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Psychology Intro > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?

A

psychology

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2
Q

What is the basis of all psychological research to describe, predict and explain human behavior and mental processes?

A

the scientific method

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3
Q

Subfield of psychology that focuses on how the brain and the nervous system as well as other biological aspects of the body determine behavior

A

behavioral neuroscience

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4
Q

Branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning and thinking of the world

A

experimental psychology

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5
Q

Focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another

A

personality

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6
Q

Explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease ex. stress

A

health

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7
Q

Study, diagnosis, and treatment of psych factors

A

clinical

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8
Q

Study of higher mental processes

A

cognitive

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9
Q

Focuses primarily on education, social, and career adjustment problems

A

counseling

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10
Q

Concerned with teaching and learning processes such as the relationship between motivation and school performance

A

educational

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11
Q

Consider how behavior is influence by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

A

evolutionary

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12
Q

Devotion to counseling children in elementary and 2o schools who have academic or emotional problems

A

school

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13
Q

What is the difference between a psychiatrist and psychologist?

A

A psychiatrist has a medical degree (dissertation) that prescribes, diagnosis, and treat. A psychologist focus primarily in treatment on a psychological disorders.

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14
Q

Who is responsible for the creation of structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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15
Q

What is structuralism?

A

focus on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities.

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16
Q

How was structuralism studied? Define this procedure.

A

introspection: procedure to describe what one experiences in response to stimuli

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17
Q

what perspective replaced structuralism?

A

functionalism

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18
Q

Define: functionalism

A

what the mind does and how behavior functions

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19
Q

Who led the functionalist movement?

A

William James

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20
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

“The whole is different from the sum of its parts” Our perception, or understanding of objects is greater than the individual elements that make up our perception.

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21
Q

what are the 5 studies of psychology?

A
  1. humanistic
  2. cognitive
  3. psychodynamic
  4. behavioral
  5. neuroscience
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22
Q

Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential

A

humanistic approach

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23
Q

What is nature vs nurture?

A

Nurture says the environment influences us while nature says it’s genetics.

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24
Q

What is conscious vs unconscious?

A

Conscious is our awareness while the unconscious is something that we are not aware of.

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25
Q

What is observable behavior vs internal mental processes?

A

Should psychology be focused on behavior that can be observed or unseen mental processes

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26
Q

What is free will vs determinism?

A

how much of behavior is made freely by an individual or factors beyond one’s willful choices

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27
Q

What is individual differences vs universal principles?

A

How much of our behavior is a consequence of unique qualities and how much reflects the environment

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28
Q

What are the 5 steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. question
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment
  4. observe
  5. conclude
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29
Q

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

A

theory

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30
Q

A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested

A

hypothesis

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31
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

the translation of a hypothesis into specific , testable, procedures that can be measured and observed

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32
Q

If one uses a newspaper as a resource for their research, what type of research is that?

A

archival research

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33
Q

Observing a chess game that you have no control over or cannot manipulate is called what kind of research?

A

naturalistic research

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34
Q

Using a series of questions given to a sample of people from a larger group of people is called what type of research?

A

survey research

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35
Q

An in-depth intensive investigation on Albert Einstein is what what type of study?

A

case study

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36
Q

Behaviors, events, or other characteristic that can change, or vary, in some way

A

variables

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37
Q

If x and y have a direct relationship to each other what kind of research would be used?

A

correlation research

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38
Q

What indicates a positive correlation?

A

if one variable increases the second variable will also increase

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39
Q

What indicated a negative correlation?

A

if one variable increases the second variable will decrease

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40
Q

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter which one group will receive while the other group doesn’t. What is the first group receiving?

A

a treatment

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41
Q

Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

A

independent variable

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42
Q

Which variable is measured in a study?

A

dependent variable

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43
Q

What is random assignment to condition?

A

Participants are assigned to different experimental groups bon the basis of chance alone.

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44
Q

What are the basic elements of the nervous system?

A

neurons

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45
Q

What are the functions of a neuron?

A
  1. receive signals from the environment
  2. relay nervous system messages to muscles and target cells
  3. communicate with other neurons
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46
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

to provide nourishment and insulate neurons

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47
Q

In order state how an electrical impulse travels along a neuron?

A
  1. message is received via dendrites-> cell body -> down the axon -> to the axon terminal where terminal buttons are located -> synapse
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48
Q

What is the difference between a neuron that has a myelin sheath and one that doesn’t?

