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Plants and People > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

the yew is from where?

A

europe and asia

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2
Q

what are some common poisonous plants?

A

curare (s america)
Kombe (africa)
Aconite
Yew

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3
Q

who wrote the first western book about poisons?

A

ancient greeks

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4
Q

what was used as an instrument of justice and caused accidental poisoning because of the similarity to wild parsnip?

A

poison hemlock (europe) and water hemlock (north america)

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5
Q

berries as little as three are said to be fatal for a child and causes death by respiratory paralysis and cardiovascular failure is known as?

A

belladona

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6
Q

what is the 3rd most toxic compound substances after plutonium after botulism that destroys ribosomes?

A

ricin

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7
Q

when is the best time to collect plants and why?

A

when it flowers because it accumulates the highest concentration for ingredients

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8
Q

what are the 3 organs that can be collected?

A

herba (stems, leaves, flowers) flows (flowers, inflourescences) radices or rhizoma (underground roots) fructus or samen (fruits or seeds)

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9
Q

microorganisms cannot develop in syrups with a sugar content over 65 % (Tor F)?

A

T

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10
Q

what is a tincture?

A

the active ingredients are extracted with ethanol, a mother tincture is made with fresh or dry plant, diluted with ethanol, stored in jar in dark place for 10-14 days then strained

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11
Q

differentiate internal vs external tincture

A

internal - few drops in water, tea etc

external - applied to baths, or topically ( potentially toxic if consumed)

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12
Q

what are the 4 bases used in ointments

A
  1. absorption - beeswax
  2. emulsifying
  3. vegetable oils
  4. hydrocarbon bases - paraffin
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13
Q

Tituration

A

fine fragments of medicinal plants are evenly mixed by grinding together with small amount of base gradually increasing amount of base

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14
Q

Animism is sometimes described as a ______________ religion

A

primordial

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15
Q

what is the evidence that neanderthals had plant based diets?

A

plant fossils in cave dwellings and analysis of dental tartar

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16
Q

describe Chinese traditional medicine

A
  • focused on body functions not organs
  • yin- yang
  • disease was an imbalance of yin-yang
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17
Q

Yin-Yang

A

two complementary aspects that make up every phenomenon in the universe

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18
Q

who is shen -hung?

A

divine farmer, “emperor of 5 grains”

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19
Q

what is Ayurvedic medicine?

A
  • health depends on balanced state of mind body and spirit
  • fusion of hinduism and budhism
  • safety concerns, indian medicines contained toxic levels of lead, mercury, arsenic
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20
Q

how did the beginning of western medicine start?

A

Hippocrates, disease was cause of environmental factors, natural cause, diet, living habits

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21
Q

who developed the doctrine of signatures?

A

Paracelsus

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22
Q

Paracelsus was known as ?

A

father of toxicology

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23
Q

what was the doctrine of signatures?

A

dissemination pathway between animistic and cause, effect based uses of plants
- shapes symbolized inward values

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24
Q

what is the essence of plant treatment against cancer?

A

they act as mitotic inhibitors, extremely toxic so treatment cannot occur

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25
Q

what are yew seeds used for?

A

seeds are poisonous but red aril around them is not, role is to attract birds which disperse the seeds

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26
Q

what use did the scythians have for the yew?

A

tipped arrows and spears with yew extract

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27
Q

name 3 features of the yew

A

grown in temperate gardens, resistant to cold, diseases and tolerate shade, only downside is slow growth

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28
Q

the yew caused accidental poisoning because of ________ _______ that cause hypertension and result in heart failure

A

taxine alkaloids

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29
Q

where did taxol come from and why is it important?

A

bark extract from yew tree called taxol targets tubulin affecting the mitotic spindle assembly

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30
Q

vincristine is used to treat what?

A

leukemia and lung cancer

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31
Q

vinblastine is used to treat what?

A

hodgkins lymphoma

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32
Q

what does phodophyllotoxin do?

A

inhibits the enzyme topoisomeraseII during late and early G2 stage

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33
Q

etoposide is used for?

A

chemotherapy, for lung cancer, testicular cancer,

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34
Q

teniposide is used for?

A

treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

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35
Q

podophyllotoxin under the name condylox is used to treat?

A

HPV

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36
Q

what is laterial?

A

fake cure, causes cyanide poisoning

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37
Q

madagascar periwinkle was used where and for what?

A

chinese traditional medicine for hodgkins lymphoma

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38
Q

what are phytochemicals?

A

occur naturally in vegtables, fruits, grains, and seeds, prevent cancer and other diseases

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39
Q

green tea contains ____________ that decreases cancer?

A

catechins

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40
Q

coffee would be considered a ___________ laxative

A

mild

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41
Q

castor oil and beer would be considered a _______ laxative

A

strong

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42
Q

what was ancient Egyptians thought on purging?

A

believed purge was necessary 3 times a month, enema. believed all diseases came from food

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43
Q

what was the aztecs cure for stomach troubles?

A

purge, eat pine nuts, drink tomato juice with chilli, gourd seeds and cacao

44
Q

what did the obijiwa use hops inflorescence for?

A

gastric antacid

45
Q

what is the difference between a bulk purgative and stimulative purgative?

A

bulk - increase volume of intestine

stimulative- stimulate peristaltic activity

46
Q

plantago, dried bark of cascara, and aloe vera are all used for ?

A

laxitive purposes

47
Q

how does aloe vera work as a laxitive?

A

ancient egyp and greece, increases intestinal water content, stimulating mucous secretion and increasing peristalsis

48
Q

what is berberine?

