Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Nutrition > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for migraine prevention

A

Butterbur (petasite hybridus)

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for musculoskeletal health

A 
Cayenne (capsaicin)
Willow bark
Devils claw
Bromelian and flavonoid containing botanicals
Botanical oils high is GLA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for cardiovascular health

A

Garlic
Hawthorn
Horse chestnut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for Respiratory health

A 
Echinacea purpurea
andrographis panniculata
Sambucus nigra (black elderberry)
Pelargonium sidoides (Umcka)
Hedera helix (Ivy Leaf)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for Cognitive Health

A

ginkgo biloba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for psychological health

A

St. John’s Wort
Valerian
Kava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for Liver Health

A

Milk thistle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinically useful botanicals for Prostate Health

A

Saw Palmetto

Pygeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clincally useful botanicals for Gynecological health

A 
Vitex agnus (Chaste tree)
Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Horse Chestnut

A

Cardiovascular health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sambucus nigra (Black elderberry)

A

Respiratory Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pelargonium Sidoides (Umcka)

A

Respiratory Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Feverfew (Tanacetum Parthenium)

A

Migraine prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Saw Palmetto

A

Prostate Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitex angus

A

Gynecological Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)

A

Gynecological Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adaptogen

A

generally strengthens the body system (also called tonic)

asian ginseng, siberian ginseng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Analgesic

A

reduces or relieves pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anodyne

A

pain relieving, not as potent as anesthetic or narcotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antihelmintic

A

expels or distroys intestinal worms (also called Vermifuge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antipyretic

A

reduces or prevents fever (also Fibrifuge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antispasmodic

A

relieves spasms or cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aphrodisiac

A

increases sexual desire or potency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Astringent

A

contracts or shrinks tissue, used to decrease secretions or control bleeding
witch hazel, horse chestnut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bitter tonic

A

possesses an acrid, astringent or disagreeable taste that stimulates flow of saliva and gastric juices
gentian root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

calmative

A

mild sedative or hypnotic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carminative

A

stops the formation of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has already formed
peppermint, chamomile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cathartic

A

powerfully activates intestinal peristalsis, used to relieve severe constipation (also purgative, compare laxative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cholegogue

A

stimulates secretion and release of bile (also called Choleretic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cholerectic

A

cholegoge- stimulates secretion and release of bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Counterirritant

A

causes a distracting irritation intended to relieve another irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Demulcent

A

soothes irritates tissue, especially mucous membranes

slippery elm, aloe leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Diaphoretic

A

promotes sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Diuretic

A

promotes urine production and flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Emetic

A

induces vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Emollient

A

softens or soothes skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Expectorant

A

increases bronchial secretion and facilitates their expulsion through coughing spitting or sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fibrifuge

A

see antipyretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Galactogogue

A

increase secretion of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hepatic

A

affects the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Laxative

A

generally promotes bowel movements

Senna, cascara, psyllium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Nervine

A

calms nervousness, tension or excitement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Pectoral

A

relieves aliments of the chest and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Purgative

A

see cathartic (strong laxitive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Sedative

A

reduced nervous tension; usually stronger than a calmative

valerian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Soporific

A

induces sleeo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Stimulant

A

excited or quickens a process or activity of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Stomachic

A

gives strength and tone to the stomach or stimulates the appetite by promoting digestive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Tonic

A

see adaptogen- to strengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vermifuge

A

see antihelmintic- to get rid of worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Powder

A

dried and ground plant part used in tablets and capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Infusions

A

weak extractions using brief exposures to hot water as in making tea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Decoction

A

stronger extraction than infusions by boiling water for longer periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Tincture

A 
fliud extractions (usually alcohol) with longer exposure time (up to weeks)
concentration is usually 1herb:5-10parts fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Fluid extract

A

fluid extracted after which some of the fluid is distilled away
typically 1:1 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Solid extract

A

Most concentrated extract produced by evaporating all fluid

typically 2:1 to 8:1 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Standardized extract

