Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is single loop learning?
Trying to put a screw in a wall. It’s not working well, so you hammer harder.
Who wrote ‘teaching smart people how to learn’?
Chris Argyris
What are the eight methods of self reflection?
(1) archeological and historical self-exploration
(2) journaling
(3) psychoanalysis/coaching
(4) meditation and contemplative prayer
(5) physical activities
(6) group activities
(7) psychological tests
(8) feedback discussions with significant others
Who is Sigmund Freud?
The father of psychoanalysis, came up with id, ego, and superego
What is the superego?
- acts as a self-critical conscience
- reflects social standards learned from parents and teachers
- part of the unconscious
- too much of this leads to neurosis
What is the id?
- human’s basic instinctual drives
- only part present from birth
- source of bodily needs, wants, and desires
- sexual and aggressive drive
- too much of this leads to psychosis
What is the ego?
- part of the conscious
- seeks to please the ids drive in realistic ways
- finds a balance between the id, superego, and external world
Who was Carl Jung?
- “the mystic”
- unconscious = shadow, anima, archetypes/collective unconscious
- conscious = persona, ego
What is anima?
Man projects his womanly ideals on a certain girl, and she pretends to fit those ideals
Four steps for dream interpretation
- Remember the dream
- Make associations
- Tie associations to life issues
- Act on the interpretation
Myers-Briggs test
- Helps you understand your own preferences, preferences of others with who you interact
- greater understanding of others
- leads to better communication, effectiveness, better team work
- captures key variables in a persons worldview
Parts of active listening
- paraphrase
- inquire
- acknowledge
How can interpersonal communication reveal world views?
- willingness to accept bias non-judgementally
- curiosity about oneself and others
- empathetic listening
- Courageous self-disclosure
- sharing of stories about oneself that reveal things
- emergence of an atmosphere of trust
What is conflict?
A process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party
What are some types of conflict?
- intrapersonal, interpersonal, intra-group, inter-group
- vertical, horizontal, diversity based
What is negotiation?
A process by which 2+ interdependent individuals/groups, who perceive that they have common and conflicting goals, state and discuss preferences for specific terms of a possible agreement
Is conflict good or bad?
- substantive conflict is productive and constructive (regarding the issue you are talking about)
- socio-emotional conflict can be dangerous and costly (regarding the relationship with the person)
What are bad and good ways to handle conflict?
Bad: avoiding or accommodating
Good: compromise
Okay: competitive
How do you overcome conflict between groups?
- introduce a common enemy
- subordinate goals
- expansion of ones awareness and circle of identification
- negotiation
What are the best traits of a leader?
- Drive
- Leadership motivation
- Honesty and integrity
- Self-confidence
- Cognitive ability
- Knowledge of the business
What does leadership effectiveness depend on?
- The situation
2. Characteristics of the subordinates/followers
What are the two leadership styles?
Authoritarian/bad cop/stern father -works best for crisis situations -with less skilled, motivated people Democratic/good cop/stern mother -works best in routine situations -with skilled, motivated people
What is the attribution theory of leadership?
By J. Pfeiffer
- leadership is bogus, an illusion
- performance of a company is complex, many people don’t get it and put all of the weight on the leaders
- the leaders don’t actually contribute all that much
What is charismatic and transformational leadership?
- Leaders get to know their followers
- essentially tell the world what the followers want to say
- They tell a story that inspires the followers and ignites emotions
- Followers and leaders both expand their awareness through this process.
What does leadership depend on?
- characteristics of the leader
- a good match between the leader and the situation
- portraying/faking power/control to followers
- interacting deeply with them so as to articulate for them the story they’re yearning to hear
How do you become a charismatic or transformational leader?
- self knowledge and development
- authentic leadership development
- the crucible of experience
- experimenting with different roles
- asking for deep and wide feedback
- mentors
- developing emotional intelligence
What is theory-in-use?
The way we really act. Rests on four basic values:
- To remain in unilateral control
- To maximize “winning” and minimize “losing”
- To suppress negative feelings
- To be as rational as possible
Where does the defensiveness of many young consultants stem from?
- an unrealistically high ideal of performance
- a high fear of failure
- a propensity to feel shame and guilt when they fail
What is a defensive attitude?
The tendency to blame mistakes on outside factors to protect oneself
What is the part of the brain that is considered to be at the origin of emotions?
The mammalian brain
What is transference?
The tendency people have to transpose past situations to the present to try to solve unresolved issues
What were the two main ways Jung differed from Freud?
Sexuality and religion
Freudian psychoanalysis
Looks at dreams and uses free association
Jungian anaysis
Looks at dreams, uses free association but also use symbols and myths as keys to interpreting dreams
Myers-Briggs preferences
- Introversion or extroversion
- Intuition or sensing
- Thinking or feeling
- Judging or perceiving
What is the language of the unconscious primarily composed of?
Symbolic images
What is passive fantasy?
-material that foes through the imagination
-fanciful daydream that crosses mind at random points of the day
-Sometimes distracts for long periods of time
Example: worrying
Origin of the word fantasy
Greek for phantasia, meaning to make visible, reveal
Where do you put your focus when you’re giving a speech?
Yourself
When speaking, what do you lead with?
Your heart
What are the three realms in which your body responds more quickly than your mind?
Emotion, relationship, personal safety
“How to master nonverbal communication”
Nick Morgan
“A psychodynamic perspective on human behavior”
JF Coget
When speaking, your voice should have
- resonance and presence
- authoritative arc
- vocal variety (variation in pitch, volume, tone)
“Barriers and gateways to communication”
Carl R. Rogers and F. J. Roethlisberger
Listening with understanding
- alter a persons basic personality structure
- improve their relationships and communications
- involves seeing the expressed idea and attitude from another persons point of view
Communication barriers
- a lack of courage
- heightened emotions
- too large a group
- time pressure
- insecurity and fear
- the managerial paradox
What is the negotiation checklist?
-A guide for thinking about an important, upcoming negotiation
-prepares you well for negotiating
-sections:
A. About you
B. About the other side
C. The situation
D. The relationship between parties
What is BATNA?
- best alternative to a negotiated agreement
- a negotiation backup plan
- key factor in determining negotiation power
- if you have alternatives to the job you are applying for, you have a better BATNA
What is a resistance point?
The worst agreement you are willing to accept before ending negotiations and resorting to your BATNA
What makes a good negotiation?
- plan to lie rather than expose a weakness
- spend time rehearsing answers for smooth delivery
Who wrote “the negotiation checklist”?
Tony Simons and Thomas M. Tripp
What is leadership?
A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.
Management vs. leadership
- Management refers to the numerous roles and activities that a manager must carry out
- leadership activities relate only to subset of larger managerial functions and activities
- leadership is about coping with change
- management is about coping with complexity
Task-behavior
The extent to which the leader engages in spelling out duties and responsibilities of an individual or group
Relationship behavior
The extent to which the leader engages in two-way or multi-way communication
Situational leadership theory
Leaders can adopt different leadership styles to adapt to differing situations
Path-goal theory
- Leaders motivate people to achieve high performance by showing them the path to reach valued goals or results
- includes four leadership styles
1. Directive
2. Supportive
3. Participative
4. Achievement-oriented
