Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANTH 317 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic anthropological concepts

A
  • culture
  • political organization
  • economic systems
  • kinship and social organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Culture

A
  • shared and learned ideas and patterns of behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 forms of political organization

A
  • bands
  • tribes
  • chiefdoms
  • states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bands

A
  • small egalitarian/ equitable groups (25 to 50 people)
  • mechanical solidarity (individuals and families are self- sufficient)
  • informal leadership (influence and conflict resolutions)
  • maximal bands
  • example Hadza of Tanzania
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tribes

A
  • made up of two or more communities
  • formal leadership (authority and influence in local communities)
  • redistribution
  • example Masai of Kenya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chiefdoms

A
  • two or more communities united under a single ruler (paramount chiefs and centralized authority)
  • rank based societies with little social mobility
  • redistribution (chief and aristocracy consume more of what they collect from the consumer class)
  • example Bawkunaba
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

States

A
  • a number of regional communities united under a centralized authority
  • at least 3 levels of administration
  • administrative bureaucracy
  • ultimate political power
  • example Ashanti empire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Economic systems

A
  • hunting and gathering
  • horticulture
  • pastoralism
  • intensive agriculture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hunting and gathering

A
  • exploitation of natural resources
  • mobile settlement patterns
  • age and sex based division of labour
  • nuclear family = the basic social unit
  • band societies
  • example Khoisan hunters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Horticulture

A
  • farming based solely on human labour
  • semi- sedentary or sedentary settlement patterns
  • age and sex based division of labour with some specialization
  • tribes if chiefdoms
  • example tan farmer of Nigeria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • herding of domesticated animals
  • seasonal pattern of mobility (transhumance highland/ lowland)
  • age and sex based division of labour with some specialization
  • tribes and chiefdoms
  • example boy herding goats in Burkina Faso
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intensive agriculture

A
  • farming using methods of intensification (artificial fertile, irrigation, fraught animals, machines, terracing)
  • states - economic surplus
  • division of labour (age, sex, class, SES) and specialization
  • example terrace farming in Rwanda
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

descent groups

A
  • manage durable rights
  • based on descent from a common ancestor
  • fixed boundaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unilinear descent

A
  • options restricted to the maternal (matrilineal) or paternal (patrilineal) line
  • forms two kinds of larger group (lineages and clans)
  • lineages and orders of segmentation
  • clans - moieties and phratries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cognitive descent

A
  • group membership through either the maternal of paternal line
  • individuals can belong to more than one group
  • Group membership decided at marriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Marriage

A
  • an economic and social relationship
  • positive and negative marriage rules
  • polygyny & polyandry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polygyny

A

A man can have more than one wife at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polyandry

A

A woman can have more than one husband at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Post- marital residence

A

Where a couple resides following marriage (dictates the composition of households)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neolocal

A
  • couple finds their own home
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patrilocal

A
  • reside with the father
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Matrilocal

A

Resides with the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acunculocal

A
  • resides with an uncle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Virilocal

A

Residence from the perspective of the husband

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Uxorilocal

A
  • residence from the perspective of the wife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Africa geography facts

A
  • 11 700 000 m2
  • 80% continents surface lies within the tropics
  • 5200 miles N-S
  • 4600 mile E- W
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

African continent geology

A
  • huge block of rock of marine origin
  • a land area since about 500 million years ago
  • minor amounts of faulting and few mountains
  • largely a series of level plateaus located at over 500m above sea level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Volcanoes and rift valleys

A
  • plateau landscape is broken in east Africa by extinct volcanoes and the rift valleys
  • formed from a series of north to south vaults resulting from the uplift of the continent (helps with finding fossils because splitting is causing sediments to be exposed)
  • Ruwenzori mountains
  • mount Elgon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rivers Africa

A
  • not navigable to the sea because if scarps (steep slopes of cliffs created by erosion)
  • inland drainage creates large bodies of water
  • Nile river - major form of irrigation that allows for intensive agriculture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Africa simplified vegetation zones (top to bottom)

