Final Review Flashcards
Which approach assumes that personality id primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.
psychodynamic approach
What is the primary defense mechanism?
repression
According to Freud, in what 5 step series does the personality develop? List each
psychosexual stages
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
What is the collective unconscious?
an inherited of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past
Freud said that that the personality consisted of what 3 aspects?
- id
- ego
- superego
Which of the 3 personality aspects Freud said existed is the mediator?
ego
Psychosexual stage from 5-6 years to adolescence?
latency
_______ are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves
defense mechanisms
What is the preconscious?
contains material that is not threatening and easily brought to mind
The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior
superego
Balances the desires of the id and the realities of the objective outside world “reality principle”
ego
Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur
fixations
According to Freud, the 12-18 months there is an interest in oral gratification
oral stage
According to Freud, 12-18 month to 3years there is gratification fro expelling and holding feces
anal stage
Phallic Stage
3 to 5-6 years there is interest in the genitals, Oedipal complex
Genital stage
adolescence to adulthood, reemergence of sexual interests
Which neo-Freudian suggested that the primitive urges of the unconscious are more positive and they represented a more general and positive life force that goes back to the dawn of the existence of life
Carl Jung
Which neo-Freudian proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority (quest for self-improvement and perfection)
Alfred Adler
Who was Karen Horney?
the 1st feminine psychologist who suggested that personality develops in the context social relationship between parents and child and how well the child’s need are met
______ are consistent personality characteristics and behaviors in different situations
traits
What are the 3 fundamental categories of traits?
- cardinal
- central
- secondary
Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential
secondary
Honesty and sociability are an individual’s major characteristics usually numbering from 5-10 in any person
central traits
A single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities
cardinal
Eysenck said which 3 dimensions could describe personality?
- Psychoticism
- extraversion
- neuroticism
List the Big Five Personality Traits
- Conscientious
- Openness to experience
- Agreedableness
- Neuroticism
- Extraversion
What is the behaviorist approach to personality?
A collection of learned behavior patterns. Caused by reinforcement
What is the social cognitive approach to personality?
emphasize the influence of cognition-thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values-as well as observations of others’ behavior, on personality
______ is the belief we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
self-efficacy
_______ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations
self-esteem
What is the biological and evolutionary approach to personality?
suggest that important components of personality are inherited
_______ an individual’s behavioral style including general activity level and mood
temperament
What is the humanistic approach to personality?
emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of fxning
_______ refers to an attitude of acceptance and respect on the observer’s part, no matter what a person says or does
unconditional positive regard
Unlike unconditional positive regard, what does depend on your behavior
conditional positive regard
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
reliability measures the consistency and validity measures if the test measured what is was designed to measure
What are psychological tests?
standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
______ are personality tests in which a person is shown an ambiguous, vague stimuli and asked to describe a story about it
Projective test
What is the best known projective test?
Rorschach test
Another type of projective test that consist of a series of pictures about which a person asked to write a story?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
______ direct measures of an individual’s behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality
Behavioral assessment
The type of psychology investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
Health psychology
Define stress
A person’s response to events that are threatening or challenging
What are the 3 types of stressors people experience?
- cataclysmic
- personal
- background/ daily hassels
If a tornado hits Kansas and destroys the city, what type of stressor is this?
cataclysmic
Loss of a job, death in the family what kind of stressor is this?
personal stressor
Someone who suffers from PTSD experiences what type of stressor?
personal stressor
Getting stuck in traffic jam, standing in a long line is what type of stressor?
background stressor/ daily hassels
T/F Stress cannot produce psychological and physiological consequences
true, it can
What is the immediate rxn to stress?
biological, exposure to stressors generates a rise in hormone secretions by the adrenal glands, an increase in heart rate and bp
Hans Selye gave rise to to what model that suggests that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress?
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
What are the 3 stages of the GAS model?
- Alarm and mobilization
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
In the GAS model, which stage is a person’s ability to fight the stressor declines to the point where negative consequences appear
exhaustion
In the GAS model, at which stages does a person become aware of the presence of a stressor?
alarm and mobilization
In the GAS model, at which stage is the body actively fighting the stressor on a biological level
Resistance
What are the 3 main consequences of stress described by the PNI?
- Direct physiological effects
- harmful behaviors
- indirect health-related behaviors
Define coping
efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known
What are the 2 main categories of positive ways of coping?
- Emotional-focused coping
2. problem-focused coping
Which type of coping describes people trying to manage their emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change?
emotion-focused coping
Which type of coping attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress which leads to change in behavior?
problem-focused coping
What are the 3 negative ways to cope with stress?
- avoidant coping
- defense mechanism
- emotional insulation
_____ occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli can not be controlled
learned helplessness
What type of people are able to cope with stress most successfully?
hardy people
What is the key ingredient in psychological recovery?
resilience
Which behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time, urgency, and feeling drive?
type A
Which behavior pattern is characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner?
type B
Which behavior pattern is linked to coronary heart disease?
type D (distressed)
What does it mean when patients practice creative nonadherence?
they alter a treatment prescribed by a physician by substituting their own medical judgment
What is the difference between positive and negative framed messages?
positive suggest a change in behavior will lead to a gain while negative highlights what you can lose by not performing a behavior
Which type of psychology is the study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?
developmental psychology
What is the difference between nature and nurture?
nature is hereditary and nurture is environmental
______ the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior
maturation
Which research method compares people of different ages at the same point in time?
cross-sectional
Which research method assess the behavior of one or more participants as the participants gets older?
longitudinal research
When an egg becomes fertilized by the sperm, what is the resulting one-celled entity?
a zygote
The first 2 weeks of conception are called?
germinal period
What is the period after 2 weeks of conception?
embryonic period
From week 8 and continuing until birth, the developing individual is now called what?
fetus
What is the age of viability?
prenatal week 22
Define neonate
a newborn arrives in the world
What are the 5 reflexes in a newborn?
- sucking
- gag
- babinski
- rooting
- startle
What reflex occurs when a neonate turns their head toward things that touch their cheeks?
rooting reflex
What reflex occurs when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked?
babinski reflex
______ the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
habituation
______ the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
attachment
What are the 4 types of parenting styles?
- authoritative
- permissive
- authoritarian
- uninvolved
What is the best parenting style?
authoritative
What are the 4 Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development occur during childhood?
- Trust vs mistrust (birth-1.5)
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1.5-3)
- initiative vs guilt (3-6)
- industry vs inferiority (6-12)
According to Piaget what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
- preoperational (2-7)
- concrete operational (7-12)
- formal operational (12-adulthood)
_____ an awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes
metacognition
What are the 4 Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development during adolescence?
- Identity vs inferiority
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vsdespair
_________ is the period beginning in the late teenage yeas and extending into the mid 20s
emerging adulthood
fluid intelligence
info processing skills such as memory, calculations, and analogy solving
crystallized intelligence
intelligences based on the accumulation of info, skills, and strategies learned through experience
T/F crystallized intelligence remain steady and in some cases can actually improved
t
t/f semantic and implicit memories are largely affected by age
F. they are unaffected by age
Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of the what?
cerebral cortex
What are the 8 types of intelligence according to Gardner?
- musical
- bodily kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalist
- logical-mathematical
- linguistic
- spatial
What type of intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions?
emotional intelligence
What type of intelligence is related to the overall success in living?
practical intelligence
How to calculate IQ?
Mental age/ chronological age x 100
________ is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual fxns and in conceptual, social, and adaptive skills
intellectual disability or mental retardation
Degree of retardation if someone has relatively minor deficits with IQ scores 55-69
mild retardation
Degree of retardation with IQ score below 25
profound retardation
degree of retardation with IQ scores 25-39
severe retardation
What does an IQ greater than 130 indicate?
intellectual gifted
______ degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic?
heritability
What are the inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned?
instincts
Define motivation
the factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms
Which approach suggest that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need?
drive-reduction approach to motivation
Which approach says each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity?
arousal approaches to motivation
Which approach suggest that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards?
incentive approaches to motivation
Which approach suggest that motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals?
cognitive approaches to motivation
Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key between what 2 types of motivation?
extrinsic and intrinsic
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for own enjoyment while extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money
According to Maslow what are the hierarchy of needs beginning with the base?
physiological needs safety needs love and belongingness self-esteem self-actualization
______ is a state of self-fullfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way
self-actualization
Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height
obesity
A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains a satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals
need for achievement
An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
need for affiliation
A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others to be seen as a powerful individual
need for power
_______ are feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
emotions
what are the 3 most important fxns of emotions?
- preparing us for action
- shaping our future behavior
- helping us interact effectively with others
The belief that emotional experience is a rxn to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
james-lange theory of memory
the belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
cannon-bard theory of emotion
the belief that emotions are determined jointly by a non-specific kind of physiological arousal snd its interpretation, based in environmental cues
schachter stinger theory of emotion
Abnormality as deviation from the average
basically a statistical definition
The perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression
psychoanalytic perspective
The perspective that people’s behavior both normal and abnormal is shaped by the society snd culture in which they live
sociocultural perspective
The perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior even when such behavior is abnormal
humanistic perspective
the perspective that suggests that people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior
cognitive perspective
the perspective that looks at the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal behavior
behavioral perspective
