failure and hypertension, flavanoids and oligomeric procyanides
the ginko is worshiped where?
Japan
what are phytosterols?
steroid compounds in plants that mimic cholesterol reducing bad cholesterol
stinging nettle can help with issues relating to the ___________
prostate
what is horny goat weed used for and where did it come from?
Chinese traditional medicine, mimics effect of testosterone, treating erectile dysfunction
what are phytoestrogens?
steroidal compound that mimics reprodutive female hormones, defensive mechanism to modulate fertility
what is black cohosh used for?
root rhizomes by native americans to treat gynlogical disorders
cranberry is good for utis hows?
it prevents e coli from adhering to cell lining of bladder and urethra
what do bronchiodilators do?
relax smooth muscle of bronchioles, increase diameter of bronchioles
how does ephedrine assist in the respiratory system?
asthma, bronchitis, increase blood flow, relieve obstructions, stimulate respiration
theophyline derivatives were isolated from where and are good for?
isolated from tea and help with copd and asthma
what do expectorants do?
stimulate bronchiole secretion and enhance the expulsion of mucus, make it easier to cough up phlem or sputum
if you have a dry cough would expectorants be useful?
no, antitussives would be
whatare antitussives?
supress urge to cough,
vaska, verbascum, thyme, and english ivy are all examples of ?
expectorants
how do antitussives work?
bind to opoid receptors by acting centrally on the cough center in the medulla
what does echinacea do?
shortens duration of cold and flu
eukalyptus originated where and is what?
australian aboriginal culture, expectorant
what is valerian?
sleep remedy to ancient greeks
hypnotic vs sedative
hypnotic - induce sleep, treat insomnia
sedattive - induces sedation
what is Hops?
sleep remedy to native american tribes, promote sleep, treat insomnia and nervousness
what is the passion flower?
sleep remedy to native american tribes and aztecs
Galantamine, Narcissus, Galanthus, firmoss are all good for?
alzhymers and dimentia
Galanthamine and Huperzine induce lucid dreaming how?
increase duration of REM sleep and dreaming
what is an adaptogen?
metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt to stress
Yarrow, and witch hazel are both useful in treating ?
wounds, antiinflamatory, stops bleeding
arnica is used for?
burns, anti inflamatory, used by ancient greeks
what do salicylates do?
plant defence against pathogens by reistance to proteins
what isone one the oldest remedies in the N hemisphere?
willow bark
john vare did what?
won the noble prize for aspirin
chomomile helps with mouth sores, _____, ______
ulcers and digestive tract infections
tea trea
australian remedy, antimicrobial, fungicide, only external use
describe the mandrake?
supernatural powers, roots have human shape, doctrine of signatures
what is the effects of atropine and scolamine?
atropine - stimulant effect on CNS
scolamine - sedative effect
opium poppy
plant of happiness
paracelsus did what?
introduced opium to western medecine
most addictive derivative of opium is ?
heroin
felix hoffman did what?
synthesized heroin
DMT
spirit molecule, altered state, hallucinations, paranormal encounters
Ayanuasca
magical drink of amazon containing MAO(the light) and DMT (the force)
MAO
enzyme that metabolizes monamines such as serotonin
Ergot
fungus that grows on rye, ergotism, salem witch craft
