Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MB 302 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hooke

A

published first drawing of microbe in Micrographia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

“father of microbiology”, detailed drawings and descriptions, sent to Royal Society of London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

members of microbial world

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya (protists: algae, protozoa, slime molds, water mold; fungi)
viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 Kingdoms

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

basis for Woese’s classification

A

16S/18S rRNA sequence –> 3 domains

viruses lack rRNA, not in domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

taxonomic ranks

A

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

binomial system: Genus species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pasteur

A

sterile, fermentation, rabies vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Koch

A

bacteria cause disease from study of anthrax, Koch’s postulates, tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fleming

A

penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Winogradsky

A

soil microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Beijerinck

A

virology, microbial ecology, nitrogen fixing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

resolution depends on

A

wavelength and lens ability (numerical aperture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Abbe equation

A

d = .5(wavelength) / nsin(theta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

immersion oil

A

increases numerical aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bright field

A

dark image against bright background

gross morphology of stained bacteria, dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dark field

A

light reflected by specimen

living unstained cells and internal structures, larger euk. microbes (fungi, algae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

out of phase light waves amplify differences in refractive index of cells and water
living unstained cells, internal structures, larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fluorescent microscope

A

light emitted by specimen

use fluorescent antibodies to identify 1 organism from many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

differential interference contrast (DIC)

A

out of phase light produce interference and form image
2 beams of polarized light by prisms
live unstained cells, colored and 3D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

confocal scanning laser microscope

A

laser beams to illuminate specimen, scans many sections, detector/computer put together, 3D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

light microscope

A

uses light, condensers, eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

electron microscope

A

uses electron beam, electromagnets, photographic plate

disadvantages: no living specimen, altered morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

100,000X, .5nm resolution
view internal structures, viruses, DNA
lenses and specimen under high vacuum, thin slices in plastic
*form image from radiation that has passed through specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

produces image from electrons released from atoms on object’s surface
sample coated with thin layer of metal
gives realistic 3D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

electron cryotomography

A

rapid freezing (vitreous ice) and tilt series –> 3D inside and outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

scanning probe microscopes

A

sharp probe moves over surface, can view atoms

scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

scanning tunneling microscope

A

type of scanning probe microscope

steady current maintained between probe and sample, up/down of probe located atoms on surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

atomic force microscope

A

type of scanning probe microscope

probe moves over specimen at constant distance, up/down creates image, used with surfaces that don’t conduct electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus - round

bacillus - rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

coccus arrangements

A

diplococcus - pairs
streptococcus - chains
staphylococcus - clusters
tetrads - squares, groups of 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

bacillus arrangements

A

diplobacillus

some strepto-, never staphylo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vibrios

A

comma shaped, single curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

spirilla

A

rigid spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

spirochetes

A

flexible spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

mycelium

A

network of hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

fruiting body

A

complex structure, bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cell envelope

A

plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

basic roles of bacterial plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable barrier, performs metabolic processes, communication with environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ethanolamine

A

bacterial hydrophilic phosphate of phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

lecithin

A

eukaryotic hydrophilic phosphate of phospholipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

sterols

A

eukaryotic part of plasma membrane, gives rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

hopanoids

A

bacterial part of plasma membrane, sterol-like, unique to bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

macroelements

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

micronutrients

A

manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

growth factors

A

must be obtained from environment

amino acids, purines/pyrimidines/ vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

transported by passive diffusion

A

glycerol, H2O, O2, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

primary active transport

A 
ABC transporters (ATP binding cassette) 
membrane binding domain/transporter, solute binding/binds substrate, ATP binding domain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses potential energy of ion gradients, co-transporters, include major facilitator superfamily (MFS) proteins
symport and antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

symport

A

same direction

ex: lactose uptake, lactose + proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

antiport

A

opposite directions

ex: sodium leaves, proton enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

group translocation

A

involves chemical modification of substrate
sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) - sugar transported while being phosphorylated
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) - phosphate donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

siderophores

A

secreted by cell, bind ferric ion, supply to cell

ferrichrome, enterobactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

murein

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

basic PG structure

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) alternate in chains, link together
tetrapeptide attached to NAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

tetrapeptide in PG

A

L-alanine
D-glutamine
L-lysine or meso-diaminopimelic acid
D-alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

tetrapeptide cross links

A

direct or through peptide interbridge (5 glycines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

gram + cell wall

A

thick, fluffy, PG 60-100%
peptide interbridge - 5 glycines in crosslink
teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid
periplasmic space?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

gram - cell wall

A

PG 5-10%
direct linkage - no additional amino acid
not all tetrapeptides linked
outer membrane linked to plasma membrane by Braun’s lipoprotein or contact sites
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
permeability - porin
periplasmic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A 
hair like, outermost layer of gram neg. 
lipid A + core polysaccharide + O antigen 
attachment
O antigen = protection 
Lipid A = endotoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

gram stain mechanism

A

crystal violet (+ charge), iodine (dye retention), ethanol (decolorization), safranin ( - charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

protoplasts

A

complete loss of cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

spheroplasts

A

gram neg. cells w/out PG

still have OM and plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

bacteria that lack PG in cell wall

A

Chlamydiae and Planctomycetes

66
Q

mycoplasmas

A

lack cell wall, sterols in plasma membrane, osmotically sensitive

67
Q

outside bacterial cell wall…

A

capsules, slime layers, glycocalyx, s layer,

68
Q

capsules

A

well organized, hard to wash off

polysaccharides, help pathogens resist phagocytosis, protect against desiccation, exclude viruses and hydrophobic toxins

69
Q

slime layers

A

diffuse/unorganized, easy to remove

polysaccharides, facilitates motility (gliding bacteria)

70
Q

glycocalyx

A

can include capsule and slime layers
network of polysaccharides extending from surface
attachment to solid surfaces

71
Q

S layer of bacteria

A

not part of cell wall
regularly structured, protein or glycoprotein
protection, shape, cell adhesion

72
Q

FstZ

A

bacterial cytoskeleton protein
septum formation
euk = tubulin

73
Q

MreB/MbI

A

bacterial cytoskeleton protein
maintain bacilli cell shape, PG synthesis
euk = actin

74
Q

CreS (crescentin)

A

bacterial cytoskeleton protein
maintain spiral call shape
euk = lamin and keratin

75
Q

examples of internal membranous structures of bacteria

A

thylakoids of cyanobacteria - photosynthesis
internal membranes of nitrifying bacteria - nitrification (ammonia –> nitrate)
anammoxosomes of Planctomyces - anaerobic ammonia oxidation

76
Q

purpose of inclusions found in bacteria

A

storage of carbon, inorganic compounds, energy

reduction of osmotic pressure

77
Q

glycogen

A

branched chain of glucose units
carbon storage (form in low nutrients, high carbon)
many or may not have membrane

78
Q

polyhydroxyalkonate (PHA) granules

A

poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules
carbon storage
single layer membrane of protein and phospholipid
biodegradable plastic

79
Q

polyphosphate granules

A

volutin, metachromatic granules

phosphate storage, energy reserve or source

80
Q

sulfur globules

A

source of e-

81
Q

cyanophycin granules

A

composed of arginine and aspartic acid

store extra nitrogen

82
Q

microcompartments

A

a kind of inclusion
analogous to organelles, but not lipid bilayer
functions other than simply storing substances
relatively large polyhedrons formed by one or more different proteins, contain one or more enzymes

83
Q

carboxysome

A

microcompartment in cyanobacteria (CO2 fixing bacteria)

polyhedral protein coat, contain Rubisco enzyme, concentrates CO2

84
Q

gas vacuole

A

composed of gas vesicles, construct or collapse as needed

85
Q

magnetosome

A 
membrane bound iron granules 
transform extracellular iron to magnetite 
make intracellular magnetic compasses
oriented in chain 
found in aquatic microaerophiles
86
Q

eukaryote vs. bacteria/archaea ribosomes

A

euk: 80S, bound to ER

bacteria/archaea: 70S, free in cytoplasm

87
Q

nucleoid

A

nuclear body, chromatin body, nuclear region
chromosomes and protein
usually single circle
highly folded/supercoiled

88
Q

plasmids

A

circular extrachromosomal dsDNA

less than 30 genes, 0-100 per cell, carry nonessential traits, replicate autonomously

89
Q

episomes

A

plasmids that integrate into chromosomes

90
Q

curing

A

loss of a plasmid

spontaneously or induced (mutagens, radiation, thymine starvation, antibiotics, high growth temps)

91
Q

major types of bacterial plasmids

A

conjugative - transfer copies to other bacteria during conjugation (F factor)
resistance - confer antibiotic resistance (R factor)
virulence - make bacteria more pathogenic
metabolic - provide enzymes to degrade substances

92
Q

fimbriae/pili

A

attachment (movement)
fine hair like appendages, helically wound pilin
fimbriae - up to 1000
sex pilus - up to 10

93
Q

bacterial flagella

A

motility
slender, rigid, hollow
protein = flagellin
use type III secretion system - grow from tip

94
Q

bacterial flagella movement

A 
rigid helix that rotates 
ccw = run
cw = tumble 
motor: base of flagellum, rotor turns in stator 
power: proton motive force (PMF)
95
Q

bacterial swarming

A

on moist surfaces, most have peritrichous flagella, produce characteristic colony morphologies

96
Q

monotrichous

A

1 flagella, polar

97
Q

amphitrichous

A

1 flagella at each end

98
Q

lophotrichous

A

clusters of flagella at 1 or both ends

99
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all over

100
Q

spirochete motility

A

axial fibril - multiple flagella at each end, wind around cell, covered with outer sheath
periplasmic flagella
cause corkscrew shaped outermembrane

101
Q

twitching motility

A

short, jerky, intermittent motions

only when cells in contact, use type IV pili

102
Q

gliding motility

A

smooth, varies in rate

more than 1 mech., use type IV pili, slime

103
Q

attractant vs. repellant chemotaxis

A

attractants - response at low levels
repellant - response only at high levels
(must ignore past stimuli)

104
Q

chemoreceptors

A

integral proteins
methylated or demethylated, conformational change
transfer chemotactic signal to flagella motor

105
Q

2 forms of bacteria

A

vegetative - actively growing, easily destroyed

endospore - non growing, resistant to eat, chemicals, etc.

106
Q

endospores usually for..

A

gram +

bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina

107
Q

endospores contain

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes, few small molecules

no metabolic functions

108
Q

layers of endospore

A 
dehydrated core
inner membrane
germ cell wall
cortex
outer membrane
coat
exposporium
109
Q

dehydrated endospore core

A

dipicolinic acid + calcium (Ca-DPA)

stabilizes DNA

110
Q

small acid soluble DNA binding proteins (SASPs)

A

stabilize critical components (DNA, ribosomes, etc.)

protection

111
Q

germ cell wall

A

PG for germination

112
Q

cortex

A 
spongy peptidoglycan (missing tetrapeptides)
involved in dehydration process
113
Q

endospore coat

A

several protein layers, resistance to chemicals, lytic enzymes

114
Q

exposporium

A

thin other covering

115
Q

7 steps of sporulation

A
  1. DNA replicated
  2. inward folding of cell membrane, enclose part of DNA, produce forespore septum
  3. mother cell engulfs immature endospore in 2nd membrane
  4. cortex in space between 2 membranes, calcium and dipicolinic acid accumulated
  5. protein coat formed around cortex
  6. maturation of endospores
  7. lytic enzymes destroy sporangium, release spore
116
Q

endospore to vegetative state

A

activation : prep (reversible)

germination: breaking of dormant state (irreversible)
outgrowth: vegetative cell emerges from spore coat

117
Q

morphologies or archaea

A

coccus, bacillus, curved rods, spiral shapes, pleomorphic
no spirochete or mycelial
unique: branched forms, square

118
Q

archaea plasma membrane

A

branched hydrocarbons from isoprene units (vs. fatty acids)
attached to glycerol by ether links (vs. ester links)
bilayer or monolayer (more rigid)

119
Q

glycerol diether lipids

A

archaea lipids
2 hydrocarbons attached to glycerol
C20 diethers

120
Q

diglycerol tetraether lipids

A

archaea lipid
2 glycerols linked by 2 long hydrocarbons
C40 tetraethers

121
Q

archaea cell wall

A

variety, lack PG

S-layer: glycoprotein or protein, main part of cell wall

122
Q

s layer + protein sheath

A

possible pressure regulator

123
Q

s layer + methanochondroitin

A 
polysaccharide layer (similar to component in animal connective tissue)
cause cell-cell adhesion
124
Q

s layer + psuedomurein

A

PG like molecule (s-layer is outermost)

resistant to lysozyme, penicillin

125
Q

N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

A

in pseudomurein instead of NAM

126
Q

no S-layer in archaea cell wall

A 
polysaccharide layer (pseudomurein or something else)
resemble gram + bacteria
127
Q

archaea with no cell wall

A

slime layer or outermost layer

128
Q

archaeal ribosomes

A

70S, similar to bacteria

different shape, sequence, additional rRNA, more proteins

129
Q

3 groups of archaeal ribosomes

A

in all 3 domains
unique to archaea
observed in archaea and eukaryotes

130
Q

unique archaeal nucleoid

A

can be polyploidy

condensing proteins: HU homologues, alba, histones

131
Q

archaea pili

A

made of pilin homologues
have central lumen
allow for attachment

132
Q

cannulae

A

unique to archaea
hollow, tube like
form cell network

133
Q

hami

A

unique to archaea

filaments with grapping hook for attachment

134
Q

archaea flagella

A 
rotates like bacteria 
powered by ATP
cw: pushed forward
ccw: pulls back
not hollow
flagellar proteins similar to bacterial type IV pili proteins 
added to base of filament
135
Q

bacterial vs. archaea pili

A

bacteria: attachment and conjugation

archaea : attachment

136
Q

size range of viruses

A

10nm to 400nm, need EM

137
Q

general structure of viruses

A

nucleocapsid: nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)and capsid (made of protomers)

138
Q

protomers

A

capsid proteins

139
Q

viral capsid shapes

A

helical - hollow tubes
icosahedral - regular polyhedron (20 triangular faces, made of capsomers)
complex

140
Q

capsomers

A

clusters of protomers (5-6)
ring of knob shaped
make up icosahedral shape

141
Q

viral envelopes

A

from host cell membrane
modified to infect next cell
envelope proteins: spikes or peplomers

142
Q

ssRNA plus/positive strand

A

identical to mRNA

143
Q

ssRNA minus/negative strand

A

complementary to mRNA

144
Q

dsRNA

A

red flag to cell, doesn’t have it

must be a virus

145
Q

steps in viral multiplication

A 
adsorption
entry into host cell
synthesis
assembly of virus
release of virus
146
Q

adsorption

A

attachment of virus to specific host receptors on host

147
Q

bacteriophage

A

injection of nucleic acid only

148
Q

3 modes of entry for euk. virus

A
  1. fusion of viral envelope with host membrane, nucleocapid enters cell
  2. by endocytosis
  3. nucleic acid injection
149
Q

location of assembly of virus in bacteria/archaea

A

cytoplasm

150
Q

location of assembly of virus in euk.

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

151
Q

methods to release virus

A

lysis of host

budding: common in enveloped viruses

152
Q

2 types of viral infection in bacteria/archaea

A

lysis (lytic cycle) and lysogen (lysogenic cycle)

153
Q

lytic cycle

A

caused by virulent phage

154
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

caused by temperate phage

2 options: lysis at end or remain in host

155
Q

prophage

A

form of virus that remains in host

integration of viral genome into host chromosome

156
Q

lysogens or lysogenic bacteria

A

infected bacteria

157
Q

lysogenic conversion

A

change of host phenotype

158
Q

induction

A

switch to lytic cycle

159
Q

4 types of viral infections in euk.

A

acute (cytocidal) - cell lysis
latent - host not harmed
chronic - slow release of virus w/out lysis, budding
transformation into malignant cell

160
Q

bacterial/archaea virus cultivation

A

broth or agar cultures

plaques = clearing in lawn due to cell lysis

161
Q

plant virus cultivation

A

infection of host plant, tissue culture, separate cells, protoplasts
necrotic lesions - rapid death to cells

162
Q

animal virus cultivation

A 
host animal, fertilized egg, tissue culture 
plaques = localized areas of cell destruction 
cytopathic effects (CPE) - abnormalities in cells or tissue

MB 302 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions