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Psychology 101: Statistics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

statistics

A

the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data

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2
Q

statistic

A

a measure of some attribute of a sample (samples can be one element, or a large collection of elements)

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3
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistics focus on a group of numerical observations about a population of interest

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4
Q

inferential statistics

A

interpretations about populations based on analyses of smaller set of information

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5
Q

variables

A

general characteristics, usually quantified, that VARY and can be used to compare or describe

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6
Q

variability

A

the fact that variables obtained often differ from one another

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7
Q

constructs

A

a hypothetical measure that is designed to generate variables that can be used to explain/measure an idea or concept

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8
Q

operational definition

A

a method of obtaining or measuring a variable

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9
Q

levels

A

a method of obtaining or measuring a variable

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11
Q

reliability

A

consistency in measurement

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12
Q

validity

A

accuracy of measurement with respect to intent

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13
Q

independent variables

A

variables that have at least 2 levels that we either manipulate or the observe in a group

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14
Q

dependent variables

A

variables that are believed to be caused by or changed by the independent variable

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15
Q

advantages to mean

A

LOWEST sampling variability

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18
Q

advantages to mode

A

Easy to calculate

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21
Q

advantages to median

A

Good for distributions that are skewed/have extreme outliers

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24
Q

disadvantages to mean

A

The only measure of central tendency that is sensitive to outliers

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25
Q

disadvantages to mode

A

Gives little info about the entire distribution.

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28
Q

disadvantages to median

A

Does not represent all of the scores in the distribution

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29
Q

outliers

A

Numbers that are much greater or much less than the other numbers in the set

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30
Q

measures of variability

A

Measures of variability allow us to talk about how close or far from the mean the scores in the distribution are.

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31
Q

random assignment

A

creating groups by giving each participant an equal chance of being in the experimental conditions/levels

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32
Q

stratified assignment

A

creating equivalent groups based on important characteristics

33
Q

replication

A

duplication of a study with a different group, obtained in a different way, in order to verify the results

34
Q

sample statistic

A

the measureable characteristic of the sample of the population that we’re interested in

35
Q

sampling statistic

A

selecting a subset of the population to collect data from (statistics) in order to make inferences about the population (parameters)

36
Q

subjective probability

A

probability based on an individual’s opinion of the likelihood that an event will occur, or that an event or relationship is due to more than chance

37
Q

expected probability

A

a measure of the actual probability of an outcome if the outcomes were random and repeated many times

38
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement that implies no effects, differences, or similarities on or between variables within a population of interest

39
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

a statement that implies that the null hypothesis is false (untrue)

40
Q

4 types of studies

A

Case studies

44
Q

case studies

A

an analysis of statistics of one element or a small sample of elements

45
Q

non-experimental studies

A

analyses that compare or measure similarities/differences within a group that we do not manipulate

46
Q

experimental studies

A

NAME?

47
Q

construct validity

A

is it measuring what we’re interested in

48
Q

predictive validity

A

does the measure predict related behavior/measures

49
Q

concurrent validity

A

does it relate to other measures that are supposed to be measuring the same thing

50
Q

continuous

A

variables that can assume an infinite number of values

51
Q

discrete variables

A

variables that have a finite set of variables

52
Q

categorical variables

A

variables that have no numerical meaning

54
Q

quantitative variables

A

the levels of these variables that are represented as numbers

55
Q

ordinal

A

variables that have that have a natural order, but the precise distance between values is not defined

57
Q

interval

A

variables that have values where the distance between them is meaningful and consistent

60
Q

ratio variables

A

interval variables where there is a true 0 and where ratios of values make sense

62
Q

real limits

A

NAME?

63
Q

midpoint

A

the precise center of a class interval

64
Q

true random sampling

A

taking the entire population and selecting a sample randomly from that population

65
Q

stratified sampling

A

identifying some major characteristics of interest in the population (e.g. gender, age, race, etc.) and generating a sample that is proportionally equivalent to the population

66
Q

pseudo-random sampling

A

taking everyone that is accessible from a population of and selecting a sample randomly from that group

67
Q

cluster sampling

A

random sampling of organized groups of individuals from the population

68
Q

measurement error

A

variation due to the inability to measure something accurately

69
Q

unreliability

A

variations due to differences in responses to the same situation

70
Q

concepts that impact the scores

A

measurement error

74
Q

convenience sampling

A

taking a select sample from the population that is easily accessible

75
Q

volunteer sampling

A

sampling that is obtained through the willing participation

Psychology 101: Statistics (3 decks)

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