BOT 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Lipids
A
- fatty or oily substances mostly insoluble in water
- longer term energy reserves
- waxes = long chains of fatty acids
- cutin = covers stems and leaves, waxy
- phospholipids = 2 fatty acids + one phosphate group
2
Q
Proteins
A
- made from amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
- primary structure = chain of amino acids
- secondary structure = coiling of polypeptide chains
- tertiary structure = folding of polypeptides, interactions between R groups
- quaternary structure = One or more polypeptides
3
Q
Enzyme
A
- large, complex proteins
- organic catalysts under a specific PH and temperature
- lower energy of activation
- normally and in -ase
4
Q
Nucleic acids
A
- large molecules composed of nucleotides
- nucleotide = base containing nitrogen + 5 carbon sugar + phosphate molecule
- DNA = double-stranded, two long chains
- RNA = single-stranded, different sugar than DNA
5
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
- membrane bound organelles
- larger than prokaryotic cells
- DNA located with in the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids
- cell division is accomplished by mitosis
6
Q
Structure of plant cells
A
- cell walls made of cellulose and hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins
- primary walls of adjacent cells connected by middle lamella
- plasmodesmata = membrane-bound pours three primary walls, form cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
7
Q
Plant cell walls
A
- secondary wall made of lignin
- pits = areas in gaps in the wall
- easy to see
8
Q
Plant cells: plasma membrane
A
- outer boundary of protoplasm
- encloses the cytoplasm and organelles
- phospholipids into layers + proteins
- selectively permeable
- not as easy to see
9
Q
Plant cells: mitochondria
A
- Bound by double membrane
- Inner membrane has many cristae (folds) but a lot of surface area
- Energy stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules released under controlled conditions
- Circular chromosomes
- Thought to have originated from ancient symbiotic relationship
10
Q
Plant cells: chloroplasts
A
- Where light energy is stored
- Leucoplast = colorless, chromoplast = yellow, orange, red
- Has a double membrane
- Interior has grana (stacks of green thylakoid membranes) and stroma (colorless, enzyme rich liquid)
- Circular chromosomes
11
Q
Plant cells: vacuoles
A
- Big, hollow, fluid filled sacs
- Bound by a single membrane
- Contains cell sap (dissolved sugars, salt, pigments, waste products)
12
Q
Plant cells: Golgi bodies
A
- Single membranes
- Make new cell wall material
- Groups of flattened, saclike structures
13
Q
Plant cells: endoplasmic reticulum
A
- Complex system of membranes
- rough = Dotted with ribosomes
- Smooth = no ribosomes
- Ribosomes translate message encoded along messenger RNA
14
Q
Plant cells: cytoskeleton
A
Tubes and fibers permeating the cytoplasm
15
Q
Plant cells: nucleus
A
- Nucleoplasm with fine strands of chromatin
- Contains one or more nuclei
- Double membrane
