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SOCI 310 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychiatry before the 18th

A

Responsibility of the family
Help of religious order
Often exiled or jailed

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2
Q

Psychiatry during the 18th

A

Mental hospitals spread as a means of control
The great confinement
The insane as objects of bizarre curiosity

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3
Q

Psychiatry in the 19th century

A

Some reform of institutions
Religious people took in mentally i’ll people and gave them tasks
Humanity enters into the equation

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4
Q

Institutionalization

A

1800-1955
Total institutions
Often misused for deviants
Treatments like lobotomies, insulin comas and ECT

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5
Q

20th Century psychiatry

A

Freud - put everyone on a spectrum
Pharmaceutical intervention –> revolutionary
Deinstitutionalization and community psychiatry

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6
Q

Causes of deinsitutionalisation

A
  • Development of anti-psychotic drugs
  • Philosophical changes (60s liberation movement)
  • Legal changes
  • Economic changes (hospitals expensive - sold)
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7
Q

Mental disorder used

A

for diagnostics

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8
Q

Mental health used

A

like “well being” can have MI with good MH

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9
Q

“Mental disease” is

A

Archaic and rarely used

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10
Q

Madness, lunacy, and insanity

A

Used to label behaviour commonly considered extremely bizarre and disruptive

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11
Q

Influence of Freud

A
  • he said lots of people experienced “neuroticisms” (different from madness)
  • He believed in mental illness as a continuous variable not a categorical one
  • Blurred the line between normal and abnormal
  • Began idea of community psychiatry
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12
Q

DSM

A
  • list of all mental illnesses
  • has evolved
  • 400 discrete MD
  • some people say it’s a cultural document
  • used for diagnosis
  • new diseases invented not discovered
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13
Q

Definitions and types are

A

not timeless

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14
Q

Theories can relate to

A
  • Cause (distal)
  • Onset (proximal)
  • Course (natural history)
  • Outcome (symptoms or function based)
  • Recovery
  • Also: labelling, stigma, inequalities, categorization
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15
Q

3 main theoretical lenses to view mental disorder

A
  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • Social
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16
Q

Biological approach to MD

A
  • primary theory used
  • studies on separated twins (50% heritability of schizophrenia)
  • Mixed effects of pharmacological interventions
  • theories : not enough serotonin - depression, too much dopamine - schizophrenia (LACKS STRONG EVIDENCE)
  • research funded by pharmaceutical companies
    + other things like sleep, exercise, diet…
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17
Q

Psychoanalytical approach to MD

A
  • Childhood experience in later pathology
  • interplay of unconscious through life
  • struggle between personal drives and societal/familial/constraint
  • “talking therapies” with trained analysts
  • considered pseudoscience by mainstream psychiatry
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18
Q

Stress-vulnerability model

A
  • Mental illness can be activated in people with pre-existing vulnerability
  • supported by epigenetic theory
  • Durkheim
  • Farhis and Dunham (chicago - toxic fumes)
  • Brown and Harris
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19
Q

Epigenetic theory

A

Idea that people have a genome either turned on or off based on social experience
Genes turned on might be implicated in depression

20
Q

Brown and Harris

A

1978 - study of life events and depression

  • Ongoing difficulties as important as bad life events
  • Social re-adjustment rating scale
  • importance of factor of transition in vulnerability
  • Common theme also - certain traditional societal expectations
21
Q

Labelling theory

A
  • label used to control deviant people

- pathologizes social groups

22
Q

What model is psychiatry based on today

A

bio-bio-bio

23
Q

Individual level measurement of mental illness

A

diagnosis of one person

24
Q

Community level measurement of mental illness

A

looks at statistics and samples

25
Q

Epidemiological studies

A
  • Population or collective level
  • Branch of public health
  • Looking at stats
    Important to make mental health policies and population level programs
  • also important for planning treatment at the individual level
  • Understanding the change of MI over time and place
26
Q

Epidemiologists’ instruments are

A

forms

27
Q

An item

A

a question

28
Q

Aim of epidemiology is to assess

A

Prevalence
incidence
Risk factors

29
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of people who have a MI

30
Q

Incidence

A

Rate per year

Amount of people who have had an onset of MI in a year

31
Q

Risk factors

A

Causal factors related to an illness

32
Q

Epidemiology deals with problems of

A

bias - non representative sample

false positives and negatives

33
Q

Definition of medicalization

A

It is a theory/hypothesis (NOT FACT) referring to a process whereby everyday problems and conditions are allegedly transformed into medical diagnosis and become the location for medical investigation and intervention

34
Q

Critics of medicalization

A

Looping
Bracket creep
Medicine as social control
Medicalization turning social problems into medical problems
It enforces normative social roles and behaviours
Insidious role of pharmaceutical companies

35
Q

Critics of medicalization

A

Looping
Bracket creep
Medicine as social control
Medicalization turning social problems into medical problems
It enforces normative social roles and behaviours
Insidious role of pharmaceutical companies

36
Q

Looping cycle of illness:

A

creation → marketing of illness → drug creating → further marketing until illness/drug is taken for granted

37
Q

Main themes of anti psychiatry

A
  • medicalization
  • False epistemological basis of psychiatry
  • against institutionalization
  • against coerced and forced treatment
  • importance of small scale and therapeutic communities and alternative therapies
38
Q

Key figures of anti psychiatry

A

Foucault
Goffman
Szasz
RD Laing

39
Q

Foucault on anti psychiatry

A
  • Madness is a social construct - means of social control
  • Psychiatry as an extra-judicial disciplinary mechanism
  • surveillance - panopticon
40
Q

Goffman on anti psychiatry

A
  • asylums as total institutions
  • reinforce chronicity
  • labelling
  • “stigma”
41
Q

Szasz on anti psychiatry

A
  • MD are a myth
  • actually “problems in living”
  • hospitalisation as infringement of basic liberties
  • “psychiatry is a branch of law, no medicine”
  • pb of labelling
42
Q

RD Laing on anti psychiatry

A
  • “The divided self” - how modern living can lead to a “fragmented self”
  • disorders are “a perfectly rational response to an insane world –> we live in a “sick society”
  • MD also as result of intense nuclear family (ex. refrigerator mother)
  • Double bind theory
  • Kingsley hall - as therapeutic community
43
Q

Double bind theory of schizophrenia

A

you develop it if you are given contradictory information by the same person (esp. mother when growing up)

44
Q

Consumer Survivor Movement

A
  • made up of ex-psychiatric patients and allies
  • survived system and/or illness
  • they want more choice in the system, more recovery-oriented systems, action regarding social injustices
  • movement is pro-psychiatry - want more funding
  • grassroots movement unlike anti psychiatry movement
45
Q

Spectrum of social constructionism in psychiatry

A
  • Strictly - MI is not real
  • Middle: MI constructed through language (signifiers)
  • Science in action approach : concerned with construction of scientific facts
46
Q

Consequences of psychiatry (?) on women according to SC theorists

A
  • Social control of women
  • reifies a particular society or culture’s notion of an ideal self
  • construction of a normative femininity
  • individualises experiences
  • ignores social influence and factors
47
Q

Historical example of medicalization in women’s health

A

Hysteria
Nymphomania
Suburban neurosis

SOCI 310 (5 decks)

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