A

extract produced to contain a constant amount of one or more known active ingredients
concentration of active ingredient(s) appears on lable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

BID

A

2x/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

TID

A

3x/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

QID

A

4x/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Q4H

A

every four hours

61
Q

PRN

A

as needed

62
Q

St John’s Wort scientific name

A

Hypericum perforatum

63
Q

St John’s Wort: Part of the plant used

A

Aerial (above ground) harvested during the flowering season

64
Q

St John’s Wort: Physiological effects

A

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO inhibitor)
inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
possibly modification to receptor and the hypothalmic-pituatary-adrenal axis
induces cytochrome P450 activity- this can affect the metabolism of several drugs

65
Q

St John’s Wort: Active constituents

A

Hypericin and other dianthrones (benchmark for standardization)
Hyperforin (becoming an additional standardization benchmark)

66
Q

Hypericin

A

St John’s Wort- original standardization

67
Q

Hyperforin

A

St John’s Wort- additional constituent for antidepression

68
Q

St John’s Wort: Clinical evidence of effectiveness for indicated uses

A

Consistently effective for mild, moderate and severe depression in adults (know more about adults)
studies have shown that SJW is equivalent to antidepressant drugs
Study showed once daily 900mg in adults and children 600-900mg to be effective. One of two supplements safe and effective for depression-the other one is S-adenosylmethionine-SAMe

69
Q

St John’s Wort: Extraction and standardization criteria for effective preparations

A

standardized alcohol extract containing 0.3% hypericin
300mg TID is most common- up to 1200mg BID for major depression. doses as low as 500mg/day may be effective.
studies have shown that 5% hyperforin was more effective that 0.5% hyperforin

70
Q

St John’s Wort: Necessary cautions and precautions (containdications, side effects, pregnancy/lactation issues, drug interaction issues)

A

Contraindications: Current antidepression medication, bipolar disorder or current treatment with drugs (watch the P450)
Side Effects: better tolerated than antidepressant medications but may include upset stomach, fatigue, itching, sleep disturbances, skin rash and increased skin photosensitivity.
Interactions: if hyperforin content is high it may increase the catabolism of other drugs
may increase the activity of other drugs
may cause irregular bleeding or decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives
Pregnancy/Lactation: No restrictions known but unknown risks suggest caution

71
Q

Somatoform disorder

A

features symptoms such as chronic pain than cannot be explained physically but can be attributed to psychological factors- your emotions inflate your physical symptoms- SJW was rates a B in treating this disorder

73
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A

minor depression

74
Q

The longevity program makes several recommendations for achieving an optimal diet. On which dietary patterns are these recommendations based?

A

Mediterranean diet, dash diet, USDA/Harvard Healthy Eating Index

75
Q

What foods and food components would be emphasized on the longevity diet? Which ones would be restricted of avoided?

A

Focused on fresh fruit, veggies, healthy protein, limited red meat and processed meats, whole grains over refined grains, lower fat dairy, healthy oils, limited sweets and sweetened beverages

76
Q

Which supplement is recommended in the Longevity Program? Which supplement recommendations are more speculative?

A

Multivitamin-mineral with iron for premonopausal women

- additional vitamin D/antioxidants/fish oil?

77
Q

What are the non-nutrtional recommendations of the longevity program, and why are they important?

A

Mental health management (stress and depression effects)

environmental health management

78
Q

Four main therapeutic programs

A

Longevity
Functional Restoration of Body Systems (detox/xenobiotics)
Allergy Elimination
Prostaglandin Modification

79
Q

The detoxification program assumes that exposure to xenobiotics may occur from which parts of the external environment

A

Air food water

80
Q

How are exercise and heat used in detoxification strategies

A

Used to mobilize and remove toxins

81
Q

Describe the detoxification methods used in the Hubbard program

A

Daily immediate release niacin supplementation to induce lipolysis
Moderate aerobic exercise to increase circulation and lipolysis
Intermittent moderate heat saunas
Fatty acid and multivitamin mineral support for improved nutritional status.