A

antidiarrheal alkaloid that destroys helibacter pylori and giardia lambia

49
Q

what is artemisia used for?

A

remedy against gastrointestinal parasites

50
Q

what stem root can be used against tapeworm?

A

pomegranate stem root

51
Q

mint among many other things also helps with anti ____and _______

A

gas and bloating

52
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

when the heart cant provide sufficient pump force to distribute blood flow needs of the body

53
Q

congestive heart failure can lead to an edema which is what?

A

excess of watery fluid in cavaties of the body

54
Q

what do cardiac glycosides do?

A

increase the force of heart muscle contraction without increasing O2 consumption, extremely toxic

55
Q

what did william withering do?

A

discovered fox glove which is a cure for CHF and dropsy

56
Q

what is digitallin used for?

A

cardiac tonic and vascular stimulant, heart is slowed but force of beats increase

57
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

58
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

59
Q

reserpine does what for the heart

A

relaxation of vessels and diminished out put of the heart

60
Q

What can be used for mild cases of hypertension reduces cholesterol and increases antioxidants?

A

garlic

61
Q

shake foot and garlic are both good for ?

A

hypertension

62
Q

what is ephedra?

A

gymnosperm in Chinese traditional medicine

63
Q

ephedrine is used for ?

A

increasing heart rate, hypotension, illegal enhancer

64
Q

what is a cardiac arythmia?

A

abnormal electrical activity

65
Q

hawthorn is used for?

A

treating chronic heart failure and hypertension, flavanoids and oligomeric procyanides

66
Q

the ginko is worshiped where?

A

Japan

67
Q

what are phytosterols?

A

steroid compounds in plants that mimic cholesterol reducing bad cholesterol

68
Q

stinging nettle can help with issues relating to the ___________

A

prostate

69
Q

what is horny goat weed used for and where did it come from?

A

Chinese traditional medicine, mimics effect of testosterone, treating erectile dysfunction

70
Q

what are phytoestrogens?

A

steroidal compound that mimics reprodutive female hormones, defensive mechanism to modulate fertility

71
Q

what is black cohosh used for?

A

root rhizomes by native americans to treat gynlogical disorders

72
Q

cranberry is good for utis hows?

A

it prevents e coli from adhering to cell lining of bladder and urethra

73
Q

what do bronchiodilators do?

A

relax smooth muscle of bronchioles, increase diameter of bronchioles

74
Q

how does ephedrine assist in the respiratory system?

A

asthma, bronchitis, increase blood flow, relieve obstructions, stimulate respiration

75
Q

theophyline derivatives were isolated from where and are good for?

A

isolated from tea and help with copd and asthma

76
Q

what do expectorants do?

A

stimulate bronchiole secretion and enhance the expulsion of mucus, make it easier to cough up phlem or sputum

77
Q

if you have a dry cough would expectorants be useful?

A

no, antitussives would be

78
Q

whatare antitussives?

A

supress urge to cough,

79
Q

vaska, verbascum, thyme, and english ivy are all examples of ?

A

expectorants

80
Q

how do antitussives work?

A

bind to opoid receptors by acting centrally on the cough center in the medulla

81
Q

what does echinacea do?

A

shortens duration of cold and flu

82
Q

eukalyptus originated where and is what?

A

australian aboriginal culture, expectorant

83
Q

what is valerian?

A

sleep remedy to ancient greeks

84
Q

hypnotic vs sedative

A

hypnotic - induce sleep, treat insomnia

sedattive - induces sedation

85
Q

what is Hops?

A

sleep remedy to native american tribes, promote sleep, treat insomnia and nervousness

86
Q

what is the passion flower?

A

sleep remedy to native american tribes and aztecs

87
Q

Galantamine, Narcissus, Galanthus, firmoss are all good for?

A

alzhymers and dimentia

88
Q

Galanthamine and Huperzine induce lucid dreaming how?

A

increase duration of REM sleep and dreaming

89
Q

what is an adaptogen?

A

metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt to stress

90
Q

Yarrow, and witch hazel are both useful in treating ?

A

wounds, antiinflamatory, stops bleeding

91
Q

arnica is used for?

A

burns, anti inflamatory, used by ancient greeks

92
Q

what do salicylates do?

A

plant defence against pathogens by reistance to proteins

93
Q

what isone one the oldest remedies in the N hemisphere?

A

willow bark

94
Q

john vare did what?

A

won the noble prize for aspirin

95
Q

chomomile helps with mouth sores, _____, ______

A

ulcers and digestive tract infections

96
Q

tea trea

A

australian remedy, antimicrobial, fungicide, only external use

97
Q

describe the mandrake?

A

supernatural powers, roots have human shape, doctrine of signatures

98
Q

what is the effects of atropine and scolamine?

A

atropine - stimulant effect on CNS

scolamine - sedative effect

99
Q

opium poppy

A

plant of happiness

100
Q

paracelsus did what?

A

introduced opium to western medecine

101
Q

most addictive derivative of opium is ?

A

heroin

102
Q

felix hoffman did what?

A

synthesized heroin

103
Q

DMT

A

spirit molecule, altered state, hallucinations, paranormal encounters

104
Q

Ayanuasca

A

magical drink of amazon containing MAO(the light) and DMT (the force)

105
Q

MAO

A

enzyme that metabolizes monamines such as serotonin

106
Q

Ergot

A

fungus that grows on rye, ergotism, salem witch craft

Plants and People (4 decks)

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