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Psychology Intro > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which approach assumes that personality id primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

A

psychodynamic approach

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2
Q

What is the primary defense mechanism?

A

repression

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3
Q

According to Freud, in what 5 step series does the personality develop? List each

A

psychosexual stages

  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
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4
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A

an inherited of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past

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5
Q

Freud said that that the personality consisted of what 3 aspects?

A
  1. id
  2. ego
  3. superego
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6
Q

Which of the 3 personality aspects Freud said existed is the mediator?

A

ego

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7
Q

Psychosexual stage from 5-6 years to adolescence?

A

latency

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8
Q

_______ are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves

A

defense mechanisms

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9
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

contains material that is not threatening and easily brought to mind

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10
Q

The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

A

superego

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11
Q

Balances the desires of the id and the realities of the objective outside world “reality principle”

A

ego

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12
Q

Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

A

fixations

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13
Q

According to Freud, the 12-18 months there is an interest in oral gratification

A

oral stage

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14
Q

According to Freud, 12-18 month to 3years there is gratification fro expelling and holding feces

A

anal stage

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15
Q

Phallic Stage

A

3 to 5-6 years there is interest in the genitals, Oedipal complex

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16
Q

Genital stage

A

adolescence to adulthood, reemergence of sexual interests

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17
Q

Which neo-Freudian suggested that the primitive urges of the unconscious are more positive and they represented a more general and positive life force that goes back to the dawn of the existence of life

A

Carl Jung

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18
Q

Which neo-Freudian proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority (quest for self-improvement and perfection)

A

Alfred Adler

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19
Q

Who was Karen Horney?

A

the 1st feminine psychologist who suggested that personality develops in the context social relationship between parents and child and how well the child’s need are met

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20
Q

______ are consistent personality characteristics and behaviors in different situations

A

traits

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21
Q

What are the 3 fundamental categories of traits?

A
  1. cardinal
  2. central
  3. secondary
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22
Q

Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential

A

secondary

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23
Q

Honesty and sociability are an individual’s major characteristics usually numbering from 5-10 in any person

A

central traits

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24
Q

A single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities

A

cardinal

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25
Q

Eysenck said which 3 dimensions could describe personality?

A
  1. Psychoticism
  2. extraversion
  3. neuroticism
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26
Q

List the Big Five Personality Traits

A
  1. Conscientious
  2. Openness to experience
  3. Agreedableness
  4. Neuroticism
  5. Extraversion
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27
Q

What is the behaviorist approach to personality?

A

A collection of learned behavior patterns. Caused by reinforcement

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28
Q

What is the social cognitive approach to personality?

A

emphasize the influence of cognition-thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values-as well as observations of others’ behavior, on personality

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29
Q

______ is the belief we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

A

self-efficacy

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30
Q

_______ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations

A

self-esteem

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31
Q

What is the biological and evolutionary approach to personality?

A

suggest that important components of personality are inherited

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32
Q

_______ an individual’s behavioral style including general activity level and mood

A

temperament

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33
Q

What is the humanistic approach to personality?

A

emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of fxning

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34
Q

_______ refers to an attitude of acceptance and respect on the observer’s part, no matter what a person says or does

A

unconditional positive regard

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35
Q

Unlike unconditional positive regard, what does depend on your behavior

A

conditional positive regard

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36
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

reliability measures the consistency and validity measures if the test measured what is was designed to measure

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37
Q

What are psychological tests?

A

standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively

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38
Q

______ are personality tests in which a person is shown an ambiguous, vague stimuli and asked to describe a story about it

A

Projective test

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39
Q

What is the best known projective test?

A

Rorschach test

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40
Q

Another type of projective test that consist of a series of pictures about which a person asked to write a story?

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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41
Q

______ direct measures of an individual’s behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality

A

Behavioral assessment

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42
Q

The type of psychology investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems

A

Health psychology

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43
Q

Define stress

A

A person’s response to events that are threatening or challenging

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44
Q

What are the 3 types of stressors people experience?

A
  1. cataclysmic
  2. personal
  3. background/ daily hassels
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45
Q

If a tornado hits Kansas and destroys the city, what type of stressor is this?

A

cataclysmic

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46
Q

Loss of a job, death in the family what kind of stressor is this?

A

personal stressor

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47
Q

Someone who suffers from PTSD experiences what type of stressor?

A

personal stressor

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48
Q

Getting stuck in traffic jam, standing in a long line is what type of stressor?

A

background stressor/ daily hassels

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49
Q

T/F Stress cannot produce psychological and physiological consequences

A

true, it can

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50
Q

What is the immediate rxn to stress?

A

biological, exposure to stressors generates a rise in hormone secretions by the adrenal glands, an increase in heart rate and bp

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51
Q

Hans Selye gave rise to to what model that suggests that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress?

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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52
Q

What are the 3 stages of the GAS model?

A
  1. Alarm and mobilization
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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53
Q

In the GAS model, which stage is a person’s ability to fight the stressor declines to the point where negative consequences appear

A

exhaustion

54
Q

In the GAS model, at which stages does a person become aware of the presence of a stressor?

A

alarm and mobilization

55
Q

In the GAS model, at which stage is the body actively fighting the stressor on a biological level

A

Resistance

56
Q

What are the 3 main consequences of stress described by the PNI?

A
  1. Direct physiological effects
  2. harmful behaviors
  3. indirect health-related behaviors
57
Q

Define coping

A

efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known

58
Q

What are the 2 main categories of positive ways of coping?

A
  1. Emotional-focused coping

2. problem-focused coping

59
Q

Which type of coping describes people trying to manage their emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change?

A

emotion-focused coping

60
Q

Which type of coping attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress which leads to change in behavior?

A

problem-focused coping

61
Q

What are the 3 negative ways to cope with stress?

A
  1. avoidant coping
  2. defense mechanism
  3. emotional insulation
62
Q

_____ occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli can not be controlled

A

learned helplessness

63
Q

What type of people are able to cope with stress most successfully?

A

hardy people

64
Q

What is the key ingredient in psychological recovery?

A

resilience

65
Q

Which behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time, urgency, and feeling drive?

A

type A

66
Q

Which behavior pattern is characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner?

A

type B

67
Q

Which behavior pattern is linked to coronary heart disease?

A

type D (distressed)

68
Q

What does it mean when patients practice creative nonadherence?

A

they alter a treatment prescribed by a physician by substituting their own medical judgment

69
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative framed messages?

A

positive suggest a change in behavior will lead to a gain while negative highlights what you can lose by not performing a behavior

70
Q

Which type of psychology is the study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?

A

developmental psychology

71
Q

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

A

nature is hereditary and nurture is environmental

72
Q

______ the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior

A

maturation

73
Q

Which research method compares people of different ages at the same point in time?

A

cross-sectional

74
Q

Which research method assess the behavior of one or more participants as the participants gets older?

A

longitudinal research

75
Q

When an egg becomes fertilized by the sperm, what is the resulting one-celled entity?

A

a zygote

76
Q

The first 2 weeks of conception are called?

A

germinal period

77
Q

What is the period after 2 weeks of conception?

A

embryonic period

78
Q

From week 8 and continuing until birth, the developing individual is now called what?

A

fetus

79
Q

What is the age of viability?

A

prenatal week 22

80
Q

Define neonate

A

a newborn arrives in the world

81
Q

What are the 5 reflexes in a newborn?

A
  1. sucking
  2. gag
  3. babinski
  4. rooting
  5. startle
82
Q

What reflex occurs when a neonate turns their head toward things that touch their cheeks?

A

rooting reflex

83
Q

What reflex occurs when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked?

A

babinski reflex

84
Q

______ the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

A

habituation

85
Q

______ the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

A

attachment

86
Q

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

A
  1. authoritative
  2. permissive
  3. authoritarian
  4. uninvolved
87
Q

What is the best parenting style?

A

authoritative

88
Q

What are the 4 Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development occur during childhood?

A
  1. Trust vs mistrust (birth-1.5)
  2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1.5-3)
  3. initiative vs guilt (3-6)
  4. industry vs inferiority (6-12)
89
Q

According to Piaget what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
  2. preoperational (2-7)
  3. concrete operational (7-12)
  4. formal operational (12-adulthood)
90
Q

_____ an awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

A

metacognition

91
Q

What are the 4 Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development during adolescence?

A
  1. Identity vs inferiority
  2. intimacy vs isolation
  3. generativity vs stagnation
  4. ego integrity vsdespair
92
Q

_________ is the period beginning in the late teenage yeas and extending into the mid 20s

A

emerging adulthood

93
Q

fluid intelligence

A

info processing skills such as memory, calculations, and analogy solving

94
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

intelligences based on the accumulation of info, skills, and strategies learned through experience

95
Q

T/F crystallized intelligence remain steady and in some cases can actually improved

A

t

96
Q

t/f semantic and implicit memories are largely affected by age

A

F. they are unaffected by age

97
Q

Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of the what?

A

cerebral cortex

98
Q

What are the 8 types of intelligence according to Gardner?

A
  1. musical
  2. bodily kinesthetic
  3. interpersonal
  4. intrapersonal
  5. naturalist
  6. logical-mathematical
  7. linguistic
  8. spatial
99
Q

What type of intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions?

A

emotional intelligence

100
Q

What type of intelligence is related to the overall success in living?

A

practical intelligence

101
Q

How to calculate IQ?

A

Mental age/ chronological age x 100

102
Q

________ is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual fxns and in conceptual, social, and adaptive skills

A

intellectual disability or mental retardation

103
Q

Degree of retardation if someone has relatively minor deficits with IQ scores 55-69

A

mild retardation

104
Q

Degree of retardation with IQ score below 25

A

profound retardation

105
Q

degree of retardation with IQ scores 25-39

A

severe retardation

106
Q

What does an IQ greater than 130 indicate?

A

intellectual gifted

107
Q

______ degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic?

A

heritability

108
Q

What are the inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned?

A

instincts

109
Q

Define motivation

A

the factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms

110
Q

Which approach suggest that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need?

A

drive-reduction approach to motivation

111
Q

Which approach says each person tries to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity?

A

arousal approaches to motivation

112
Q

Which approach suggest that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards?

A

incentive approaches to motivation

113
Q

Which approach suggest that motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals?

A

cognitive approaches to motivation

114
Q

Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key between what 2 types of motivation?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic

115
Q

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for own enjoyment while extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money

116
Q

According to Maslow what are the hierarchy of needs beginning with the base?

A 
physiological needs 
safety needs 
love and belongingness 
self-esteem 
self-actualization
117
Q

______ is a state of self-fullfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way

A

self-actualization

118
Q

Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height

A

obesity

119
Q

A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains a satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals

A

need for achievement

120
Q

An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

A

need for affiliation

121
Q

A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others to be seen as a powerful individual

A

need for power

122
Q

_______ are feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

A

emotions

123
Q

what are the 3 most important fxns of emotions?

A
  1. preparing us for action
  2. shaping our future behavior
  3. helping us interact effectively with others
124
Q

The belief that emotional experience is a rxn to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation

A

james-lange theory of memory

125
Q

the belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus

A

cannon-bard theory of emotion

126
Q

the belief that emotions are determined jointly by a non-specific kind of physiological arousal snd its interpretation, based in environmental cues

A

schachter stinger theory of emotion

127
Q

Abnormality as deviation from the average

A

basically a statistical definition

128
Q

The perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression

A

psychoanalytic perspective

129
Q

The perspective that people’s behavior both normal and abnormal is shaped by the society snd culture in which they live

A

sociocultural perspective

130
Q

The perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior even when such behavior is abnormal

A

humanistic perspective

131
Q

the perspective that suggests that people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior

A

cognitive perspective

132
Q

the perspective that looks at the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal behavior

A

behavioral perspective

Psychology Intro (2 decks)

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