Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MB 302 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

age of earth and oldest microbial fossils

A

4.6 billion years, 3.5 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extant organisms

A

present today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

early life on earth

A

reducing
Hot
organic molecules made abiotically (lightning, UV radiation on inorganic)
RNA world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

steps in evolution of metabolism

A

evolution of porphyrins (construction of cytochromes)
development of 2nd light reaction of photosynthesis (H2O as e acceptor –> rise in O2)
oxygen as e acceptro –> evolution of aerobic organisms
formation of ozone (protection from UV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stromatolites

A

layered rocks from microbial mats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

origin of eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles
mitochondria and chloroplasts from eukaryotic cell engulfed bacterial cell
evidence: 2 microns, binary fission, 1 circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, 2.5:1 protein lipid membrane composition, 16s rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hydrogenosomes

A

organelle found in some extant protists that use fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

natural classification system

A

biological nature of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

phenetic classification system

A

phenotypic characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

phylogenetic/phyletic classification system

A

evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

genotypic classification system

A

genetic similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

polyphasic classification system

A

phenotypic, phylogenetic, genotypic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

G+C content/ratio

A

uses DNA melting temp
more G+C = more H bonds and higher melting temp
>10% difference = different base sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DNA-DNA Hybridization (DDH)

A

gold standard for classification

heat dsDNA –> ddDNA, complem. stands re-associate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

average nucleotide identity (ANI)

A

measures direct sequence identity from 2 organisms

base by base comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

molecular phylogeny - nucleic acid + protein sequences

A

molecular chronometer
changes occur slowly
mark divergence of 2 lineages
amount of sequence difference = measure of elapsed time since divergence

17
Q

node

A

taxonomic units (species genes)

18
Q

external node

A

living organism

19
Q

length of branches

A

represents molecular changes

20
Q

core genome

A

set of genes found in all members of a species or larger group
minimal # needed to survive

21
Q

pan-genome

A

combination of all the different genes found in all strains of a given species

22
Q

cell membrane of domains

A

eukarya - ester linkages, fatty acids
bacteria - ester linkages, fatty acids
archaea - ether linkages, branched phytane hydrocarbons

23
Q

DNA dependent RNA polymerase of domains

A

eukarya - 3 but 1 makes mRNA, 10-12 subunits
bacteria - 1 w/ 4 subunits
archaea - several types w/ at lest 10 subunits

24
Q

ribosomes and protein synthesis 3 domains

A

eukarya - 80S
bacteria- 70S
archaea - 70S, shape variable

25
Q

cell walls 3 domains

A

eukarya - cellulous, chitin
bacteria - peptidoglycan
archaea - variable, some pseudomurein

26
Q

proteins 3 domains

A

eukarya and archaea - methionine as 1st aa

bacteria - formyl-methionine

27
Q

tRNAs 3 domains

A

archaea- contain modified bases not found in bacteria/eukarya

28
Q

DNA 3 domains

A

eukarya - number of linear chromosome in nucleus

bacteria and archaea - 1 circular molecule, smaller in archaea

29
Q

methanogenic archaea

A

methane major metabolic end product

30
Q

archaeal sulfate reducers

A

sulfate as final e acceptor

31
Q

extremely halophilic archaea

A

prefer high salt

32
Q

cell wall-less archaea

A

lack a cell wall

33
Q

extremely thermophilic S-metabolizers

A

obligate thermophiles that use sulfur

34
Q

Crenarcheota

A

phylum, resemble archaea ancestor

typically (hyper)thermophiles - optima 75 or higher

35
Q

genus Sulfolobus (phylum crenarcheaota)

A 
thermoacidophiles 
temp opt. 80
pH opt 2-3
aerobes, chemoorganoheterotrophs or chemolithorophs
oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid
found in hot springs, soil
36
Q

genus Thermoproteus (crenarcheota)

A

temp 75-100
ph 3-4 or 7
strict anaerobes
chemoorganoautotrophs or chemolithautotrophs
oxidize glucose with anaerobic respiration
sulfur as final e acceptor
in hot springs/other hot aquatic places rich in sulfur

MB 302 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions