Midterm 1 Flashcards
Castrated male horse.
Gelding
What is one quota of dairy?
1 kg butterfat
What is a castrated male cattle?
Steer
What is farrow to weaning?
Breed females and sell weaned piglets
Feeder?
Buy pigs from farrow to weaning operations, sell to market
How long are hens kept in laying barn?
12 mos
Farrow to finish?
Breed female pigs then raise pigs to market weight
Newborn cattle
calf
Newborn sheep
lamb
Newborn goat
Kid
Castrated male horse?
gelding
castrated male pig
Burrow
Castrated male chicken
Capon
Castrated male cattle
steer
Castrated male goat
wether
Castrated male sheep
wether
Mature male cattle
Bull
Mature male sheep
Ram
Mature male goat
Buck
Mature female cattle
cow
Mature female sheep
ewe
Mature female goat
Doe
Immature female cattle
Heifer
Immature female sheep
Ewe lamb
Immature female goat
Doe
Immature male cattle
bull calf
immature male sheep
ram lamb
immature male goat
buck kid
WHAT AGE DO HENS ENTER LAYING BARN?
19 WEEKS
OVIPOSITION
CHICKENS
KIDDING
GOATS
CALVING
CATTLE
LAMBING
LAMBS
FARROWING
PIGS
FOALING
HORSES
HOW MANY TIMES ARE BROILERS MARKETED?
7-8 TIMES PER YEAR
HOW MANY EGGS WILL A HEN PRODUCE IN HER LIFETIME?
290-300 EGGS
NEWBORN CATTLE
CALF
NEWBORN SHEEP
LAMB
NEWBORN GOAT
KID
MATURE MALE HORSE
STALLION
MATURE MALE PIG
BOAR
MATURE MALE CHICKEN
ROOSTER
WHAT TYPE OF BREEDING IS MOST COMMON IN TURKEY?
AI
FARROW TO WEANING
BREED FEMALES AND SELL WEANED PIGLETS
IMMATURE MALE HORSE
COLT
IMMATURE MALE PIG
SHOAT
IMMATURE MALE CHICKEN
COCKEREL
NEWBORN HORSE
FOAL
NEWBORN PIG
PIGLET
NEWBORN CHICKEN
CHICK
WHAT IS MULTIPLE COMPONENT PRICING?
PAID FOR BUTTERFAT, PROTEIN, OTHER SOLIDS
LIST 4 THINGS OTHER THAN THE COMPONENTS PAID FOR THAT ARE MEASURED IN MILK TO ENSURE QUALITY?
ANTIBIOTICS
FREEZING POINT (H20 CONTENT)
SOMATIC CELL COUNT
BACTERIA COUNT
WHAT HAPPENS IF ANTIBIOTICS FOUND IN PRODUCERS MILK?
MILK IS DUMPED, AND PRODUCER MUST PAY FOR LOST MILK AND DISPOSAL COSTS, WILL NOT PICK MILK UP AGAIN UNTIL MILK TESTS (-) FOR AB
CAN YOU PRODUCE EGGS IN MANITOBA WITHOUT QUOTA?
YES, 100< HENS
HOW IS OVERPRODUCTION DISCOURAGED IN EGG INDUSTRY?
FINES
WHAT IS THE QUOTA UNIT FOR EGGS?
LAYING HEN
WHAT IS THE QUOTA UNIT FOR TURKEY?
KG OF LIVE MARKETED PER YEAR
LIST 4 THINGS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN SETTING PRICE FOR TURKEY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
COST OF PRODUCT
PRICE OF COMPETITIVE PRODUCT
AVAILABILITY OF SIMILAR PRODUCT FROM OUTSIDE MB
Can you produce chicken in Manitoba without quota?
Yes, if less than 1000 birds.
What is the quota unit for chicken?
Kg of live weight marketed per cycle (7 weeks)
What is the quota unit for broiler hatching eggs?
Breeding hen
How is supply managed for pregnant mare’s urine?
Singel company that buys the product only buys from people with a contract.
From 1960 to mid 1990’s how were hogs sold in MB? How are they sold now?
Single desk, had to sell via a provincial board.
Dual market system
can sell via HEMS?? or provincial board or independently
When the Canadian pork council was established in the 1960’s, what was it’s primary objectives?
- to create a grading system
2. to promote export of high quality product
Are weanlings a large part of MB’s hog production?
YEs
What factors are included in pricing weanlings?
- weight
- market prices
- health and treatment status
How has genetic selection in hogs changed in the last few decades?
Historically most producers retained their own animals and reared them as replacement stock
More and more producers now attain their replacement stock from breeding companies
Define a cull animal and list 2 reasons to cull an animal?
An animal that has been removed from the breeding herd/flock 1. too old 2.health 3.temperament not reproductive
Define replacement animal
the animal placed into a breeding herd to replace a culled animal
Define a stock or backgrounder
Weak calf that is fed forage to gain weight slowly before entering the feedlot.
What is estrous cycle?
Time between ovulation and standing heat periods.
Standing heat?
Time when a female is willing to mate, occurs around time of ovulation.
Gestation length
Length of pregnancy
What is partition for swine?
farrrowing
We generally aim for a breeding season of 63 days for cow-calf producers. Why?
Allows couple of chances to get bred, and allows for a short calving season which means more uniform calf group.
What type of breeding is most common in cow-calf operations?
Natural, 1 bull 25-40 cows
Define an open cow
Not pregnant at end of breeding season.
List 4 areas where control is applied in agriculture
- nutrition
- time and pattern of harvest
- reproduction/genetics
- location
List 4 features of a system
group of components working towards a common purpose
capable of responding as a whole to an external system
outputs have no direct effect on system
borders should include all significant feedbacks
In order for a model to be useful, what must it be able to do?
Predict a real outcome.
How is a model validated?
test it against real data, data not used in creating model.
List 4 modifiers of CONFINED animal agriculture other than public opinion?
macro climate
micro climate
disease pressures
management
BST is banned because?
Animal welfare concern, susceptibility to mastisitis.
Recent changes with regards to phosphorous?
Lake Wpg manure/nutrient management.
Give 4 areas where public opinion has altered animal agriculture.
- environmental issues
- animal welfare-cages
- food quality issues-omega, lean meat, low cholest, organic
- animal nutrition-decreased use of meat products in feeding livestock
Calculate the efficiency ratio for a system with 20 units if output for every 10 units of input. Is it sustainable?
20/10=2, sustainable
List 5 reasons behind the changes in efficiency we have seen in animal agriculture in the last century.
- genetics
- nutrition
- health-more vacc.
- innovation-eg robotic miker
- housing
If the efficiency of ruminants is so low, why do we continue to produce them?
The protein and energy used b ruminants is often unusable by humans
graze marginal lands
economically sustainable
by products and foods not suitable for humans
Define food security
Adequate food and cash flow to meet individual needs.
How does protein intake of nations change as economic status increases?
Increase in total production intake, more from animal products.
Currently how much arable land is there per person in the world?
.24 hectare
What % annually is food production going to increase to match population growth?
1.5%
What is the cull rate for beef production?
15%
What age are beef calves weaned?
200 days, 6-7 mos
What happens once beef calves are weaned?
- replacement animal
- go to feed lot to slaughter
- backgrounder or stalker, eat forage to gain weight
When is the breeding calving season for dairy?
All year, qual # of calves born each month.
Most breeding in dairy is done by?
AI
What is the cull rate from dairy?
25-40% High due to reproductive issues.
What is the length of lactation for a dairy cow?
305 days.
What is the dry period? How long should it be?
Time when cow does not lactate, until she calves again
What is the cull rate for sheep and goats?
15%
List the commodities under supply management in Canada?
Dairy Eggs Chicken Turkey Broiler hatching eggs
List 2 things the National Farm products council needs to know before it allows a commodity to become supply managed.
- Majority of the producers must be in favour
2. There must be MERIT in allowing supp. mgmnt
List 3 negatives associated with supply management?
- Hard to enter (barriers to entry)
- trade issues with other countries
- price issues
List 3 functions of national agencies.
- Set national quota
- Set support prices
- control imports
- promote milk
- in charge of all movement of dairy across prov. and intl borders
Give 3 roles of provincial agencies.
- transport & marketing of milk from processors
- promotion
- imporve quality, innovation
In DAIRY list 3 things taken into consideration when setting the national quota amount.
- domenstic consumption
- amount of stock held by Canadian Dairy Commission
- prediction of imports
How is OVERPRODUCTION discouraged in DAIRY?
Pay very little for over quota milk.
What are 2 factors used in determining the carcass index for market hogs?
- carcass weight
2. estimated lean yield
Newborn horse
foal
Newborn pig
piglet
newborn chicken
chick
Immature female horse
filly
Immature female pig
Gilt
Immature female chicken
Pullet<19 weeks
PUBERTY (Mos) CATTLE
10-13
PUBERTY (Mos) SHEEP
5-7
PUBERTY (mos) GOAT
3 male, 9-10 female
ESTROUS CYCLE CATTLE (D)
21
ESTROUS CYCLE SHEEP (D)
16
ESTROUS CYCLE GOAT (D)
21
STANDING HEAT (HRS) CATTLE
12
STANDING HEAT (HRS) SHEEP
30
STANDING HEAT (HRS) GOAT
39
GESTATION LENGTH CATTLE
283 DAYS
GESTATION LENGHT SHEEP
148 DAYS
GESTATION LENGTH GOAT
150 DAYS
AVG # OF OFFSPRING CATTLE
1
AVG # OF OFFSPRING SHEEP
1.2-1.5
AVG # OF OFFSPRING GOAT
2.5-3
AGE AT FORST BREEDING CATTLE
14-18 MOS
AGE AT FRST BREEDING SHEEP
8-16 MOS
AGE AT FIRST BREEDING GOAT
10-16 MOS
PUBERTY HORSE (MOS)
MALE-13-18
FEMALE-15-24
PUBERTY PIG (MOS)
MALE-4-8
FEMALE-4-7
PUBERTY CHICKEN (MOS)
EGG-4-5
MEAT-5-6
ESTROUS CYCLE HORSES (D)
21
ESTROUS CYCLE PIGS (D)
20
STANDING HEAT HORSES
4-6 DAYS
STANDING HEAT PIGS
2-3 DAYS
GESTATION LENGTH HORSES
336 DAYS
GESTATION LENGTH PIGS
115 DAYS
AVG # OF OFFSPRING HORSES
1
AVG # OF OFFSPRING PIGS
8-10
AGE AT FORST BREEDING HORSES (MOS)
24-36
AGE A T FIRST BREEDING PIGS (MOS)
8
MATURE FEMALE HORSE
MARE
MATURE FEMALE PIG
SOW
MATURE FEMALE CHICKEN
HEN
How does sex affect price of feeder cattle?
steers get a better price than heifers
How does weight affect the price of cattle?
500-600 lbs usually best, based on per lb price
How does supply and demand affect the price of cattle?
Seasonal
feedlots need
supply of feeder cattle
How does FRAMe SIZE affect the price of cattle?
Medium to large framed cattle get higher bids.
How does type of cattle affect the price?
breed, colour
How does the condition affect the price of cattle?
Flesh, animals with lots of tag are discounted. Tag is ice, manure, mud on coat.
How does lot size affect price of cattle?
> 40 head get higher bids than small lots. More uniform the lot, the higher the bid.
How does APPEARANCE affect the price of cattle?
stale cattle, cattle flipped, stressed will lower bid.
How does type of cattle affect the price of cattle?
Lower bid due to need to castrate or dehorn.
How does pre-conditioning affect the price of cattle?
Increase bid cost, but does cost money
What 3 things is supply management meant to ensure?
- Enough product is produced to meet domestic demand
- Ensure reasonable return to producers
- ensure a reasonable and stable price for consumers
What 3 things must be controlled in supply management?
- control domestic production
- control imports
- control prices for producers
List 3 things taken into consideration when setting support prices?
- Cost of production
- Processors margin
- Consumer price index
