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ANTH 203 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

The study of nature and states of being of humans

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2
Q

from the greek ‘anthropos’= and ‘logo’=

A

anthropos = humans, logos= to study

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3
Q

what are the 4 fields of anthropology?

A
  1. physical/biological
  2. archaeology
  3. linguistics
  4. social/cultural
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4
Q

what are the 9 branches of social/cultural anthropology?

A 
economic
kinship
medical
psychological
urban
applied
gender
political
religion
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5
Q

What is fieldwork

A

the immersive study and writing up of groups and cultures that occurs over periods of months and years

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6
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

looking at the world from the perspective of ones own culture. provides a narrow view of the world and often leads to the belief that ones own ideas and ways of doing things are better than those of others

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7
Q

Holism and an example

A

to consider all parts of culture in order to apprehend collective meaning
ex. need to see the bigger picture so as to understand all the details

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8
Q

Cultual relativism and an example

A

the idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part of. Ex some countries like to eat mouse sandwiches

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9
Q

why is cultural relativism considered a cognitive tool?

A

it helps us understand why people do and think what they do

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10
Q

Etic perspectives (phonetic means)

A

means the view of outsiders, which includes anthropologists, and how we apply categories to our understanding of cultural events
Means = the sounds of words

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11
Q

Emic perspective (phonemic meaning)

A

view of the cultural insider, something anthropologists strive to attain
Phonemic = the meaning of words

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12
Q

The most important discovery of the 1898 Cambridge Expedition to the Torres Straits was that:

A

the quality of much of the data contained in the ethnological writings was poorly informed

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13
Q

Comparative approach

A

Cross-cultual comparison = By observing the patterns of similarity and differences between cultures, a range of possibilities

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14
Q

helps us understand issues facing many cultures worldwide, such as the impact of globalization, environmental changes, and issues regarding human rights and inequality.

A

cross-cultural comparison

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15
Q

Dilemas of anthropology

A
  1. people they study may not appreciate a detached perspective
  2. Colonial legacy of mistrust about the discipline the world over
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16
Q

Globalization

A

the coming together of things happening outside

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17
Q

Take away of anthropology

A

indirectly teaches the learner about thrown culture and shapes/reshapes what we know and what we think we know

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18
Q

What is culture (5 levels)

A
  1. Environment 2. behaviours 3. the way we do things 4. values and attitudes 5. fundamentals of the culture
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19
Q

Definition: everything that people have, thank and do as a member of society

A

culture

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20
Q

Definition: abstract concepts of what is important to people in their everyday lives which they act to acquire or maintain

A

Values

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21
Q

Definition: evaluations or feelings, either negative or positive, about such things as behaviours, people, objects, ideas, and even ourselves

A

Attitudes

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22
Q

______ are learned and difficult to change

A

attitudes

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23
Q

_______ evolve and change when you get older

A

Values

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24
Q

Definition: have to do with the knowledge of the state of affairs; what one thinks is true

A

Beliefs

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25
Q

_______ are powerful, people are willing to die for them

A

Beliefs

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26
Q

Definition: Ideas about what is appropriate and what is inappropriate behaviour

A

Norms

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27
Q

Unwritten rules about what is appropriate & inappropriate in specific situations are ________

A

Norms

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28
Q

7 characteristics of culture?

A
  1. Learned
  2. Unconsious
  3. Integrated
  4. Shared
  5. Relative
  6. Adaptive
  7. Dynamic
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29
Q

What is Enculturation?

A

the process by which humans learn their culture

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30
Q

How is culture Unconscious?

A

it is ingrained in us that we often take it for granted and view our values and behaviours as natural and normal

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31
Q

through sharing, we are better able to ______ and _______ the actions of others

A

understand and predict

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32
Q

how is culture integrated?

A

parts of culture ie. things, ideas, behaviours patterns are interconnected. A change in one part of the culture is likely to bring out changes In other parts of the culture.

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33
Q

how is culture symbolic?

A

the capacity to use such symbols as language and art enables people to better understand the world around them

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34
Q

an example of Culture relative

A

some counties know that they have to wear deodorant all the time but some countries think hat it is unnecessary to do so

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35
Q

How is culture adaptive? and an example

A

it enables people to adapt to their environment an thus increase their chance of survival ex. farmers change the land to grow what they need.

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36
Q

How is culture dynamic?

A

the things, ideas, and behaviours change constantly. Like clothes, and products that we use

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37
Q

humans are adaptive and flexible, which means different societies come up with their own ways of solving problems is an example of?

A

Cultural universals

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38
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

the spreading of elements of culture from one group to another

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39
Q

any new thing, idea, or behaviour pattern that emerges from within a society

A

innovation

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40
Q

the 19th century anthropological theory that cultures evolved from savagery through barbarism to civilization

A

evolutionism

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41
Q

which 2 anthropologists developed the evolutionism (primitive culture) theory? 1900

A

E.D Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

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42
Q

Evolutionary anthropologist are known as ______________ anthropologists which means evolutionism was ___________________

A

arm chair , ethnocentric

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43
Q

What are the 3 levels of social evolution to types of religion (E.B. Taylor 1900)

A
  1. Savagery- animism 2. barbarism- polytheism 3.civilization- monotheism
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44
Q

elements of cultural that evolutionary anthropologists believed had survived from an earlier period

A

survivals

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45
Q

a 1898 British expedition that investigated the cultures and people of the Torres straits

A

cambridge expedition to the Torres straights

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46
Q

What were 2 key traits absent from field work at the beginning?

A

participation and sociological theory

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47
Q

the institutions of a society that transcended the individual and have a coercive influence such that people follow the appropriate cultural norms.

A

social facts

48
Q

3 rules of the sociological method

A
  1. society is a part of nature and a science of society must be based on the same principles as those of the natural sciences
  2. social facts must be treated as things, i.e. objectively
  3. functions must be clearly distinguished from intention or purpose
49
Q

integration,function and determination is what

A

the root ideas of functionalism

50
Q

what is Bronislaw Malinowski known for

A

the first anthropologist to actually emerge himself into his field work instead of watching from the outside

51
Q

“the goal is to grasp the natives point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world” who said this

A

Malinowski

52
Q

Every institution centers around a ___________ ______

A

fundamental need

53
Q

What was A.R Redcliffe-browns belief?

A

when people fulfil their roles they are maintaining the structure of their society

54
Q

Radcliffe- browns 5 basic principles?

A
  1. Society seen as an organically structured whole, like a biological organism
  2. society has a social structure - an ordered arrangement of parts
  3. struture is ideally integrated, unified, and exists in equilibrium
  4. this structure is the objective of analysis
  5. social activities and institutions ultimately interpreted in terms of maintaining the whole social structure of the society
55
Q

What is the reasoning for function of institutions to maintain structure?

A

to keep people in line, so they know what is right and what is wrong

56
Q

what are 2 criticisms of functionalism?

A

how is it decided whats good for societies? how do they account for change?

57
Q

Definition: the theory that social institutions are integrated and function to maintain or satisfy the biological needs of the individual.

A

Functionalism

58
Q

a school of anthropology prominent in the first part of the 20th centre that insisted on the collection of ethnographic data (through direct fieldwork) before making cross-culture generalizations

A

historical particularism

59
Q

What was the name of Fanz Boas’s approach?

A

historical particularism

60
Q

Who said : “cultures can only be understood with reference to their particular historical development - therefore, each culture is unique”?

A

Boas

61
Q

Boasian concept of culture (3)

A

Superorganic, Unconcious, adaptive

62
Q

the product of collective or group life; but the individual has an influence

A

superorganic

63
Q

Seeks to understand the growth and development of personal or social identity as it relates to the surrounding social environment

A

culture and personality

64
Q

Who said “we have seen that any society selects segments of the arc of possible human behaviours.. and in so far as it achieves integrations its institutions tend to further the expression of its selected segment and inhibit opposite expressions”?

A

Benedict

65
Q

a 20th century school of cultural anthropology whereby similarities between cultures could be explained by parallel adaptions to similar natural environments

A

neoevolutionism

66
Q

an approach to anthropology that examines the interactions between people who reside in similar environments and their technologies, social structure, and political institutions

A

cultural ecology

67
Q

the position that reality is shaped or constructed by ideas (to find values, meanings and ideas we have to focus on intangible things like symbols and morals)

A

idealism

68
Q

the position that reality shapes or influences ideas (look at material phenomena, how human biological nature and the environment influence peoples ideas and values)

A

materialism

69
Q

an anthropology theory that cultural systems are most influenced by such material things as natural resources, technology and human biology

A

cultural materialism

70
Q

3 components of culture

A

integrated, holistic, deterministic

71
Q

given example of cultural materialism

A

sacred cow. a respect for animal life and what hey are told is sacred (idealism) or that the cows give them everything they need milk, plow the land so they keep them around for their needs (materialism)

72
Q

a theoretical school in anthropology that views the goal of anthropology as the interpretation of symbols

A

symbolic anthropology

73
Q

a theoretical orientation holding that culture Is a web of symbols and meaning, and the job of anthropology is to interpret those meanings

A

interpretive anthropology

74
Q

a theoretical approach that seeks to describe and explain cultural life from the perspective of women

A

feminist anthropology

75
Q

what did feminist anthropology do once brought up with research done in the past

A

anthropologists would go back to the original fieldwork place to study and learn from both the men and women, so they got both/ all sides

76
Q

a perspective that, as its core, examines the abstract issues of conflict, ideology and power

A

political economy

77
Q

political economy is useful when researching societies with __________ social culture

A

hierarchy

78
Q

a perspective that examines how unequal relations in and among societies affect the use of the natural environment and its resources, especially in the context of wide-ranging ecological settings, and subsequent economic, policy, and regulatory actions (how poor acts upon peopled what coercive effects it may have)

A

political ecology

79
Q

a school of anthropology that advocates the switch from cultural generalization and laws to description, interpretation, and the search for meaning

A

postmodernist anthropology

80
Q

what type of anthropology do anthropologists use now

A

postmodernist

81
Q

what do postmodernism anthropologist think about the info of fieldworks done before them

A

because the collection of anthropological data is subjective, it is not possible to analyze the data objectively

82
Q

recognition of anthropology biases as well as the influence of the anthropologists own personal situation and experiences tin the protection of anthropological knowledge.

A

reflexive anthropology

83
Q

reflexive anthropologists is written more like a _______ or ________ rather than the conventional ethnographic genre

A

diaries or autobiographies

84
Q

what is a criticism of postmodernism?

A

if all writing is nothing more than interpretations f interpretations, then ethnography is fiction. No conclusions can ultimately be reached about anything

85
Q

what does ‘ethnos’ and ‘graphs’ mean?

A

people - to write

86
Q

2 forms of ethnographic research

A

PAR- participatory action research

CBPR- community based participatory research

87
Q

PAR- participatory action research involves…

A

locals

88
Q

CBPR- community based participatory research involves…

A

collaboration, integrated into community, seeks local partners

89
Q

2 types of data

A

qualitative and quantitative

90
Q

Qualitative data

A

descriptive data (oral histories, observations, interviews and charts)

91
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical representation of populations, births/ marriages, income, etc

92
Q

6 stages of field research

A
  1. select a research problem
  2. formulate the research design
  3. collect data
  4. analyze data
  5. interpret the data
  6. write it, disseminate results
93
Q

usual research methods

A

observation, participant observation, interviews, photography, content analysis

94
Q

3 types of interviews

A

unstructured( chats), semi-structured (open ended questions), structured (same script to each person)

95
Q

anthropologists generally like to use ____________ research because its flexible and if its not wiring they can try something new

A

qualitative

96
Q

focuses on the interaction between the researcher and those being studied

A

reflexive ethnography

97
Q

an ethnographic method in which the ethnographer attempts to understand another culture through description and analysis of their when fieldwork experiance

A

auto ethnography

98
Q

a rule in anthropology ethics?

A

to ensure that research involving humans unfolds ethically a ‘do not harm” principle

99
Q

the capacity to think and perceive in the categories of ones own culture as well as in the categories of a second culture

A

bicultural perspective

100
Q

the process of sharing information and knowledge through either language or some non-verbal system of meaning

A

communication

101
Q

a symbolic system of arbitrary sounds that, when put together according to a certain set of rules, convey meaning to its speakers

A

language

102
Q

a nonverbal form of communication that accompanies words and helps to convey their meaning as well as expressing the emotional state of the speaker

A

paralanguage

103
Q

a form of non-verbal communication that involves touch

A

haptic communication

104
Q

cultures in which communication is indirect, relying heavily on he context to convey meaning (and what countries)

A

high-context (Asia, Middle East, African countries)

105
Q

cultures in which communication is direct and unambiguous, where meaning is conveyed by the words themselves (and what countries?)

A

low-context cultures (Canada, US)

106
Q

language has a system 1________, 2_______, 3______

A
  1. sounds 2. patterns, systematic nature
107
Q

study of language in relation to society - social uses of language

A

sociolinguistics

108
Q

language is fundamental to the creation an expression of social identity and differences

A

social identity

109
Q

speakers of 2 or more languages or varieties of one language switch between the 2, depending on the social contect

A

code switching

110
Q

a different language to speak at home vs at work is an example of ?

A

diglossia

111
Q

things that mark your speech, how people can tell where you are from

A

indexical

112
Q

the notion that a persons language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world, and consequently their behaviour

A

sapir-Whorf hypothesis

113
Q

the gendered differences in language

A

genderlects

114
Q

criticism of Sapir-Whorf

A

not all activities involve language but do involve thought

115
Q

pollution resulting from the large-scale use of automobiles in a country shows that culture can be ____

A

Maladaptive

116
Q

The perspective where mind and body, individual and society, and individual and environment interpenetrate is known as ____________

A

holism

117
Q

a central form of anthropology writing

A

ethnography

ANTH 203 (3 decks)

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