A

the neuron with the myelin sheath will have a more rapid speed of electrical impulse than one that doesn’t

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49
Q

What is the all-or-none law for neurons?

A

they are either on or off, nothing is between

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50
Q

At a resting state what are the charges inside outside the neuron?

A

the neuron is negative inside and positive outside.

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51
Q

What is action potential?

A

a rush of + ions inside via the cell membrane creating an electrical charge from negative to positive

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52
Q

T/F. A neuron can fire again immediately after any amount of stimulation present.

A

F. The neuron cannot fire immediately

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53
Q

What are the type of neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior?

A

mirror neurons

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54
Q

Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron?

A

neurotransmitters

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55
Q

What type of messages make it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon?

A

Excitatory messages

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56
Q

What type of message will prevent or decrease the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire?

A

Inhibitory messages

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57
Q

What is reuptake?

A

Reabsorption by the terminal buttons

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58
Q

What are considered the “natural painkillers” chemicals?

A

endorphins

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59
Q

What are the 2 branches of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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60
Q

What does the CNS consist?

A

brain and spinal cord

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61
Q

What does the PNS consist?

A

nerves

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62
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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63
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic NS?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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64
Q

Which voluntary and which is involuntary between Autonomic NS and Somatic?

A

Autonomic: involuntary
Somatic: Voluntary

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65
Q

What is an automatic involuntary response to an incoming stimulus?

A

reflex

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66
Q

What are Sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

Transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the CNS

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67
Q

What are Motor (efferent) neurons?

A

Communicate information from the brain and CNS to muscles and specific target cells

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68
Q

What is responsible for “flight or fight?”

A

Sympathetic Division

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69
Q

What calms the body down after a stressful situation?

A

Parasympathetic

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70
Q

What are the primary organs involved i the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid, testes, ovaries, adrenal glands pineal body, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus

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71
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

Brain activity to diagnosis disorders such epilepsy and learning disabilities

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72
Q

How do we view vivid, detailed images of the functioning brain?

A

fMRI

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73
Q

How do we id presence of brain tumors?

A

PET scan

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74
Q

What parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?

A

pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

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75
Q

If a person cannot balance their bodies, which part of the brain should checked?

A

the cerebellum

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76
Q

Where does functioning of heartbeat and breathing occur?

A

medulla

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77
Q

What part of the brain is the relay station for info about the senses?

A

thalamus

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78
Q

If homeostasis is unbalanced and vital behaviors are abnormal which part of the brain may be problematic?

A

the hypothalamus

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79
Q

Which 2 parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

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80
Q

What plays an important role in memory and learning?

A

hippocampus

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81
Q

What occurs if there damage to the amygdala?

A

one can become belligerent due to the fact the amygdala controls aggression

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82
Q

What part of the brain is considered to be the “new brain?’

A

cerebral cortex

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83
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

judgment, decision making, and evaluating situations

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84
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain? and their functions

A
  1. frontal- judgment
  2. parietal- somatosensory
  3. temporal- auditory
  4. occipital-visual
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85
Q

Changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas

A

Neuroplasticity

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86
Q

What does it mean the 2 hemispheres are lateralized?

A

certain behaviors are more likely to reflect activity in one hemisphere than in the other

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87
Q

What are dominances in the left and right brain?

A

left: speaking, thinking, reading, reasoning, process info sequentially
right: nonverbal, spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and drawing

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88
Q

T/F. It is a mistake to think of particular kinds of info as being processed solely in the right or left hemisphere

A

T. The hemispheres work interdependently

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89
Q

What is sensation?

A

the activations of the sense organs by a source of physical organs

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90
Q

The sorting out, interpretation analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and brain

A

Perception

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91
Q

How do stimuli vary?

A

intensity and type

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92
Q

T/F. Different types of stimuli activate the same sense organs.

A

F. Different types of stimuli activate different organs

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93
Q

What is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it be detected?

A

absolute threshold

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94
Q

What is the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation requires to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred?

A

difference threshold

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95
Q

Just a noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus

A

Weber’s Law

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96
Q

An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli

A

adaptation

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97
Q

What is the range of spectrum of wavelengths that our eyes can detect?

A

visual spectrum

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98
Q

Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing the light more sharply by bending light as it passes?

A

cornea

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99
Q

What is the colored part of the eye?

A

iris

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100
Q

What dilates to let more light in?

A

the pupil

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101
Q

What is directly behind the pupil bending rays of light to focus on the rear eye?

A

the lens

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102
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Convert electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain

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103
Q

What are the 2 light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina?