82
Q

As reported in the scientific literature, what types of health problems and toxic exposures has the Hubbard program been successful to treat

A

Firefighters- ground zero

83
Q

Name the five organs of detoxification

A

Intestine, liver, kidneys, skin, lungs

84
Q

Explain the basic purpose of each of the two phases of liver detoxification

A

Phase/Step 1- Cytochrome P450 toxic chemical to less toxic
Required: B vitamins, folic acid, glutathione, antioxidants, carotenoids, vit E&C
Phase/Step 2- conjugation pathway the liver cells add another substance to a toxic chemical or drug to render it less harmful so that it can be excreted from the body
Required: Amino acids, sulphurated-phytochemicals found in garlic & cruciferous vegetables

85
Q

What is the relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and systemic disease

A

There are a lot of connections, even between types of arthritis- dysbiosis= unbalanced microbiome

86
Q

What is meant by the “leaky gut”

A

The gut is supposed to be semipermeable and selective, there is evidence that this barrier doesn’t work well sometimes and lets things in that shouldn’t be let in. Things like alcohol and NSAIDs can make this worse.

87
Q

Describe four methods for restoring optimal function of the intestine

A

REMOVE- stressors from the environment, antigenic foods, additives, drugs, chemical agents, bacteria, fungi, parasites
REPLACE digestive secretions as needed, HCL, digestive enzymes, bile acids
RE-INOCULATE with beneficial bacteria-pre or probiotics
REPAIR (above 3 +) key nutrients include zinc and glutamine

88
Q

How could a patient have an allergy that is provoking symptoms without knowing they have an allergy?

A

delayed hypersensitivity response, may not be able to put two and two together. You may have a chronic symptom because you do not know it is triggering it. “hidden allergies.”
For some disease that are known to have certain allergies attached to them, it might be worth taking that food out of their diet. ie- Rheumatoid arthritis

89
Q

What are the pros and cons of laboratory testing for food allergies?

A

No one test is perfect, allergy testing is never complete.
costly and unreliable- there are several possible mechanisms for allergic responses and lab tests are usually only specific for one mechanism such as IgE or IgG

90
Q

What foods are almost always eliminated in a food allergy elimination diet?

A

Dairy and wheat. Should really do this with the top 10 or 20 allergic foods.

91
Q

Describe how you would explain the method of the allergy elimination and challenge program to a patient

A

Remove it for 1-3 weeks to see if you start feeling better

92
Q

What is the purpose of the rotation diet and how is it used?

A

To slowly add those foods back in to try prevent re development of an allergy

93
Q

What health problems or risks may be helped by the prostaglandin-modification program

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions; conditions relating to platelet function, smooth muscle irritability; other prostaglandin functions

94
Q

List the strategies that make up the prostaglandin-modification program

A

Remove the bad AA, provide cofactors, provide good fatty acids

95
Q

What food sources or arachidonic acid should be limited in the prostaglandin-modification program

A

limit- animal flesh, dairy fats, egg yolk, hydrogenated (trans) fats and alcohol.
only mammals make AA

96
Q

What foods can be eaten frequently to improve the balance between friendly and unfriendly prostaglandins?

A

Fish oil omega 3 fatty acids helps inhibit arachidonic acid production + anti inflam agents
Gamma linolenic acid- can be a precursor to beneficial eicosanoids, and may not be produced in adequate amounts under certain conditions. -these are plant based and omega 6.

97
Q

What are the sources for gamma linolenic acid supplementation? For omega-3 fatty acid supplementation? Which are the most potent sources for each? What precautions should be taken when using them?

A

Gamma linolenic acid is not in food but it is in some seeds that we can process it from. theraputic amounts start at 500mg/day. Goes to 2800mg/day. 2-6 borage oil capsules per day Evening Primrose oil
Omega 3- certain fish (mackerel, herring, chinook/king/atlantic/sockey, oysters, albacore, tuna, rainbow trout) flaxseed and walnuts and their oils, canola oil.
Omega 3 supplements: Omega 3 better than flaxseed oil. theraputic starts at 1000mg/day of EPA+DHA. 1-10g/day. prevention or intervene? 1g/day=heart disease prevention
3g/day= already have heart disease
3-8g/day= artritis
3-10g/day=kidney disease

98
Q

What are three mechanisms behind the concept of an antiinflam diet? What foods would typically appear in these diets and which foods would be limited or removed?

A

Close to the Mediterranean diet

  • Lots of fruits and veggies
  • minimize saturated and trans fat
  • good sources of omega 3
  • watch intake of refined carbs like pasta or white rice
  • lots of whole grains
  • lean protein
  • no processed food
  • spice it up: ginger, curry
99
Q

Unfriendly arachidonic acid sources

A

animal flesh, dairy fats, egg yolk. AA itself is not inflammatory but these have precursors to other nasty things (ecosonoids)

100
Q

Dietary inhibitors of normal prostaglandin metabolism

A

hydrogenated (trans) fat

alcohol

101
Q

Cofactors for optimal prostaglandin metabolism

A

Vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc

102
Q

How do recent US guidelines for assessing and treating Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease ASCVD risk depart from Canadian and earlier US guidelines?

A

Stroke is added to CAD in risk predicton calculations
race is added to reflect risk
Cholesterol lowering goals have been changed
moderate short term risk for ASCVD has been changed so more people qualify for treatment
statins are used more immediately now. less initial non pharmacological therapy treatment used.

103
Q

What ASCVD prevention interventions should be used for all individuals regardless of their personal risk for ASCVD?

A

Diet, exercise and lifestyle to reduce ASCVD

104
Q

What risk assessment should be done in all adults 40 years of age and older and in younger adults in whom elevated risk is suspected?

A

10 year risk of ASCVD calculated every 4-6 years

105
Q

How are moderate and high ASCVD risk defined?

A

People with moderate risk should recieve additional treatment. modified risk is defined as a elevated 10-year risk of ASCVD, US guidelines state about 7.5% or higher, Canadian state 10% or higher.

106
Q

What clinical measurements are needed to assess whether the metabolic syndrome is present?

A

Metabolic syndrome is present when three of any of the following is present:
Abdominal obesity
Triglyeride levels 150mg/dl or over or medication treated
HDL cholesterol less than 40 in men, 50 in women or medically treated
Blood pressure 130/85 or medically treated
Fasting glucose 100mg/dl or medically treated

107
Q

Blood cholesterol intervention decisions are aimed at improving which specific blood laboratory value?

A

LDL

108
Q

Describe the general dietary pattern recommended for ASCVD prevention

A

Rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fatty fish, low fat dairy, lean poultry, nuts, legumes,
Like the mediterranean diet or dash diet. Plant based with low processed foods

109
Q

What four characteristics define the food recommendation in the dietary portfolio of cholesterol lowering foods?

A

Plant sterols, soy protein, nuts and/or viscous fiber

110
Q

What foods or food components increase the Mediterranean Diet Score? Which ones lower the score?

A

see page C14. Basically just eating lots of veggies, fruits, nuts, fish, legumes, if you eat enough you get a point, if you dont you do not get the point. Need at least 6 points for highest benefit and less than 4 means there is little or no protection. There are 9 questions.

111
Q

When is moderate alcohol consumption not recommended for a patient with elevated ASCVD risk?

A

Elevated triglyceride levels or other contraindications

112
Q

Describe the benefits of phytosterols (plant steroids) and how their consumption can be increased.

A

lowers concentrations of serum total and LDL cholesterol
Plant sterols can be added to low fat yogurt, low fat milk, low fat cheese, dark chocolate. However are found to be more effective when in margarines, mayonnaises, vegetable oils, salad dressings

113
Q

Which viscous fiber supplements are available as blood cholesterol treatment options?

A

Beta-glucan
Glucomannan
Psyllium hust
Guar gum

114
Q

Describe an appropriate garlic supplement for treating blood cholesterol

A

Fresh garlic powder yielding at least 4000mcg allicin per daily dose

115
Q

Describe an appropriate red yeast rice supplement for treating blood cholesterol. What precautions should be taken when using this supplement?

