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Psych 110 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

two classes of human behavior - involuntary and voluntary

mind and body are separate entities

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2
Q

involuntary behavior

A

automatic reactions to external stimuli and is mediated by a reflex

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3
Q

voluntary behavior

A

occurs because of the person’s conscious intent to act in the particular manner

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4
Q

mentalism

A

concerned with the contents and workings of the mind

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5
Q

nativism

A

the philosophical approach that assumes we are born with innate ideas about certain things

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6
Q

hedonism

A

people do things in the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

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7
Q

primary rules of associations

A

contiguity, similarity, and contrast

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8
Q

secondary laws of associations

A

intensity, frequency, and number of other associations

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9
Q

nonsense syllables

A

three-letter combos devoid of any meaning that might influence how someone might react to them

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10
Q

nervism

A

all key physiological functions are governed by the nervous system
principle devised by Pavlov

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11
Q

performance

A

all of the actions of an organism at a particular time

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12
Q

fatigue

A

gradual reduction in the vigor of a response because the individual becomes tired
produced by experience

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13
Q

maturation

A

the change in behavior occurs with the mere passage of time

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14
Q

developmental changes

A

learning that occurs as a function of age

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15
Q

reflex

A

a close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that is mediated by a neural circuit that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with effect neurons that trigger response output

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16
Q

sensory/afferent neuron

A

a neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the central nervous system

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17
Q

motor/efferent neuron

A

a neuron that transmits impulses to muscles

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18
Q

interneuron

A

a neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent to efferent neurons

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19
Q

model action patterns

A

a response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way
used as a basic unit of behavior in ethological investigations of behavior

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20
Q

sign/releasing stimulus

A

a specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern

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21
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

a sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce abnormally large modal action patterns

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22
Q

appetitive behavior

A

behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with the releasing stimulus

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23
Q

consummatory behavior

A

behavior that serves to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion

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24
Q

general search mode

A

the earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food

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25
Q

focal search mode

A

the second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is indicative of the presence of food

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26
Q

food handling and ingestion mode

A

the last component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food

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27
Q

habituation effect

A

a progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
stimulus specific

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28
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization

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29
Q

sensitization effect

A

an increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus

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30
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation

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31
Q

fatigue

A

a temporary decrease in behavior caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behavior

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32
Q

habituation process

A

a neural mechanism activated by repetitions of a stimulus that reduced the magnitude of responses elicited by that stimulus

33
Q

sensitization

A

when your mind specifically targets stimuli that it deems more important and makes you pay more attention to

34
Q

S-R system

A

the shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response

35
Q

state system

A

neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness, or arousal, of the organism

36
Q

drug tolerance

A

reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug

37
Q

primary (a) process

A

the first process in the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus

38
Q

opponent (b) process

A

a compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events

39
Q

orosensory stimuli

A

substances that produce distinctive texture and taste sensations in the mouth

40
Q

object learning

A

learning associations between different stimulus features on an object, such as what it looks like and how it tastes

41
Q

conditional stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of becoming associated with an US

42
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a particular response without the necessity of prior training

43
Q

conditional response

A

the response that comes to be made to the CS as a result of classical conditioning

44
Q

unconditional response

A

a response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior training

45
Q

conditioned suppression

A

suppression of ongoing behavior produced by the presentation of a CS that has been conditioned to elicit fear through association with an aversive US

46
Q

lick-suppression procedure

A

a procedure for testing fear conditioning in which presentation of a fear-conditioned CS slows down the rate of drinking

47
Q

sign tracking/autoshaping

A

movement toward and possibly contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforce, such as food

48
Q

goal tracking

A

conditioned behavior that tracks the goal object (ex. food)

49
Q

evaluative condiitoning

A

changing the hedonic value or liking of an initially neutral stimulus by having that stimulus associated with something that is already liked or disliked

50
Q

conditioning trial

A

a training episode involving presentation of a CS with (or without) a US

51
Q

intertrial interval

A

the amount of time that elapses between two successive trials

52
Q

interstimulus/CS-US interval

A

the amount of time that elapses between the start of the CS and the start of the US during a classical conditioning trial

53
Q

short-delayed conditioning

A

a classical conditioning procedure in which the CS is initiated shortly before the US on each conditioning trial

54
Q

trace-conditioning

A

a classical conditioning procedure in which the US is presented after the CS has been terminated for a short period

55
Q

trace interval

A

the interval between the end of the CS and the start of the US in trace-conditioning trials

56
Q

long-delayed conditioning

A

a conditioning procedure in which the US occurs more than several minutes after the start of the CS, as in taste-aversion learning

57
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

a classical conditioning procedure in which the CS and the US are presented at the same time on each conditioning trial

58
Q

backward conditioning

A

a procedure in which the CS is presented shortly after the US on each trial

59
Q

test trial

A

a trial in which the CS is presented without the US

60
Q

latency

A

the time elapsed between a stimulus (or the start of a trial) and the response that is made to the stimulus

61
Q

pseudo-conditioning

A

if exposure to only the US produces increased responding to a previously ineffective stimulus

62
Q

random control procedure

A

a procedure in which the CS and US are presented at random times with respect to each other

63
Q

explicitly unpaired control

A

present the CS and US on separate trials

64
Q

temporal coding hypothesis

A

the idea that Pavlovian conditioning procedures lead not only to learning that the US happens, but exactly when it occurs in relation to the CS

65
Q

inhibitory conditioning

A

a type of classical conditioning in which the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US

66
Q

empiricism

A

the mind gradually fills with ideas and information when a person senses the would around them

67
Q

tabula rasa

A

mind started out as a clean slate

68
Q

associative learning

A

any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus
ex. classical and operant conditioning

69
Q

non-associative learning

A

a type of learning in which an association between stimuli doesn’t take place
ex. habituation, sensitization

70
Q

modal action patterns (MAPs)

A

response sequences typical of a particular species

71
Q

orienting response/reflex

A

a response to a novel stimulus

72
Q

the startle response

A

defensive reaction to potential or actual attack

73
Q

classical conditioning paradigm

A

process by which a neutral stimulus (CS) comes to be associated with another stimulus (US) that elicits a response (UR) and results in elicitation of a response by the CS

74
Q

bidirectional response system

A

response systems that can change in opposite directions from baseline or normal performance

75
Q

sensitization effect

A

if you’re already aroused, the same eliciting stimulus will trigger a much stronger reaction

76
Q

habituation

A

when your mind tunes out certain stimuli so you can focus on other, presumably more important stimuli

77
Q

excitatory association

A

CS-US presented at the same time

78
Q

inhibitory conditioning

A

predict CR in the absence of the US

Psych 110 (2 decks)

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