A

rods and cones

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104
Q

What of the light-sensitive receptor cells allows you to see in the dark? light?

A

cones: light
rods: dark

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105
Q

Where cones more concentrated?

A

in the fovea centralis

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106
Q

What type of proteins do rods contain?

A

rhodopsin

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107
Q

What occurs when light enter the eye?

A

Light travels through the ganglion and bipolar cells and strike the cones and rods then transmit nerve impulses to the brain via bipolar and ganglion cells to the optic nerve

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108
Q

What is special about the optic nerve?

A

There is a blindspot due to the lack of cones and rods in this region

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109
Q

This theory suggests that there are 3 kinds if cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths

A

Trichromatic theory of color vision

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110
Q

Why does afterimaging occur?

A

Activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer staring at the original picture

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111
Q

Which theory does after imaging show it doesn’t explain color vision completely?

A

trichromatic theory of color vision

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112
Q

Which theory states that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other and explain after images?

A

Opponent-process theory of color vision

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113
Q

What is sound?

A

the movement of air molecules brought about a source of vibration

114
Q

What is the function of the eardrum?

A

Vibrates when sound hits it. The more intense the sound the more the eardrum vibrates

115
Q

Which 3 bones make up the middle ear?

A

stirrup, hammer, and anvil

116
Q

Which part of the ear changes the sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain?

A

inner ear

117
Q

When sound enters the inner ear through the oval window, it moves into the what?

A

the cochlea

118
Q

What divides the cochlea into an upper and a lower chamber?

A

basilar membrane

119
Q

What is the basilar membrane covered with?

A

hair cells

120
Q

What is the function of the hair cells?

A

transmit neural messages to the brain

121
Q

What is the primary characteristic of sound?

A

frequency

122
Q

Amplitude allows us to what?

A

distinguish between loud and soft sounds

123
Q

What is the measurement of sound?

A

decibels

124
Q

What is the characteristic that makes sound seem high or low?

A

pitch

125
Q

Which theory of sound states that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies?

A

place theory of hearing

126
Q

Which theory states that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound?

A

frequency theory of hearing

127
Q

What is the main structure of the vestibular system?

A

semicircular canals

128
Q

What are semicircular canals?

A

three tube-like structures that contain fluid which sloshes when the head moves

129
Q

T/F. Women have a better sense of smell than men

A

true

130
Q

T/F Each olfactory receptor is so specialized that it responds only to a small band of different odors

A

True

131
Q

What are chemicals that are secreted into the environment that produce a social response in other members of the same species

A

pheromones

132
Q

What are the 3 skin senses?

A

touch pressure, temperature, and pain

133
Q

Which theory states that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain?

A

gate-control theory of pain

134
Q

What are the 4 ways in which we organize bits into meaningful wholes?

A

closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity

135
Q

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations

A

top-down processing

136
Q

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing info and individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole

A

bottom-up processing

137
Q

What is depth-perception?

A

the ability to view the world in 3D and to perceive distance

138
Q

What is the difference in the images by the left and right eye

A

binocular disparity

139
Q

The recognition that physical objects are unvarying and consistent even though our sensory inout about them varies

A

perceptual constancy

140
Q

A physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception

A

visual illusions

141
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of sensation, thoughts, and feelings

142
Q

What are considered to be altered states of consciousness?

A

sleeping and dreaming, hypnosis

143
Q

Which stage of sleep has sleep spindles and increases the difficulty to wake someone?

A

stage 2

144
Q

What stage is someone have the slowest wave pattern and least responsive to outside stimulation?

A

stage 4

145
Q

Which stage is a transition between wakefulness and sleep?

A

stage 1

146
Q

Which stage has slower, higher peaks, and lower valleys in the wave pattern?

A

stage 3

147
Q

In which stage of sleep of does dream usually occur?

A

REM

148
Q

What happens to the muscles and brain during REM?

A

The major muscles appear to be paralyzed, but the brain is still active

149
Q

What is the rebound effect?

A

REM-deprived sleepers spend more time in this state more than usual

150
Q

What are 3 purposes of sleep?

A

evolutionary perspective, restoration and replenishment from brain and body, and physical growth and brain development

151
Q

What is the name of Freudian’s theory of sleep and what does it suggests?

A

the unconscious wish fulfillment theory: dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled

152
Q

What is latent content oppose to manifest content?

A

latent content is the actual, underlying wishes that dream represent and manifest content is the dreamer’s storyline

153
Q

What does the dreams-for-survival theory suggest?