A

Chinease red yeast rice extract, at least 1200mg daily supplying at least 7mg total lovastatins per day.
Precautions: consider cotreatment with coenzyme C10
measure CK if muscle symptoms develop
Measure hepatic functions is symptoms develop

116
Q

What intervention options are available for treating high ASCVD risk patients or for intensifying treatment of moderate ASCVD risk patients?

A

You want to achieve at least 50% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels.

  • Rule out secondary causes of hyperlipidemia
  • Refer for intensive diet, exercise and or lifestyle interventions in a 1 on 1 setting
  • Chinese red yeast extract up to maximum tolerated dose
  • Refer for statin therapy
  • Niacin: immediate release up to 3000mg/day or extended release up to 2000mg/day
117
Q

What precautions should be taken when using niacin for blood lipids?

A

Monitor transaminases, glucose tolerance, uric acid

To minimize flushing start doses low and build up, take with food or pre medicate with aspirin 30 minutes prior

118
Q

What treatment options are available for elevated blood triglycerides? What treatment options are available for low blood HDL?

A

blood triglycerides: all of the normal ones- rule out 2ndary cause, healthy weight, diet and exercise, limit alcohol, fish oil and niacin
low blood HDL: stop smoking, moderate drinking ok, niacin

119
Q

What is considered high risk for ASCVD

A

High risk should receive intensive treatment. High risk is any of the following

  • clinical evidence of current ASCVD (CAD, cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease)
  • LDL cholesterol over 190mg/dl or higher
  • Over age 40 with type 1 or 2 diabetes AND elevated 10 year risk
  • Canadian guidelines define high risk as 10-year risk of 20% or greater
120
Q

Which diet, exercise, and other lifestyle factors specifically impact blood pressure?

A 
Weight loss if overweight
reduce salt intake
increase physical activity
diet similar to DASH
limit alcohol
121
Q

What are the six food categories of the DASH diet? What minerals is the DASH diet designed to provide in generous amounts?

A

Grains and grain products, vegetables, fruits, low fat or non fat dairy, meats poultry and fish, nuts seeds and legumes.
Potassium (need grams, problem prescribing, can use salt substitutes, watch for kidney disorders), Magnesium (350mg), Calcium (1000-1200mg)

122
Q

Which supplements are treatment options for lowering blood pressure?

A

Coenzyme Q10, fresh garlic powder (at least 4000 mcg allicin per daily dose), fish oil (delivering at least 3000mg daily)

123
Q

Describe an appropriate form of chocolate for treating blood pressure

A

high polyphenol content, at least one ounce containing at least 50% cocoa content

124
Q

What foods are the top sources of sodium in the American diet?

A 
Meat pizza
White bread
Processed cheese
hot dogs
spaghetti sauce
Ham
catsup
cooked rice
white rolls
flour tortillas
125
Q

What treatment options are available for insulin resistance?

A

Low carb/low glycemic diet
re emphasize diet, exercise and lifestyle
recommend multi, want 100% vit D, magnesium, zinc, and chromium (consider chromium supplement-500 mcg)
Alpha-lipoic acid 600mg daily
Dark chocolate 3.5oz
refer for pharmacological therapy

126
Q

What treatment options are available for homocysteinemia?

A

Folic acid, B12, B6
they are controversial
consider measuring plasma homocysteine to detect elevated levels and treat with folic acid & vit B12 (400mg each/day)
multivitamin with B vitamins in it

127
Q

What treatment options are available for prothrombotic state?

A

Low dose aspirin therapy is routine

  • fish/fish oil (at least 1000mg/day of EPA+DHA)
  • garlic, ginko biloba and vit E have anticoagulant activity
128
Q

What treatment options are available for endothelial dysfunction?

A

Occurs early in the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis, reduces availability of NO
increase intake of polyphenols from tea, fruit, wine, dark chocolate
increase intake of fish and fish oils

129
Q

What treatment options are available for chronic systemic inflammation?

A

increase plant sterols, soy protein, nuts and or viscous fiber
multivitamins-mineral (want 100% B6, C, E, magnesium)
Chinease red yeast rice extract (1200mg daily- 7mg lovastatins)
referral for statin therapy

130
Q

Garlic: common and scientific names

A

Allium sativum

131
Q

Garlic: Parts of the plant used:

A

Bulb, containing individual cloves

132
Q

Garlic: Active constituents

A

Allicin and related sulphur compounds

133
Q

Garlic: physiological effects

A 
antimicrobial
hypocholesterolemic
antithrombotic/fibrinolytic
antioxidant
tumor inhibiting, anti carcinogenic
134
Q

Garlic: clinical evidence of effectiveness for indicated uses

A

hyperlipidemia- all by itself it is not as strong as statins but combined with other things could be as significant
hypertension- reduces BP
atherosclerotic disease- good

135
Q

Garlic: Nessasary cautions and precautions

contraindications, side effects, pregnancy/lactation, drug interaction issues

A

contraindications: pre surgical status: bleeding
known allergies

Side effects:body ordor, heartburn and flatulence

Interacts with anticoagulents-icrease bleeding time and alters drug metabolism- may decrease HIV meds

Babies may get upset stomachs

136
Q

Valerian: Common and scientific name

A

Valeriana officinalis

137
Q

Valerian: Parts of the plant used

A

Root

138
Q

Valerian: Active constituents

A

Volatile oils
sesquiterpenes such as valerenic acid
iridoid esters such as valepotraites
flavonoids such a linarin

139
Q

Valerian: physiological effects

A

acts on CNS- mood and sleep disorders- INSOMNIA AND ANXIETY
sedative-hipnotic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antispasmotic
binds to gaba- sedative
changes EEG wave patterns
counteracts caffeine

140
Q

Valerian: Clinical evidence of effectiveness for indicated uses

A

sleep: mixed results-better when mixed with other things and at high doses. mixed with lemon balm or hops
as muscle relaxant- unknown
anxiety- varied results

141
Q

Valerian: Nessasary cautions and precautions

contraindications, side effects, pregnancy/lactation, drug interactions

A

Should not be combined with sedative, barbiturate therapy or general surgical anaesthesia without medical consent.
does not appear to reduce reaction time etc.
does not seem to react with other drugs
no research on human pregnancies

142
Q

Kava: Name and scientific name

A

Common Kava kava

Scientific Piper methysticum

143
Q

Kava: part of the plant used

A

Rhizome

144
Q

Kava: active constituents

A

Kava-lactones aka kava-pyrones

145
Q

Kava: physiological effects

A

Analgesic, centrally mediated muscle relaxing, and anticovulsant effects
may bind to GABA receptors, maybe also dopamine, opioid and histamine.
possibly antidepressant, hippocampal and limbic system effects
smooth muscle relaxant

146
Q

Kava: Clinical evidence of effectiveness for indicated uses

A

Known to be good with anxiety, anxiety in menopausal women, anxiety with depression, , good with mental stress/insomnia

147
Q

Kava: Nessasary cautions and precautions

contraindications, side effects, pregnancy/lactation, drug interaction

A

contraindicated if on sedative, antidepressant or anti-psychotic therapy. or going under general anaesthesia.
Excess causes intoxication, some cases of hepatotoxicity
occasional GI distress, possible allergies, may turn skin yellow, driving and memory not impaired
not recommended during pregnancy, may increase your memory when drunk

148
Q

Garlic: effective forms

A

garlic powder 600-900mg daily
garlic oil may not be as effective as the powder
fresh garlic 1 clove/day
aged garlic extract

149
Q

Valerian dosage and administration

A 
Dried root powder, 
Root extracts (5:1 or 8:1)
150
Q

Dosage and administration of Kava

A

50-100mg (35-70 mg kava lactones TID for anxiety

120-200 mg/day for stress related insomnia

Clinical Nutrition (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions