Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
psychology
What is the basis of all psychological research to describe, predict and explain human behavior and mental processes?
the scientific method
Subfield of psychology that focuses on how the brain and the nervous system as well as other biological aspects of the body determine behavior
behavioral neuroscience
Branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking of the world
experimental psychology
Focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another
personality
Explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease ex. stress
health
Study, diagnosis, and treatment of psych factors
clinical
Study of higher mental processes
cognitive
Focuses primarily on education, social, and career adjustment problems
counseling
Concerned with teaching and learning processes such as the relationship between motivation and school performance
educational
Consider how behavior is influence by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
evolutionary
Devotion to counseling children in elementary and 2o schools who have academic or emotional problems
school
What is the difference between a psychiatrist and psychologist?
A psychiatrist has a medical degree (dissertation) that prescribes, diagnosis, and treat. A psychologist focus primarily in treatment on a psychological disorders.
Who is responsible for the creation of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is structuralism?
focus on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities.
How was structuralism studied? Define this procedure.
introspection: procedure to describe what one experiences in response to stimuli
what perspective replaced structuralism?
functionalism
Define: functionalism
what the mind does and how behavior functions
Who led the functionalist movement?
William James
What is Gestalt Psychology?
“The whole is different from the sum of its parts” Our perception, or understanding of objects is greater than the individual elements that make up our perception.
what are the 5 studies of psychology?
- humanistic
- cognitive
- psychodynamic
- behavioral
- neuroscience
Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential
humanistic approach
What is nature vs nurture?
Nurture says the environment influences us while nature says it’s genetics.
What is conscious vs unconscious?
Conscious is our awareness while the unconscious is something that we are not aware of.
What is observable behavior vs internal mental processes?
Should psychology be focused on behavior that can be observed or unseen mental processes
What is free will vs determinism?
how much of behavior is made freely by an individual or factors beyond one’s willful choices
What is individual differences vs universal principles?
How much of our behavior is a consequence of unique qualities and how much reflects the environment
What are the 5 steps in the scientific method?
- question
- hypothesis
- experiment
- observe
- conclude
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
theory
A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested
hypothesis
What is an operational definition?
the translation of a hypothesis into specific , testable, procedures that can be measured and observed
If one uses a newspaper as a resource for their research, what type of research is that?
archival research
Observing a chess game that you have no control over or cannot manipulate is called what kind of research?
naturalistic research
Using a series of questions given to a sample of people from a larger group of people is called what type of research?
survey research
An in-depth intensive investigation on Albert Einstein is what what type of study?
case study
Behaviors, events, or other characteristic that can change, or vary, in some way
variables
If x and y have a direct relationship to each other what kind of research would be used?
correlation research
What indicates a positive correlation?
if one variable increases the second variable will also increase
What indicated a negative correlation?
if one variable increases the second variable will decrease
The manipulation implemented by the experimenter which one group will receive while the other group doesn’t. What is the first group receiving?
a treatment
Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?
independent variable
Which variable is measured in a study?
dependent variable
What is random assignment to condition?
Participants are assigned to different experimental groups bon the basis of chance alone.
What are the basic elements of the nervous system?
neurons
What are the functions of a neuron?
- receive signals from the environment
- relay nervous system messages to muscles and target cells
- communicate with other neurons
What is the function of glial cells?
to provide nourishment and insulate neurons
In order state how an electrical impulse travels along a neuron?
- message is received via dendrites-> cell body -> down the axon -> to the axon terminal where terminal buttons are located -> synapse
What is the difference between a neuron that has a myelin sheath and one that doesn’t?
the neuron with the myelin sheath will have a more rapid speed of electrical impulse than one that doesn’t
What is the all-or-none law for neurons?
they are either on or off, nothing is between
At a resting state what are the charges inside outside the neuron?
the neuron is negative inside and positive outside.
What is action potential?
a rush of + ions inside via the cell membrane creating an electrical charge from negative to positive
T/F. A neuron can fire again immediately after any amount of stimulation present.
F. The neuron cannot fire immediately
What are the type of neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior?
mirror neurons
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron?
neurotransmitters
What type of messages make it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon?
Excitatory messages
What type of message will prevent or decrease the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire?
Inhibitory messages
What is reuptake?
Reabsorption by the terminal buttons
What are considered the “natural painkillers” chemicals?
endorphins
What are the 2 branches of the nervous system?
central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What does the CNS consist?
brain and spinal cord
What does the PNS consist?
nerves
What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?
Autonomic and Somatic
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic NS?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Which voluntary and which is involuntary between Autonomic NS and Somatic?
Autonomic: involuntary
Somatic: Voluntary
What is an automatic involuntary response to an incoming stimulus?
reflex
What are Sensory (afferent) neurons?
Transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the CNS
What are Motor (efferent) neurons?
Communicate information from the brain and CNS to muscles and specific target cells
What is responsible for “flight or fight?”
Sympathetic Division
What calms the body down after a stressful situation?
Parasympathetic
What are the primary organs involved i the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland, thyroid, testes, ovaries, adrenal glands pineal body, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus
What does an EEG measure?
Brain activity to diagnosis disorders such epilepsy and learning disabilities
How do we view vivid, detailed images of the functioning brain?
fMRI
How do we id presence of brain tumors?
PET scan
What parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?
pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
If a person cannot balance their bodies, which part of the brain should checked?
the cerebellum
Where does functioning of heartbeat and breathing occur?
medulla
What part of the brain is the relay station for info about the senses?
thalamus
If homeostasis is unbalanced and vital behaviors are abnormal which part of the brain may be problematic?
the hypothalamus
Which 2 parts of the brain make up the limbic system?
amygdala and hippocampus
What plays an important role in memory and learning?
hippocampus
What occurs if there damage to the amygdala?
one can become belligerent due to the fact the amygdala controls aggression
What part of the brain is considered to be the “new brain?’
cerebral cortex
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
judgment, decision making, and evaluating situations
What are the 4 lobes of the brain? and their functions
- frontal- judgment
- parietal- somatosensory
- temporal- auditory
- occipital-visual
Changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas
Neuroplasticity
What does it mean the 2 hemispheres are lateralized?
certain behaviors are more likely to reflect activity in one hemisphere than in the other
What are dominances in the left and right brain?
left: speaking, thinking, reading, reasoning, process info sequentially
right: nonverbal, spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and drawing
T/F. It is a mistake to think of particular kinds of info as being processed solely in the right or left hemisphere
T. The hemispheres work interdependently
What is sensation?
the activations of the sense organs by a source of physical organs
The sorting out, interpretation analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and brain
Perception
How do stimuli vary?
intensity and type
T/F. Different types of stimuli activate the same sense organs.
F. Different types of stimuli activate different organs
What is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it be detected?
absolute threshold
What is the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation requires to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred?
difference threshold
Just a noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus
Weber’s Law
An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli
adaptation
What is the range of spectrum of wavelengths that our eyes can detect?
visual spectrum
Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing the light more sharply by bending light as it passes?
cornea
What is the colored part of the eye?
iris
What dilates to let more light in?
the pupil
What is directly behind the pupil bending rays of light to focus on the rear eye?
the lens
What is the function of the retina?
Convert electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain
What are the 2 light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina?
rods and cones
What of the light-sensitive receptor cells allows you to see in the dark? light?
cones: light
rods: dark
Where cones more concentrated?
in the fovea centralis
What type of proteins do rods contain?
rhodopsin
What occurs when light enter the eye?
Light travels through the ganglion and bipolar cells and strike the cones and rods then transmit nerve impulses to the brain via bipolar and ganglion cells to the optic nerve
What is special about the optic nerve?
There is a blindspot due to the lack of cones and rods in this region
This theory suggests that there are 3 kinds if cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Why does afterimaging occur?
Activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer staring at the original picture
Which theory does after imaging show it doesn’t explain color vision completely?
trichromatic theory of color vision
Which theory states that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other and explain after images?
Opponent-process theory of color vision
What is sound?
the movement of air molecules brought about a source of vibration
What is the function of the eardrum?
Vibrates when sound hits it. The more intense the sound the more the eardrum vibrates
Which 3 bones make up the middle ear?
stirrup, hammer, and anvil
Which part of the ear changes the sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain?
inner ear
When sound enters the inner ear through the oval window, it moves into the what?
the cochlea
What divides the cochlea into an upper and a lower chamber?
basilar membrane
What is the basilar membrane covered with?
hair cells
What is the function of the hair cells?
transmit neural messages to the brain
What is the primary characteristic of sound?
frequency
Amplitude allows us to what?
distinguish between loud and soft sounds
What is the measurement of sound?
decibels
What is the characteristic that makes sound seem high or low?
pitch
Which theory of sound states that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies?
place theory of hearing
Which theory states that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound?
frequency theory of hearing
What is the main structure of the vestibular system?
semicircular canals
What are semicircular canals?
three tube-like structures that contain fluid which sloshes when the head moves
T/F. Women have a better sense of smell than men
true
T/F Each olfactory receptor is so specialized that it responds only to a small band of different odors
True
What are chemicals that are secreted into the environment that produce a social response in other members of the same species
pheromones
What are the 3 skin senses?
touch pressure, temperature, and pain
Which theory states that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain?
gate-control theory of pain
What are the 4 ways in which we organize bits into meaningful wholes?
closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity
Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
top-down processing
Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing info and individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole
bottom-up processing
What is depth-perception?
the ability to view the world in 3D and to perceive distance
What is the difference in the images by the left and right eye
binocular disparity
The recognition that physical objects are unvarying and consistent even though our sensory inout about them varies
perceptual constancy
A physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception
visual illusions
What is consciousness?
awareness of sensation, thoughts, and feelings
What are considered to be altered states of consciousness?
sleeping and dreaming, hypnosis
Which stage of sleep has sleep spindles and increases the difficulty to wake someone?
stage 2
What stage is someone have the slowest wave pattern and least responsive to outside stimulation?
stage 4
Which stage is a transition between wakefulness and sleep?
stage 1
Which stage has slower, higher peaks, and lower valleys in the wave pattern?
stage 3
In which stage of sleep of does dream usually occur?
REM
What happens to the muscles and brain during REM?
The major muscles appear to be paralyzed, but the brain is still active
What is the rebound effect?
REM-deprived sleepers spend more time in this state more than usual
What are 3 purposes of sleep?
evolutionary perspective, restoration and replenishment from brain and body, and physical growth and brain development
What is the name of Freudian’s theory of sleep and what does it suggests?
the unconscious wish fulfillment theory: dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
What is latent content oppose to manifest content?
latent content is the actual, underlying wishes that dream represent and manifest content is the dreamer’s storyline
What does the dreams-for-survival theory suggest?
Dreams gives us time to process critical info for daily survival. Dreams represent daily lives, uncertainties and ideas
What does the activation-synthesis theory suggests?
Dreams result from random activation of neurons during REM which is initiated in pons which signal to the cortex. Clue to fear, emotion and concerns
If Tyler has difficulty breathing while sleeping causing a significant loss of REM constantly awakening in the night due to lack of oxygen. Tyler may suffer from what?
sleep apnea
Mai is 5 years old in non-REM sleep every night she suddenly awakes with fear, panic and goes back to sleep with no problem. What condition does Mai have?
Night terrors
Sam has to wear helmet because he falls asleep randomly even while he walking or n the middle of a conversation. What is Sam suffering from?
narcolepsy
Lisa spaces out during class creating a fantasy about her going to Disneyland, what is this fantasy called?
a daydream
A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
hypnosis
T/F. During hypnosis people lose all of their own will.
False, people do not lose will of their own
T/F. During hypnosis people will not perform antisocial behavior
true
T/F. People will reveal hidden truths about themselves and carry out self-destructive acts
False. People will not reveal hidden truths or carry out self-destructive acts
List the 5 areas have hypnosis found to be effective.
- improving athletic performance
- controlling pain
- reducing pain
- reducing smoking
- assisting in law enforcement
What is the learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness?
Meditation
T/F. Meditation typically consist of the repetition of a mantra
T
What is the function of a psychoactive drug?
they influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior
What type of drug produces a physiological and psychological dependence in the user and have withdrawals?
addictive drugs
What is the difference between physiological and psychological dependence?
Physiological dependence the body has become accustomed to functioning with the drug it cannot function without it. on the other hand a psychological dependence is a person believing that they need the drug to respond to stress of daily living.
What type of drug effects the CNS causing a rise in heart rate, BP and muscular tension?
stimulant
What are types of stimulants?
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines (speed, meth, bath salts), cocaine
What type of drugs impede the NS by causing neurons to fire more slowly?
Depressants
What are some common depressants?
Alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol (date rape drug)
What type of drugs increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety?
narcotics
What are the 2 types of narcotics?
morphine and heroin
What type of drugs change the perceptual processes?
hallucinogens
What are types of hallucinogens?
marijuana, LSDM MDMA (Ecstasy or molly)
Define learning.
a relatively permanent change in behavior or performance that is brought by experience
What is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus?
habituation
What is the type of learning in which a natural stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response?
classical conditioning
In pavlov’s experiment what was the neutral stimulus?
the bell because it does not bring about a natural response
In Pavlov’s experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus?
The UCS is the meat because it automatically brought about salivation
In Pavlov’s experiment what was the unconditioned response?
the salivation because it was an natural response to the meat (UCS)
In Pavlov’s experiment what was the conditioned stimulus?
the bell because after learning occurred just the sound of the bell caused salivation
In Pavlov’s experiment what was the conditioned response?
the salivation which was the learned response after the sound of the bell (CS)
T/F. Classical conditioning does lead to phobias
True
What is extinction?
when a previous conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears
When does spontaneous recovery occur?
when there is reemergence if a unconditioned response after extinction occurs
What is called when a stimulus similar to the CS produces a CR?
stimulus generalization
Cleo runs to the kitchen when she hears a can opener, but does not run into the kitchen when she hears the blender, what is this called?
stimulus discrimination
What is the type of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences?
Operant conditioning
What is the law of effect?
responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
What is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated?
reinforcement
________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
reinforcer
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs and work naturally while secondary reinforcers is a stimulus becoming reinforced due to association with a primary reinforcer
Can reward and reinforcer be used synomously?
no because not all reinforcers are positive
If Kim gets money for raising her hand in class, what is the money considered?
a positive reinforcer
If motrin takes away Leslie’s headache and it works she will most likely take motrin again when her head hurts, what is the motrin?
a negative reinforcer
What refers to the stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again?
punishment
When Iris gets in trouble her mom gives her a spanking, what is the spanking?
positive punishment
Devin gets an F in math, so his mom takes away his car keys, what is his mom taking away his keys?
negative punishment
Is reinforcement or punishment more effective?
reinforcement
If behavior is reinforced every time it occurs what type of schedule is this?
continuous reinforcement schedule
If a reinforce Malik’s behavior only sometimes, what type of schedule is this?
partial reinforcement schedule
What type of schedule is learned better? What type of schedule makes learning las longer?
continuous is learned better but partial is has a longer learning effect
What is the difference between ratio and interval schedules?
ratio is based on the number of responses while interval is based on the amount of time.
What is the difference between fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules?
fixed-ratio work is quicker leading to faster extinction while variable-ration leads to a faster rate or response and extinction resistance
If a professor gives a midterm every 3 months, a student is more likely to cram and forget information in between exams, what type of schedule is this?
fixed-interval schedule
If a professor gives pop quizzes that vary from 3 days- 3 months, students are more likely to study more and keep up with the material, what type of schedule is this?
variable-interval schedule
What type of learning allows lions to jump through hoops, and dolphins rescuing divers lost at sea?
shaping
What is it called when a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive occurs provided for displaying it.
latent learning
If I see Bob Marley being positive and giving back to his community, if I go and do the same, what kind of learning is this?
observational learning
What are the 3 steps in memory?
encoding -> storage -> retrieval
What is the 3- system approach?
- sensory
- short-term
- long-term
What is the initial, momentary storage of info that only lasts instantly?
sensory memory
What type of memory holds info for 15-25s?
short-term
What type of memory is stored in a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve?
long-term
What is the difference between echoic and iconic memory?
echoic is auditory sensory and iconic is visual sensory
T/F. Unless memory is stored or transferred into short-term it will be lost
T
What is the difference between sensory and short-term memory?
sensory holds a relatively full and detailed-if short lived-representation while short term has incomplete representational capabilities
The ability to ________ info allows the ability to recall info in short-term
chunk
What is a type of way to transfer short-term into long-term?
rehearsal
Instead of just repeating the info but actually processed in such a way that the information is organized is called what?
elaborative rehearsal
What is a type of elaborative rehearsal?
use of mnemonics
If a math problem has multiple steps and storing the result of one step and using it in another is an example of what?
working memory
Working memory contains a central executive processor which have what 3 distinct storage and rehearsal stages?
- visual store
- verbal store
- episodic buffer
If I’m driving and trying to argue with my boyfriend, what effect does working memory have?
it uses a significant amount of cognitive resources
What is the serial position effect?
the ability to recall info in a list depends in where the item appears in the list
If i remember oranges because it was the last item on the list this is called what?
recency effect
If I remember protein powder because it was first on the list this is called what?
primacy effect
If I can remember that 9/11 occurred in 2001 when the plane flew into the World Trade Center, this is called what type of memory?
declarative memory- factual info for dates and facts
How to fix a light bulb or how to make a protein shake, is considered to be what type of memory?
procedural memory- memory for skills and habits
What is the type of memory used for general knowledge and facts about the world and rules of logic?
semantic memory
What is the type of memory for events that occur in a particular time and place?
episodic memory
A web cluster used to make associations is called?
semantic networks
What is it called when a neural pathway becomes excited while a new response is being learned simultaneously the number of synapses increase as dendrites branch out to receive messages?
long-term potentiation
This occurs in the hypothalamus in which memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory?
consolidation
A specific piece of info retrieved such as that an answer to a fill in the blank question.
recall
This occurs when people are present with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it previously or asked to id it from a list of alt?
recognition
Which easier recognition or recall?
recognition, recall is more difficult because it consists of a series of processes
What is the deeper the initial level of processing of specific info the longer the longer the info will be retained?
levels-of-processing theory
T/F. Thinking about the meaning of the terms and reflecting in how they relate to info that you already know result in far more effective long-term memory
True
What type memory is implicit memory?
Refers to memory that we are not consciously aware but can affect subsequent performance and behavior
What type of memory is explicit memory?
refers to intentional or consciously recollection of information
_______ allows us to remember new info better and faster because of memory we already have stored in memory.
Priming
What occurs when exposure to a word or concept later that makes it easier to recall later?
priming
The fact that I remember being in Mrs. Krista’s class and she was sitting in her chair is what called what type of memory?
flashbulb memory
T/F Details recalled in flashbulb memories are often accurate particularly when they involve highly emotional events
False they are often inaccurate when involved with highly emotional events
What are the type of processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events?
constructive processes
What are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the new way info is interpreted, stored and recalled?
schemas
A memory that is pushed into the unconscious and not recalled until triggered is called what?
repressed memory
What type of memory is develop when people are unable to recall the source if a memory of a particular event which hey have only vague recollections?
false memory
If I can recollect info about my own life this is called?
autobiographical memory
What are ways we forget info?
- we may have not paid attention to the material in the first place
- decay
- interference
- cue-dependent forgetting
What is the loss of info in memory through nonuse?
decay
What is the loss of info due to info stored in memory is disrupts the recall of other info stored in memory?
interference
What loss is forgetting that occurs where there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info that is in memory? For example retracing your steps when you lose your keys
cue-dependent forgetting
What is proactive interference?
info learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer info
What is retroactive interference?
occurs when material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier
What is retrograde amnesia?
memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new info, loss of long-term memory
What is anterograde amnesia?
loss of memory occurs for events that follow, loss of short-term memory
Psychologist define _______ as brain activity in which we mentally manipulate info including words, visual images, sounds or other data.
thinking
______ are representations in the mind of an object or event
mental images
What are concepts?
mental groupings of similar objects, events or people. enable also to organize complexities into categories that are easier to understand
If I think if bird and the first bird I imagine is a pigeon, what is the pigeon?
a prototype
What is the process by which info is used to draw conclusions and make decisions?
reasoning
What is reasoning from general to the specific?
deductive reasoning
What is reasoning from the specific to the general?
inductive reasoning
What is the difference between an algorithm and heuristic?
an algorithm is error free and a heuristic is not
Describe the 2 types of heuristics.
Availability- judgment of the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easy is to think of an example
Familiarity- treating something you are more familiar with superior than something you are not
What are the 3 steps to solve a problem?
- Preparation- understanding and diagnosis the problem
- Production- generating solutions
- Judgment- if solution is correct
What are the 3 types of problems?
- arrangement
2, inducing structure - transformation
Which problem involves association and identifying a relationship between elements creating a new relationship? ex. sequences
inducing structure
Which problem consists of changing the initial state into the goal state?
transformation
Which problem requires rearranging or recombining elements in a way that will satisfy certain criterion? ex. anagrams
arrangement
What is the difference between a well-define and ill-defined problem?
a well- defined problem is something like a mathematical equation, which are clear and available. on the other hand an ill-define problem is not available or clear, this would include solving world peace or something of that nature (moral reasoning)
What is a means-ends analysis?
repeated tests for difference between the desired outcome and what currently exists. each step brings a person closer to an resolution
What is insight?
a sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated
What is the tendency to think an object only in terms of its typical use?
functional fixedness
What is the tendency to approach a problem in a certain way because that method worked previously?
mental set
______ is the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways
creativity
What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?
divergent thinking is generating unusual responses to problems or responses, while convergent thinking is viewed as having single answer which is based on knowledge and logic