A

Dreams gives us time to process critical info for daily survival. Dreams represent daily lives, uncertainties and ideas

154
Q

What does the activation-synthesis theory suggests?

A

Dreams result from random activation of neurons during REM which is initiated in pons which signal to the cortex. Clue to fear, emotion and concerns

155
Q

If Tyler has difficulty breathing while sleeping causing a significant loss of REM constantly awakening in the night due to lack of oxygen. Tyler may suffer from what?

A

sleep apnea

156
Q

Mai is 5 years old in non-REM sleep every night she suddenly awakes with fear, panic and goes back to sleep with no problem. What condition does Mai have?

A

Night terrors

157
Q

Sam has to wear helmet because he falls asleep randomly even while he walking or n the middle of a conversation. What is Sam suffering from?

A

narcolepsy

158
Q

Lisa spaces out during class creating a fantasy about her going to Disneyland, what is this fantasy called?

A

a daydream

159
Q

A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others

A

hypnosis

160
Q

T/F. During hypnosis people lose all of their own will.

A

False, people do not lose will of their own

161
Q

T/F. During hypnosis people will not perform antisocial behavior

A

true

162
Q

T/F. People will reveal hidden truths about themselves and carry out self-destructive acts

A

False. People will not reveal hidden truths or carry out self-destructive acts

163
Q

List the 5 areas have hypnosis found to be effective.

A
  1. improving athletic performance
  2. controlling pain
  3. reducing pain
  4. reducing smoking
  5. assisting in law enforcement
164
Q

What is the learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness?

A

Meditation

165
Q

T/F. Meditation typically consist of the repetition of a mantra

A

T

166
Q

What is the function of a psychoactive drug?

A

they influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior

167
Q

What type of drug produces a physiological and psychological dependence in the user and have withdrawals?

A

addictive drugs

168
Q

What is the difference between physiological and psychological dependence?

A

Physiological dependence the body has become accustomed to functioning with the drug it cannot function without it. on the other hand a psychological dependence is a person believing that they need the drug to respond to stress of daily living.

169
Q

What type of drug effects the CNS causing a rise in heart rate, BP and muscular tension?

A

stimulant

170
Q

What are types of stimulants?

A

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines (speed, meth, bath salts), cocaine

171
Q

What type of drugs impede the NS by causing neurons to fire more slowly?

A

Depressants

172
Q

What are some common depressants?

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol (date rape drug)

173
Q

What type of drugs increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety?

A

narcotics

174
Q

What are the 2 types of narcotics?

A

morphine and heroin

175
Q

What type of drugs change the perceptual processes?

A

hallucinogens

176
Q

What are types of hallucinogens?

A

marijuana, LSDM MDMA (Ecstasy or molly)

177
Q

Define learning.

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior or performance that is brought by experience

178
Q

What is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus?

A

habituation

179
Q

What is the type of learning in which a natural stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response?

A

classical conditioning

180
Q

In pavlov’s experiment what was the neutral stimulus?

A

the bell because it does not bring about a natural response

181
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus?

A

The UCS is the meat because it automatically brought about salivation

182
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment what was the unconditioned response?

A

the salivation because it was an natural response to the meat (UCS)

183
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment what was the conditioned stimulus?

A

the bell because after learning occurred just the sound of the bell caused salivation

184
Q

In Pavlov’s experiment what was the conditioned response?

A

the salivation which was the learned response after the sound of the bell (CS)

185
Q

T/F. Classical conditioning does lead to phobias

A

True

186
Q

What is extinction?

A

when a previous conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears

187
Q

When does spontaneous recovery occur?

A

when there is reemergence if a unconditioned response after extinction occurs

188
Q

What is called when a stimulus similar to the CS produces a CR?

A

stimulus generalization

189
Q

Cleo runs to the kitchen when she hears a can opener, but does not run into the kitchen when she hears the blender, what is this called?

A

stimulus discrimination

190
Q

What is the type of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences?

A

Operant conditioning

191
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

192
Q

What is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated?

A

reinforcement

193
Q

________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

A

reinforcer

194
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs and work naturally while secondary reinforcers is a stimulus becoming reinforced due to association with a primary reinforcer

195
Q

Can reward and reinforcer be used synomously?

A

no because not all reinforcers are positive

196
Q

If Kim gets money for raising her hand in class, what is the money considered?

A

a positive reinforcer

197
Q

If motrin takes away Leslie’s headache and it works she will most likely take motrin again when her head hurts, what is the motrin?

A

a negative reinforcer

198
Q

What refers to the stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again?

A

punishment

199
Q

When Iris gets in trouble her mom gives her a spanking, what is the spanking?

A

positive punishment

200
Q

Devin gets an F in math, so his mom takes away his car keys, what is his mom taking away his keys?

A

negative punishment

201
Q

Is reinforcement or punishment more effective?

A

reinforcement

202
Q

If behavior is reinforced every time it occurs what type of schedule is this?

A

continuous reinforcement schedule

203
Q

If a reinforce Malik’s behavior only sometimes, what type of schedule is this?

A

partial reinforcement schedule

204
Q

What type of schedule is learned better? What type of schedule makes learning las longer?

A

continuous is learned better but partial is has a longer learning effect

205
Q

What is the difference between ratio and interval schedules?

A

ratio is based on the number of responses while interval is based on the amount of time.

206
Q

What is the difference between fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules?

A

fixed-ratio work is quicker leading to faster extinction while variable-ration leads to a faster rate or response and extinction resistance

207
Q

If a professor gives a midterm every 3 months, a student is more likely to cram and forget information in between exams, what type of schedule is this?

A

fixed-interval schedule

208
Q

If a professor gives pop quizzes that vary from 3 days- 3 months, students are more likely to study more and keep up with the material, what type of schedule is this?

A

variable-interval schedule

209
Q

What type of learning allows lions to jump through hoops, and dolphins rescuing divers lost at sea?

A

shaping

210
Q

What is it called when a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive occurs provided for displaying it.

A

latent learning

211
Q

If I see Bob Marley being positive and giving back to his community, if I go and do the same, what kind of learning is this?

A

observational learning

212
Q

What are the 3 steps in memory?

A

encoding -> storage -> retrieval

213
Q

What is the 3- system approach?

A
  1. sensory
  2. short-term
  3. long-term
214
Q

What is the initial, momentary storage of info that only lasts instantly?

A

sensory memory

215
Q

What type of memory holds info for 15-25s?

A

short-term

216
Q

What type of memory is stored in a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve?

A

long-term

217
Q

What is the difference between echoic and iconic memory?

A

echoic is auditory sensory and iconic is visual sensory

218
Q

T/F. Unless memory is stored or transferred into short-term it will be lost

A

T

219
Q

What is the difference between sensory and short-term memory?

A

sensory holds a relatively full and detailed-if short lived-representation while short term has incomplete representational capabilities

220
Q

The ability to ________ info allows the ability to recall info in short-term

A

chunk

221
Q

What is a type of way to transfer short-term into long-term?

A

rehearsal

222
Q

Instead of just repeating the info but actually processed in such a way that the information is organized is called what?

A

elaborative rehearsal

223
Q

What is a type of elaborative rehearsal?

A

use of mnemonics

224
Q

If a math problem has multiple steps and storing the result of one step and using it in another is an example of what?

A

working memory

225
Q

Working memory contains a central executive processor which have what 3 distinct storage and rehearsal stages?

A
  1. visual store
  2. verbal store
  3. episodic buffer
226
Q

If I’m driving and trying to argue with my boyfriend, what effect does working memory have?

A

it uses a significant amount of cognitive resources

227
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

the ability to recall info in a list depends in where the item appears in the list

228
Q

If i remember oranges because it was the last item on the list this is called what?

A

recency effect

229
Q

If I remember protein powder because it was first on the list this is called what?

A

primacy effect

230
Q

If I can remember that 9/11 occurred in 2001 when the plane flew into the World Trade Center, this is called what type of memory?

A

declarative memory- factual info for dates and facts

231
Q

How to fix a light bulb or how to make a protein shake, is considered to be what type of memory?

A

procedural memory- memory for skills and habits

232
Q

What is the type of memory used for general knowledge and facts about the world and rules of logic?

A

semantic memory

233
Q

What is the type of memory for events that occur in a particular time and place?

A

episodic memory

234
Q

A web cluster used to make associations is called?

A

semantic networks

235
Q

What is it called when a neural pathway becomes excited while a new response is being learned simultaneously the number of synapses increase as dendrites branch out to receive messages?

A

long-term potentiation

236
Q

This occurs in the hypothalamus in which memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory?

A

consolidation

237
Q

A specific piece of info retrieved such as that an answer to a fill in the blank question.

A

recall

238
Q

This occurs when people are present with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it previously or asked to id it from a list of alt?

A

recognition

239
Q

Which easier recognition or recall?

A

recognition, recall is more difficult because it consists of a series of processes

240
Q

What is the deeper the initial level of processing of specific info the longer the longer the info will be retained?

A

levels-of-processing theory

241
Q

T/F. Thinking about the meaning of the terms and reflecting in how they relate to info that you already know result in far more effective long-term memory

A

True

242
Q

What type memory is implicit memory?

A

Refers to memory that we are not consciously aware but can affect subsequent performance and behavior

243
Q

What type of memory is explicit memory?

A

refers to intentional or consciously recollection of information

244
Q

_______ allows us to remember new info better and faster because of memory we already have stored in memory.

A

Priming

245
Q

What occurs when exposure to a word or concept later that makes it easier to recall later?

A

priming

246
Q

The fact that I remember being in Mrs. Krista’s class and she was sitting in her chair is what called what type of memory?

A

flashbulb memory

247
Q

T/F Details recalled in flashbulb memories are often accurate particularly when they involve highly emotional events

A

False they are often inaccurate when involved with highly emotional events

248
Q

What are the type of processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events?

A

constructive processes

249
Q

What are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the new way info is interpreted, stored and recalled?

A

schemas

250
Q

A memory that is pushed into the unconscious and not recalled until triggered is called what?

A

repressed memory

251
Q

What type of memory is develop when people are unable to recall the source if a memory of a particular event which hey have only vague recollections?

A

false memory

252
Q

If I can recollect info about my own life this is called?

A

autobiographical memory

253
Q

What are ways we forget info?

A
  1. we may have not paid attention to the material in the first place
  2. decay
  3. interference
  4. cue-dependent forgetting
254
Q

What is the loss of info in memory through nonuse?

A

decay

255
Q

What is the loss of info due to info stored in memory is disrupts the recall of other info stored in memory?

A

interference

256
Q

What loss is forgetting that occurs where there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info that is in memory? For example retracing your steps when you lose your keys

A

cue-dependent forgetting

257
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

info learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer info

258
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

occurs when material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier

259
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new info, loss of long-term memory

260
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

loss of memory occurs for events that follow, loss of short-term memory

261
Q

Psychologist define _______ as brain activity in which we mentally manipulate info including words, visual images, sounds or other data.

A

thinking

262
Q

______ are representations in the mind of an object or event

A

mental images

263
Q

What are concepts?

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events or people. enable also to organize complexities into categories that are easier to understand

264
Q

If I think if bird and the first bird I imagine is a pigeon, what is the pigeon?

A

a prototype

265
Q

What is the process by which info is used to draw conclusions and make decisions?

A

reasoning

266
Q

What is reasoning from general to the specific?

A

deductive reasoning

267
Q

What is reasoning from the specific to the general?

A

inductive reasoning

268
Q

What is the difference between an algorithm and heuristic?

A

an algorithm is error free and a heuristic is not

269
Q

Describe the 2 types of heuristics.

A

Availability- judgment of the likelihood of an event occurring on the basis of how easy is to think of an example

Familiarity- treating something you are more familiar with superior than something you are not

270
Q

What are the 3 steps to solve a problem?

A
  1. Preparation- understanding and diagnosis the problem
  2. Production- generating solutions
  3. Judgment- if solution is correct
271
Q

What are the 3 types of problems?

A
  1. arrangement
    2, inducing structure
  2. transformation
272
Q

Which problem involves association and identifying a relationship between elements creating a new relationship? ex. sequences

A

inducing structure

273
Q

Which problem consists of changing the initial state into the goal state?

A

transformation

274
Q

Which problem requires rearranging or recombining elements in a way that will satisfy certain criterion? ex. anagrams

A

arrangement

275
Q

What is the difference between a well-define and ill-defined problem?

A

a well- defined problem is something like a mathematical equation, which are clear and available. on the other hand an ill-define problem is not available or clear, this would include solving world peace or something of that nature (moral reasoning)

276
Q

What is a means-ends analysis?

A

repeated tests for difference between the desired outcome and what currently exists. each step brings a person closer to an resolution

277
Q

What is insight?

A

a sudden awareness of the relationship among various elements that had previously appeared to be unrelated

278
Q

What is the tendency to think an object only in terms of its typical use?

A

functional fixedness

279
Q

What is the tendency to approach a problem in a certain way because that method worked previously?

A

mental set

280
Q

______ is the ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways

A

creativity

281
Q

What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?

A

divergent thinking is generating unusual responses to problems or responses, while convergent thinking is viewed as having single answer which is based on knowledge and logic

Psychology Intro (2 decks)

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