A
  • Mediterranean scrub: milder, frost at times
  • desert
  • savana (grasses and trees)
  • tropical rainforest (humid)
  • savanna
  • desert
  • wind and intertropical convergent zone determine climate (intertropical convergent zone moves north with sun &a brings rain with it)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Climate at the end of the Pleistocene

A
  • 18 to 14 tya - more arid and cool then at present
  • Sahara larger, extended 500 km south of present boundary
  • arid period persists until about 10 tya
32
Q

Early Holocene climate

A
  • the last African pluvial period occurs about 9500 years ago
  • lake shorelines much higher than at present
  • wet period caused by increased rainfall
  • a lot more water
33
Q

Middle holocene climate

A
  • an arid period around 7500 years ago
  • major regression of lake shorelines
  • another major wet period begins at around 6500 years ago
  • considerable variation across the continent as to onset, nature, and duration
34
Q

Late Holocene climate

A
  • wet period lasts until about 4500 years ago
  • increased aridity leads to major regression of lake shorelines about 3000 years ago
  • lake shoreline reach their current levels around 1800 years ago
  • broad spectrum revolutions - foragers take wide array of species
35
Q

General climate change through holocene

A
  • wet seasons became shorter and dry seasons became longer

- Africa is more arid now than it ever was during the Holocene

36
Q

Language general trends

A
  • the defining feature of culture?
  • anthropological classifications of populations on the basis of linguistic similarities and differences
  • shared language = shared history?
37
Q

4 types of language phyla

A
  • afroasiatic or afrasian languages
  • Nilosaharan languages
  • Niger- Congo or Congo - Kordofian languages
  • Khoisan languages
38
Q

Language phyla

A
  1. the largest language groupings (language taxonomy based on shared vocabulary)
  2. language change and continuity
    - languages change slowly unless marked degree of social disruption (ex cultural contact)
    - in archaeolonguistic contexts glottochronology (basic estimation after 1000 years of divergence, 74% common vocabulary will be retained)
  3. Shared sound and meaning
    - languages belonging to the phyla will more closely resemble each other than language from different phyla
39
Q

Language taxonomy

A 
Phylum
Family
Subfamily
Branch
Group
Language
40
Q

African language phyla

A
  • Africa has at least 1400 different languages grouped into 6 phyla (4 indigenous, 2 introduced)
  • Can trace to about 10 tya
  • language networks and consolidation into phyla
41
Q

African phyla geographical difference between 8000-3000 B.C. And 3000-0 B.C.

A

Afroasiatic spread NW and SE

Niger- Congo spread up and south

42
Q

Afroasiatic languages

A
  • Semitic
  • ancient egyptian
  • Berber
  • Cushitic
  • Omotic
  • Chadic
43
Q

Nilo - Saharan languages

A
  • Chari Nile
  • Fur
  • Saharan
  • Songhai
44
Q

Congo - Kordofanian languages

A
  • Kordofanian

- Niger- Congo

45
Q

Food production and climate change

A
  • climate change between the Pleistocene and Holocene compelled the emergence of food production in select parts of the world (e.g. SW Asia)
  • In Africa climate change in early Holocene mitigated against the adoption or development of food production
  • African pop. Ultimately do become herders and farmers in response to climate change at a later point in the holocene
46
Q

Late Stone Age populations

A
  • dry period
  • toolkits reflect a riparian adaptation suitable to the practice of agriculture
  • the diagnostic site is Wadi Kubbaniya, in Southern part of the Nike Valley
  • people fished, hunted game, and processed seeds into flour
47
Q

Holocene wet phase food production

A
  • 10 tya to 6.5 tya
  • Saharan and sub sharan climate shifts from extreme aridity to extreme humidity
  • main effect felt within first 20 north latitude and as far west as Niger bend
  • increase humidity turns desert into savanna
  • major accumulation of water in Sudanic belt
  • late Stone Age pop. Spread into desert
  • preadapted to a riparian way if life; major prosperity
  • population increase, increase in number and size of settlements
  • economic surpluses lead to economic specialization (pottery for food preparation and storage)
  • culinary revolution (soup, porridge, and fish stew)
  • rich environment diminished likelihood of food production
  • aquatic economic adaptation was disposed to the development of food production
  • at end of period, as arid conditions began to prevail, food production emerged
48
Q

Nike valley food production

A
  • definitive evidence for food production by 7tya
  • domesticated introduced from SW Asia
  • material culture suggests cultural continuity from hunter gatherers to early farmers
  • early farmers practiced flood based form agriculture based seasonal fluctuations of Nile river
  • mixed farming - domesticated plants and animals
  • food production set the stage for rapid cultural development
  • Einkorn wheat, flax, barley
49
Q

Nike Valley - Nubia

A
  • 7 tya farmers with livestock and sorghum cultivation at Kadeeo and Esh Shaneinab
  • 5500 years ago farmers moved downstream and encountered a Stone Age culture
50
Q

North Africa and the Sahara food production

A
  • sheep and goat herding st Haya Fteah 7tya
  • cattle herding by 5tya - inward spread of transhumance pattern of herding
  • spread of herding correlated with the spread of proto- Berber speaking populations
  • playas in the desert west of Nike yield evidence cereal farming 8tya
  • cattle herding was in place 7tya
  • populations were proto- niolosaharan speakers - connections to populations fron Sudan and Sahel
51
Q

Highland Ethiopia

A
  • two major areas of early domestication (5tya)
  • grassy northern & eastern margins & forest uplands of southwest highlands
  • domesticated animals introduced by 5tya
  • barley and wheat introduced by 3 tya
  • teff, ensente, sesame, coffee, finger miller
52
Q

The Sahel and the Sudan

A
  • agricultural complexes develop within a cereal belt and a yam belt
  • cereal belt includes two major complexes : 1. Rice and 2. Millet and sorghum
  • aquatic lifeway given way to agro-pastoralism
  • cereal belt includes series of seasonally flooded lakes
  • sowing time with seasonal flooding
53
Q

Food production and language families

A

Nilosahrans: sorghums, millets, and livestock

Niger- Congo: rice and donut farming; yam and oil palm in yam belt

Afrasian- riparian substances, SW Asian domesticates and pastoralism

54
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • in west Africa, initial spread of cattle herding is associated with afroasiatic speakers (come into contact with nilosahran speaking intensive cereal gatherers)
  • spread of cattle limited in west Africa by tse raw fly
  • East African highlands provide a corridor for cattle herding to diffuse south of the equator
55
Q

Independent hunters

A
  • until 10tya, all human societies were foraging societies
  • contemporary and historically recent foraging societies occupy marginal environments from the perspective of food producers
  • most contemporary hunter- gathered societies are intimately connected with food producers
56
Q

7 features of hunting and gathering societies:

A
  1. Low populations densities
  2. Large home ranges
  3. Small social units (bands)
  4. Highly mobile
  5. Omnivorous
  6. Age and sex based division of labour
  7. Significant social flexibility
57
Q

Hadza

A
  • a population of about 1000 people living in the savanna to the south and east of lake Eyasi in Tanzania
58
Q

Hadza society

A
  • socially egalitarian characterized by reciprocal sharing
  • status in society is achieved rather than ascribes
  • basic unit is the band - comprised of about 18 adults with their children
59
Q

Hadza bands and camps

A
  • bands are highly mobile and may break up or aggregate depending on availability of resources
  • central camps are temporary settlements if grass huts or are located in dry caves
  • central camps are occupied for about 2 weeks at a time
60
Q

Hadza sexual division of labour

A
  • men are hunters
  • men hunt small animals and forage for plant foods
  • the weapon of choice is the bow, arrows are dipped in poison
  • by the age of 10 most boys will have made their own bow for hunting small game
  • all children learn to gather plant foods at an early age
  • women are primary gatherers and are responsible for domestic duties
  • women are responsible for setting up central camps and building huts
61
Q

Hadza technology

A
  • animal skin sleeping mats
  • scavenged iron for arrow heads
  • tools for sharpening arrows and scraping skins
  • wooden fire drills
  • fire for warmth and cooking
62
Q

Hadza diet and subsistence

A
  • primary plant foods include edible roots, berries, seeds and pulp from baobab trees
  • plant foods supply 80% diet by weight, other 20% is made up of meat and honey
  • hunters eat at the kill site - if there is a surplus they bring it to central camp or notify others and the group settles at the kill site until the surplus is consumed
63
Q

Concluding thoughts hadza

A
  • high nobility a response to available resources in the natural environment
  • need for mobility precludes the acquisition of property (temporary hits, animal skins, a limited selection of tools)
  • shifting resource availability and mobility demands flexible social relations
64
Q

Aka (bayaka - Baka)

A
  • HG society in the western equatorial fringe
  • first came into contact with Savanna people’s around 2400 BC (FPs are immigrant farmers from the yam belt)
  • the FPs and HGs develop a symbiotic relationship
  • prehistorically pygmies in Congo basin in contact with Bantu and oubangian eastern speaking FPs
65
Q

Anthro tidbits of Aka

A
  • highly egalitarian
  • women hunt
  • men spend a lot of time with children
  • filing of teeth
66
Q

Aka refer to Bantu neighbours as

A

“Tall Blacks” - stranger or non- Pygmy (racial), villager, sedentary, master, boss

67
Q

Bantu reference to aka

A
  • Bantu semantically oppose concepts if men and villagers with Pygmies
  • village = cultural space; forest = natural spaces
  • pygmies connected to but also different from natural world
  • aka are interstitial from Bantu perspective, explains Bantu ambivalence toward Aka
68
Q

Two factors of the natural environment that act as ecological constraints on the Aka:

A
  • the heterogeneity of the forest

- modalities in relations with the FPs that result from forest heterogeneity

69
Q

Heterogeneity in the forest milieu

A

Solid ground forest and wet zone forest

  • solid ground forest: semi- deciduous and evergreen forest
  • wet zone forest: marsh forest,
    Flood zone forest, and wet- slope forest
  • each first type has distinct qualities
70
Q

Aka exchange with the tall blacks

A
  • aka provide labour and meat for metal, salt, and attach foods
  • initially Aka would only exchange surplus resources for FPs surplus goods (villagers did not determine when hunting occurred nor what species Aka hunted)
  • pattern changes with dawn of colonial era - aka begin to hunt for express purpose of exchange
71
Q

Aka colonial trade

A
  • 1899 - European companies divide Congo basin into separate monopolies or showered
  • company activities leads to a new era if contact between aka and FPs, as well as colonial powers
  • three period of note: ivory trade, wild rubber, duiker hunters
72
Q

Ivory trade (1898-1910)

A
  • aka we’re principal producers while villagers controlled trade with whites
  • consequences:
  • new hunting techniques
  • intensification and increase on interaction
  • depletion of elephant populations
  • reinforcement of the power of the Tuma
73
Q

Wild rubber (1910-1940)

A
  • corporate monopoly over Aka territory
  • villagers faces forced labour and rubber tax
  • the aka begin focusing on duiker sand other forest products for European markets
74
Q

Duiker hunters - 1940 onwards

A
  • social consequences of alteration in hunting practices (larger settlements and group sizes; decrease in power of tuna increase power if Ngana)
  • external demand for forest products grows and forced labour migration into areas increases local demand
75
Q

The taming policy

A
  • colonial administration seeks to socialize the Aka
  • slow assimilation with goal of dependence on the administration
  • Stabilization policy - settlement change; Taxing the aka
  • effect differs from intended goals
76
Q

Aka integration into talk black production activities

A
  • 1950-1974 agriculture increases in Aka territory
  • the Aka become sources of labour in the tall black economy
  • decrease in nomadism, territorial restriction, decrease in natural forest resources
77
Q

Conclusions and consequences Aka

A
  • increased dependence on FPs
  • indebtedness and the credit system
  • end of economic self - sufficiency
  • rise of polygamy and decline egalitarianism
  • no longer able to socially reproduce themselves

ANTH 317 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions