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HBIO 302 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Hierarchy Of Nutrition Related Pathology

A
  1. Nutrition Plays Role - e.g. osteoporosis (related to Ca, exercise, etc.)
  2. Strong Nutritional Component - e.g. heart disease, stroke, diabetes, celiac
  3. Deficiencies/Toxicities - scury, iron deficiency, pellagra (b vitamin niacin)
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1
Q

Definition Of A Calorie

A

Heat Required To Raise Temp. Of 1 Kg Of Water 1 Degree Celsius.

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2
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Micronutrients - RDA

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance - first established when health care professionals were primarily concerned with deficiency disorders. Covers 97% of population from inadequacy.

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3
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Micronutrients - EAR

A

Estimated Average Requirement - meets requirement for 50% of the population. When enough data exists, an RDA is then established.

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4
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Micronutrients - AI

A

Adequate Intake - Used when RDA doesn’t exist; covers from estimated RDA at lower limit to 20% towards the upper limit.

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5
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Micronutrients - UL

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level - the point where intake starts to show adverse effects. Begins at appropriately the AI maximum.

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6
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Macronutrients - EER

A

Estimated Energy Requirement - the average caloric intake to maintain energy balance for different populations.

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7
Q

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) For Macronutrients - AMDR

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges - range of intake for each macronutrient associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while still maintaining adequate intake of essential nutrients.

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8
Q

AMDR Recommendations

A

Carbohydrate - 45-65% of energy
Fat - 20-35% of energy
Protein - 10-35% of energy

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9
Q

Dietary Questionnaires

A
  1. Diet History - eating patterns, physical activity, frequency of eating out, etc.
  2. 24 Hour Recall - reliance on memory and estimation of portion size.
  3. FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) - list of foods, patient records how often (s)he eats that food
  4. Diet Record - list over 3-7 days
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10
Q

Case-Control Study

A

More complex that epidemiological studies, but do not illustrate causation. Involve subjects from the same population (i.e. elderly men with high blood pressure.)

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11
Q

Clinical Trial

A

Level 1 - transfer from rats to humans; few people to prevent fatalities.
Level 2 - larger human subject pool; safe in humans now need larger pool to show not due to chance.
Level 3 - used to gauge dosages.

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12
Q

Malnutrition, Undernutrition, Overnutrition

A

Malnutrition - imbalance (too much of one nutrient without another)
Undernutrition - deficiency
Primary Deficiency - not enough
consumption of a nutrient.
Secondary Deficiency - cannot
absorb a nutrient.
Overnutrition - too much (i.e. obesity, toxicity)

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13
Q

Nutritional Assessment - ABCDE G

A 
A - Anthropometric 
B - Biochemical  
C - Clinical 
D - Dietary 
E - Environment

G - Genetics

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14
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Anthropometric - General

A
  1. Percent Fat - Skinfold
  2. BMI
  3. Waist To Hip
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15
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Biochemical

A
  1. Urine - albumin and glucose
  2. Blood Glucose
  3. Insulin
  4. Others - cholesterol, triglycerides
  5. Homestatic Model (HOMA - IR)
  6. Triglyceride Index (TyG Index)
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16
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Clinical

A

Is the patient having headaches, nausea, hair falling out, etc.

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17
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Dietary

A

Usage of 24 hour recall, FFQ, diet record to determine dietary intake.

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18
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Envrionment

A

Water health, chemical plants, copper wiring, etc.

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19
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Genetics

A

Epigenetic affects on gene methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, repression and activation, etc.

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20
Q

Caloric Equivalents For Macronutrients

A 
Carbohydrate - 4 kcal/g; 5 kcal/L O2
Lipid - 9 kcal/g; 4.7 kcal/ L O2 
Protein - 4 kcal/g; 4.5 kcal/ L O2 
Alcohol - 7kcal/g
Soluble Fiber - 1.5 - 2.5 kcal/g due to bacteria fermenting into SCFA
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21
Q

Components Of A Healthful Diet

A
  1. Adequate - enough energy, nutrients
  2. Moderation
  3. Balanced - many different food groups (meat, vegetables, fruits, etc.)
  4. Variety - different food from each food group (lettuce, peppers, kale, etc. among vegetables)
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22
Q

Components Of The Food Label

A
  1. Statement Of Identity - product name is prominently displayed.
  2. Net Contents - quantity of package
  3. Ingredients List - in order of weight
  4. Name/Address Of Manufacturer
  5. Nutrition Information
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23
Q

Nutrition Labels

A
  1. Serving Size - determine by FDA
  2. Calories and Calories From Fat
  3. Nutrient List - nutrients at top should be limited (fat, sat fat) while ones at bottom should be consumed more.
  4. Percent Daily Value - how much one serving contributes to the suggested overall daily intake of that nutrient.
  5. Footnote - if space, 2500 cal per day diet will also be included.
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24
Q

Manufacturer Claims - Regulated By FDA

A
  1. Nutrient Claims - based on daily values (i.e. low sodium means less that 140mg)
  2. Health Claims - related to health and disease.
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25
Q

Manufacturer Claims - Not Regulated By FDA

A

Structure-Function Claims - generic claims about the food’s impact on body (i.e. builds strong bones). Cannot be about a specific disease or symptom.

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26
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims - Free/Without/Zero/No

A

None/trivial amount of that given nutrient.

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27
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims - Light

A
  1. > 1/3 fewer kcal or >1/2 fat from regular food.
  2. > 1/2 sodium from regular food
  3. Lighter in color or texture
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28
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims - Reduced/Less/Fewer

A

> 25% less nutrient or kcal than regular food.

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29
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims -More/Added/Extra

A

> 10% of DV compared to regular food. Only used for vitamins, minerals, protein, fiber, potassium.

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30
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims - Good Source Of/Contains/Provides

A

10-19% of DV per serving, not used for carbohydrate.

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31
Q

FDA Approved Nutrient-Related Terms And Definitions Relative Claims - High/Rich In/Excellent Source Of

A

> 20% of DV per serving (protein, vitamin, mineral, fiber, potassium, not carbohydrate).

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32
Q

Percent Daily Values - Total Fat, Sat. Fat, Total Carbohydrate, Fiber

A

Total Fat - 30%
Saturated Fat - 10%
Total Carbohydrate - 60%
Fiber - 25g

*Based on 2000 kcal/day diet

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33
Q

Food Pyramid

A 
Grains
Vegetables
Fruits
Oil
Dairy 
Meat and Beans
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34
Q

Quantity Estimates - Golf Ball, Tennis Ball, Deck Of Cards, Baseball

A

Golf Ball - 2 tbsp
Tennis Ball - 1/2 cup
Deck Of Cards - 3 oz
Baseball - 1 cup

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35
Q

Layers Of GI Wall

A
  1. Mucosal - epithelial/endocrine cells
  2. Submucosal - connective tissue; glands, nerves, vessels
  3. Muscular - circular, longitudinal, oblique (oblique only in stomach)
  4. Serosa - connective tissue, protection
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36
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Pharynx

A

Throat, passageway between mouth and esophagus. Soft palate prevents bolus from entering the nasal pharynx.

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37
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries

A

Arise from the abdominal aorta. Superior supplies SI and pancreas. Inferior supplies colon.

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38
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Veins

A

Drain blood from GI to the liver via the portal vein. Superior drains SI. Inferior drains colon and meets superior as it meets the portal vein.

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39
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Omentum

A

Sheet of fatty connective tissue that protects and holds organs in place. It is highly vascularized. This is where abdominal fat accumulates.

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40
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Celiac Trunk Artery

A

One of 3 branches from the aorta (the others being super and inferior mesenteric arteries). Supplies the liver, stomach, esophagus, and superior duodenum and pancreas.

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41
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Hepatic Artery

A

Branches from celiac trunk artery and supplies liver, pylorus (part of the stomach that connects to SI), and pancreas.

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42
Q

Miscellaneous Anatomy - Lacteals

A

Digestion of longer chain fatty acids collected in lacteals and enter lymph which ends at thoracic duct and is dumped into heart. SCFA enter portal vein with carbohydrate.

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43
Q

Digestion. Mouth. Salivary Glands

A

Parotid - largest, back of the mouth
Sublingual - smallest, under tongue in from of submandibular
Submandibular - middle sized, beneath jaw, between parotid and sublingual

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44
Q

Digestion. Mouth. Chewing and Swallowing

A

Chewing: epiglottis is open, breathing
Swallowing: epiglottis covers trachea, esophageal sphincter releases to open trachea.

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45
Q

Digestion. Mouth. Secretions. Saliva

A 
Water 
Amylase - Starch to maltose
Lingual Lipase - Milk, lost at age 5-6
Ca and P - Preserve ionic gradient 
Lysozyme - kill bacteria and viruses
Antibodies - "
Bicarbonate - Buffer acidity
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46
Q

Digestion. Esophagus. Sphincters

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter

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47
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Sphincters

A

Pyloric sphincter empties chyme into SI in small amounts

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48
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Cell Types and Locations

A

Gastric Gland - bottom of the invaginations created by rugae, at the gastric pit.
Parietal Cells - bottom of gastric pit
Chief Cells - bottom of gastric pit
Mucus Neck cells - halfway up the gastric pit.
Mucus Surface Cells - top of rugae
G Cells - “

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49
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Secretions. Mucus Neck and Surface Cells

A

Secretion: Mucus

Stimulus: Irritation

Function: Forma bolus, lubrication, barrier between chyme and epithelial cells, some weak buffering capacity.

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50
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Secretions. Parietal Cells

A

Secretion. HCl and Intrinsic Factor

Stimulus. Chewing, smell, sight, distension, gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine, peptides

Function.
HCl denatures protein, kills bacteria and virus, converts pepsinogen to pepsin and inactivates amylase

Intrinsic Factor complexes with B12 to allow absorption.

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51
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Secretions. Chief Cells

A

Secretion. Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase

Stimulus. Pepsinogen stimulated by ach, peptides, acidity,

Gastric Lipase stimulated by gastrin

Function.
Pepsinogen converts to pepsin in the presence of HCl and digests polypeptides to smaller polypeptides.

Gastric Lipase digests SCFA and MCFA, though minimal lipid digestion in stomach.

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52
Q

Digestion. Stomach. Secretions. G Cells

A

Secretion. Gastrin. HORMONE

Stimulus. Ach, peptides, amino acids, distention

Function. Stimulates HCl, pepsinogen, and gastrin secretion. Induces pancreatic and gallbladder secretion. Constricts pyloric sphincter, slowed gastric emptying. Stimulates peristaltic waves.

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53
Q

Absorption. Stomach

A

Water, fluoride, some lipids, some lipid-soluble drugs (aspirin and alcohol)

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54
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Function

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilum

55
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Hierarchy of Surface Area Adaptations

A
  1. Folds in SI
  2. Villi, finger-like projections. Each villi contains capillaries and lacteals.
  3. Microvilli - cells of SI wall are called enterocytes and each ends in hair-like projections called microvilli.
  4. Glycocalyx - glycoprotein-polysaccharides that project from microvilli and attach digestive enzymes.
56
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Goblet Cells

A

Secrete mucus.

57
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Motility

A

Segmentation - process by which rhythmic contractions of circular muscles squeeze contents, increasing contact with enzymes. SI contracts more than any other part of GI.

58
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Hormones. CCK

A

Secreting Cells. Duodenum and Jejunum.

Target Organ. Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, stomach, brain

Function. Increases pancreatic enzyme secretions, increases bike formation, increases bike secretion, slows emptying of chyme, increases satiety.

59
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Hormones. Secretin

A

Secreting Cells. Duodenum

Target Organ. Pancreas and stomach

Function. Increases HCO3- secretion and slows emptying of chyme.

60
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Hormones. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A

Target Organ. Stomach and pancreas

Function. Decreases HCl production (neg feedback) and increases insulin secretion from beta cells.

Neg HCl feedback because it’s the hormone called “inhibitory”

61
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Hormones. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1)

A

Target Organ. Pancreas

Function. Increases insulin release from beta cells

62
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Enzymes. Enterokinase/Enteropeptidase

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin.

63
Q

Digestion. Small Intestine. Secretions. Enzymes. Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase

A

Sucrase - sucrose to glucose and fructose
Maltase - maltose to glucose
Lactase - lactose to glucose and galactose

64
Q

Digestion. Liver. Function. Hepatic Venous System. Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Drains fluid from stomach, spleen, pancreas, SI, and colon.

65
Q

Digestion. Liver. Function. Hepatic Venous System. Hepatic Veins/Arteries

A

Take blood to and from the liver to the heart.

66
Q

Digestion. Liver. Function. Hepatic Venous System. Hepatic Portal Duct

A

Collects bile from liver and connects with the cystic duct coming from
gallbladder to form the commonbile duct.

67
Q

Digestion. Liver. Function. Hepatic Venous System. Commonbile duct

A

Connection from cystic duct from gallbladder and the hepatic portal duct. Joins the pancreatic duct where it ends at the Sphincter of Oddi, dumping digestive juices into the SI.

68
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Exocrine

A

Gland that secretes product by way of a duct.

69
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Bicarbonate

A

Secreting Cells. Duct cells

Function. Neutralizes gastric acid so enzymes can work at optimal pH

70
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Pancreatic Lipase

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar cells

Function. Primary lipase, hydrolysis triglycerides to monoglycerides, FA, and glycerol

71
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Cholesterol Esterase

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Cholesterol esters to cholesterol and FA

72
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Pancreatic Amylase

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Starch to Dextrin and Maltose

73
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Trypsinogen

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Peptides to AA

Enteropeptidase (secreted by SI) converts trypsinogen to trypsin, the active form. Trypsin then activates chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, pro-elastase, and pro-ribonuclease. Pancreas secretes these enzymes in their inactive form so that they don’t destroy the pancreas of pancreatic duct.

74
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Chymotrypsinogen

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Proteins to polypeptides.

75
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Procarboxypeptidase

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Hydrolyzes terminal amino group from the carboxyl group

76
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Proelastase

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Breaks specific peptide bonds.

77
Q

Digestion. Pancreas. Secretions. Proribonuclease

A

Secreting Cells. Acinar Cells

Function. Converts RNA to mononucleotides.

78
Q

Digestion. Colon. Structure

A

Ileocoecal Sphincter connects ileum of SI with the first part of the colon.

  1. Coecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon

Sigmoid colon connects with the rectum, anal canal, and anus.

79
Q

Digestion. Colon. Motility

A

Small pouches of the colon are called haustra, haustration is segmentation of the haustra.

80
Q

Digestion. Colon. Absorption

A

Bacteria ferment soluble fiber to SCFA. Vitamins are also absorbed in colon (vitamin K produced by bacteria in colon).

81
Q

Bicarbonate Product - Stomach

A

Parietal Cells

CO2 and H2O yield HCO3- and H+ via Carbonic Anhydrase

HCO3- actively transported out of the basolateral membrane in exchanges for Cl-. This causes the post-enteric alkaline tide and blood becomes alkaline after a meal.

H+ exchanged for K+ (gradient for K+ to enter cell from Na/K pump) at apical membrane, increasing stomach acidity.

82
Q

Glucose Structure

A

Aldehyde group, and specific orientation of alcohol group

83
Q

Galactose Structure

A

Aldehyde group, and specific orientation of alcohol group

84
Q

Fructose Structure

A

Ketone group, alcohol group is on terminal carbon

85
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3-9 sugars long.

Only partially digested by humans; broken down by bacteria in gut causing gas.

86
Q

Glycogen

A

Highly Branched

87
Q

Health Risks of Artificial Sweeteners

A

May cause: weight gain, learning/memory impairment, dehydration (draws fluid into GI), decreased insulin sensitivity, and dopamine pathways associated with addiction

88
Q

Starch

A

Not as branched as glycogen

  1. Amylose - linear chain, alpha bonds
  2. Amylopectin - branched, alpha bonds
89
Q

Dietary Fiber - Risk Associated with Excess

A

May cause intestinal distress while decreasing ion absorption

90
Q

Dietary Fiber Function

A
  1. May reduce risk of colon cancer by binding harmful substances.
  2. Promote regularity - keep stool moist and soft.
  3. May reduce risk of heart disease because blocks cholesterol absorption and SCFA may reduce LDL production.
  4. Causes feelings of satiety.
  5. May reduce risk of diabetes by slept digestion and absorption of sugars.
91
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Protein breakdown for gluconeogensis produces ketones. Ketones cause blood to become acidic. Diabetics are at risk for ketoacidosis.

92
Q

Carbohydrate Function - Metabolic Primer

A

Carbohydrate are needed for complete oxidation of FAs.

93
Q

Glycogen Storage

A

Liver: 70-200g
Muscle: 120-400g

94
Q

Blood Glucose Elevating Hormones

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and GH.

95
Q

Carbohydrate Absorption

A

Glucose and Galactose are transported via Sodium Dependent Active Transport. This means energy is required and they raise blood glucose levels more quickly.

Fructose is transported via Facilitated Diffusion. This means no energy is required and fructose does not raise blood glucose as quickly.

96
Q

Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter (SGLT) - Sodium Linked Glucose Transporter

A

Sodium/Potassium Pump pumps sodium out of the cell to create concentration gradient. Sodium flows in via at apical membrane, glucose brought with it against it’s concentration gradient.

97
Q

Sodium Independent Glucose Transporter (GLUT)

A

Facilitated diffusion, requires no energy.

98
Q

Glucose Transporters - GLUT2

A

Saccharide. Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Location. SI, liver, pancreas (beta cells)

Function. Facilitated diffusion, requires no energy. Allows flow in 2 directions letting liver uptake/release as needed and pancreas to gauge serum levels.

99
Q

Glucose Transporters - GLUT3

A

Glucose transporter found in the brain.

100
Q

Glucose Transporters - GLUT4

A

Mediated by insulin, found in adipose tissue and muscle

101
Q

Glucose Transporters - GLUT5

A

Can transport fructose as well as glucose.

102
Q

Prebiotics

A

Nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate bacterial growth

103
Q

Probiotics

A

Ingestion of live organisms typically bacteria

104
Q

Control Of Protein Synthesis

A

DNA controls protein synthesis; carbohydrate and lipid are synthesized in response to energy needs.

105
Q

Amino Acids with Sulfur In R Groups

A

Cysteine and Methionine

106
Q

Essential Amino Acid

A

9 Essential Amino Acids

107
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A

11 nonessential amino acids

108
Q

Transamination

A

Process by which amine group from a nonessential amino acid is transferred to a different amino acids and side chain to create an essential amino acid.

109
Q

Oligopeptide

A

4-9 amino acids

110
Q

Hierarchy of Protein Structure

A
  1. Primary - sequence of AA
  2. Secondary - initial folding or pleating of AA chain due hydrogen bonding.
  3. Tertiary - folding into 3D shape. Due to hydrogen, hydrophobic, and disulfide bonds.
  4. Quaternary - combination of multiple tertiary polypeptide chains. Ionized R groups bind polypeptides. Can be globular or fibrous.
111
Q

Denaturation of Proteins

A

Cause by heat, acidity, alkalinity, mechanical, heavy metals, alcohol, caustic substances.

Does not affect protein’s primary structure.

112
Q

Digestion. Proteins. Stomach

A

Secretion. HCl and pepsinogen

Secreting Cells. Parietal and Chief

Function. Denatures proteins. HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin which beaks polypeptides to smaller polypeptides and AAs.

Gastrin primes body for food bolus by stimulating HCl and pepsinogen secretion

113
Q

Digestion. Proteins. Small Intestine

A

Enteropeptidase from SI activates trypsinogen which activates other proteases that break polypeptides into oligo, tri, dipeptides and AA which are absorbed.

114
Q

Absorption. Proteins. Small Intestine

A

Oligo, tri, dipeptides and AA are absorbed. SI cells further digest these into AA which enter portal circulation.

115
Q

Protein Quality

A

PDCAAS - Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score

Animal and Soy - 90%
Legumes - 70-80%
Grains - 60-90%

116
Q

Protein RDA

A 
Sedentary - 0.8g/kg
Endurance - 1.2-1.4
Strength - 1.2-1.7 
Veg. Endurance - 1.3-1.5 
Veg. Strength - 1.3-1.8
117
Q

Protein Functions

A
  1. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
  2. Fat Synthesis
  3. Carbohydrate Synthesis
  4. Membrane Transport
  5. Blood Transport - hemoglobin,
    albumin carries lipids.
  6. Peptide hormones - insulin and GH
  7. Motility - muscular contraction
  8. Buffering - side chains and H+
  9. Immunity - antibodies
  10. Growth and Repair
  11. Enzymatic
  12. Structure
118
Q

Independent Variable

A

Factor being manipulated, outcome is independent. Graphed on x axis

119
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Response being measured, outcome is dependent. Graphed on y axis

120
Q

Research Hypothesis

A
  1. Independent Variable
  2. Dependent Variable
  3. Type of Interaction (i.e. correlation)
  4. Direction of Interaction
121
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

States that relationship is due to chance.

122
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency, ability to reproduce results.

123
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy

  1. Conclusion Validity - measure of if conclusions are correct, compared to gold standard
  2. Internal Validity - measure of control within experiment
  3. External Validity - ability to generalize to population from which samples were drawn.
124
Q

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

A 
-1 = inverse
0 = none 
1 = positive
125
Q

T-Test

A

Means of 2 groups.

Between - independent samples, unrelated groups

Within - dependent samples, related groups

126
Q

ANOVA

A

Comparison between 3 groups.

Between (One-Way) - independent, unrelated groups

Within (Two-Way) - dependent, related groups

127
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Biochemical - Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR)

A

[Fast Glucose]x[Fast Insulin]/22.5

Glucose Units - mM
Insulin Units - microunits/mL

Problem is that this test is expensive and there is no classification for what a good score is.

128
Q

Nutritional Assessment - Biochemical - Triglyceride Index (TyG Index)

A

Ln[Fast TG]x[Fast Glucose]/2

TG Units - mg/dL
Glucose Units - mg/dL

Ln4.65 is the mark of insulin resistance.

129
Q

Food Pyramid - Grain Recommendation

A

6oz; 6oz; 9 oz

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

130
Q

Food Pyramid - Vegetable Recommendation

A

2.5 cup; 2.5 cup; 3.5 cup

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

131
Q

Food Pyramid - Fruit Recommendation

A

1.5 cup; 2 cup; 2 cup

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

132
Q

Food Pyramid - Oil Recommendation

A

5 tsp; 5 tsp; 8 tsp

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

133
Q

Food Pyramid - Dairy Recommendation

A

3 cup; 3 cup; 3 cup

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

134
Q

Food Pyramid - Meat and Bean Recommendation

A

5 oz; 5.5 oz; 6 oz

1800, 2000, 2600 kcal diet

135
Q

Bicarbonate Product - Pancreas

A

Pancreatic Duct Cells

CO2 and H2O yield HCO3- and H+ via Carbonic Anhydrase

Opposite as Parietal Cells: HCO3- actively transported out of the apical membrane in exchanges for Cl-. In this way, the pancreas secretes bicarbonate into the pancreatic duct.

H+ exchanged for K+ (gradient for K+ to enter cell from Na/K pump) at basolateral membrane, increasing blood acidity.

HBIO 302 (2 decks)

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