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KHC/IR102 - Spies and Terrorists of Boston > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

distributed (virtual) team

A

asynchronous, group responsibility
–> larger, more diverse teams (probably ones that use technology to interact)
–> requires clear boundaries, continuous leadership, and face-to-face launch

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2
Q

Lawrence Martin-Bittman

A

teacher at BU (1972-1996); spy who defected to US after first Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
–> ran disinformation operation against Soviets

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3
Q

early Cold War

A

Berlin Crisis (1948): after coup in Czechoslovakia, US General Lucius Clay predicted a war with USSR
–> Soviets cut off land corridors to Berlin; US set airlifts in response until Soviets relented

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4
Q

current intelligence

A

monitoring of current events

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5
Q

Yanqing Ye

A

BU grad student, convicted for visa fraud and acting as agent of foreign government
–> lied about association with PLA while attending BU; sent US documents back to China
–> arrest warrant issued while she was in China so she would not come back - arrest itself unimportant, but image and protection are

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6
Q

how to monitor team processes?

A

–> amount of effort expended by members
–> appropriateness of performance strategies
–> level of knowledge, skill applied to work

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7
Q

American Rev & Intelligence: background

A

French & Indian War, 1754-1763
–> British wanted colonists to contribute to war costs, exerted extremely heavy hand
–> formation of Sons of Liberty after British established writs of assistance (turnover of housing/property)
–> Boston Massacre as most effective piece of war propaganda (martyrs - they had thrown snowballs with ice, soldiers were drunk and fired)

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8
Q

Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

A

victims of one of the most notorious criminal trials in history; possible they did not commit the robberies, murders for which they were accused

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9
Q

beginning of American intelligence system

A

American Revolution –> Stamp Act angered colonists, influenced creation of Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence (“shadow government”)

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10
Q

official cover

A

some government job held by an operations officer
–> provides diplomatic immunity

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11
Q

coacting group

A

asynchronous; individual responsibility
–> work done separately, then combined into final product
–> tasks are too different for members to interact
–> could lead to free-loading, poor performance

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12
Q

Erik Goldstein

A

BU professor, wrote history of British Political Intelligence Department

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13
Q

dead drop/brush pass

A

methods of exchanging tangible information without verbal interaction

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14
Q

covert operations

A

offensive activity which requires some plausible deniability
–> kinetic: causing harm

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15
Q

tacit expertise

A

–> concealed knowledge (whether for incentive or self-preservation)
–> mismatched salience (teammates with matched skills but poor sportsmanship)
–> ostensive knowledge (learned from the art of doing)

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16
Q

MASINT

A

measurement and signature intelligence
–> assessment of identifiable characteristics of targets
–> specifics (e.g. location of explosion, fingerprint of individual)
–> “smell, taste, touch”

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17
Q

sleeper agents

A

agents integrated into a country, but not yet “activated” for spying

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18
Q

Harry Gold

A

handler of Karl Fuchs, David Greenglass

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19
Q

Ahmad Abousamra

A

chief editor of ISIS magazine Dabiq; presence in ISIS social media
–> lied about involvement in terrorist training camps
–> supposedly died in Syrian airstrike in 2017

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20
Q

persona non grata

A

expulsion of diplomat (probably because discovered as operations officer)

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21
Q

data

A

unprocessed material of every description

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22
Q

face-to-face teams

A

real-time interaction, group responsibility
–> co-working situation where ideas make final product more cohesive, expansive

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23
Q

surveillance on MLK: details

A

HUMINT, SIGINT
–> wiretaps in home, hotels
–> found information about extramarital affairs
–> 1964: sent tapes of affairs, anonymous suicide letter as blackmail
–> 1965: wiretaps end, surveillance continues until death in 1968

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24
Q

Igor Lukes

A

BU professor, assembled largest available collection of Czech intel documents

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25
Q

Archbishop Makarios

A

student at BU, president of Cyprus
–> either target of CIA assassination OR recipient of US funds

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26
Q

what makes a good spy?

A

someone with a reason to be gathering intelligence

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27
Q

setbacks for teams

A

–> frustrating bureaucratic policies
–> lack or excess of praise/discipline
–> censorship created by secrecy
–> increasing “to-do” list

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28
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A

victim of relentless FBI surveillance for being a “Communist”, incitor of social change
–> 1955: PhD in Systematic Theology from B.U., with Howard Thurman as mentor
–> in Boston: met, married Coretta Scott
–> honorary degree from B.U. in 1959
–> papers archived at B.U. Library in 1964

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29
Q

GEOINT

A

geospatial intelligence
–> geographical context for IMINT, usually of “activities on earth”
–> use of satellites

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30
Q

Douglas Wheeler

A

BU alum (1963): compiled history of Army intelligence, offered one of first intelligence-based university courses

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31
Q

Joseph Fewsmith

A

BU professor, was almost recruited by Russian sleeper agent

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32
Q

Keith B. Alexander

A

BU alum (1978); 30 years on Army active duty, 9 years as director of NSA

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33
Q

National Security Act

A

1947
–> established Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA, etc.
–> Dec 1947: National Security Council authorized CIA to begin psychological operations in Eastern Europe; gave formal authority for espionage in June 1948

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34
Q

Lexington & Concord

A

Gage (British) had 4500 troops, many spies; was pushing for more forceful action
–> Hancock, Adams were in hiding; Revere, William Dawes sent by Warren to raise alarm that Gage was invading storehouse in Concord
–> early warning system used with Old North Church (“one if by land, two if by sea”, even though boat only used to cross the Charles)

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35
Q

explicit expertise

A

expertise from academic study

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36
Q

actionable intelligence

A

intelligence provided upon which certain steps can be taken
–> must be rigorous, timely, and relevant

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37
Q

Roberto Elia and Andrea Salsedo

A

worked on Cronaca Sovversiva and the “Plain Words” pamphlet left at 1919 house-bombing sites
–> Salsedo committed suicide after being held, illegally, in police custody for eight weeks

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38
Q

Alger Hiss

A

Soviet spy in US State Department; revealed in 1950s
–> Harvard education, clerk for Supreme Court Justice; member of Ware Group
–> Whittaker Chambers: Hess’ courier; joined CPUSA in 1925, Soviet Spy in 1932 - defected and gave information to CIA when Soviets began threatening his life

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39
Q

developmental

A

potential source who is being “strung along” prior to a pitch
–> may have sub-sources

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40
Q

Intelligence Cycle

A
  1. Planning, Direction, Needs, Requirements
  2. Collection (gathering data through INTs)
  3. Processing and Exploitation (e.g. translation, decoding)
  4. Analysis (linking, interpreting, contextualizing all-source raw data)
  5. Dissemination (e.g. document, briefing, video)
  6. Evaluation
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41
Q

WMD

A

Weapons of Mass Destruction
–> biological
–> chemical
–> nuclear

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42
Q

Boston reorganization

A

North End, Beacon Hill existed in 1775 –> not much else
–> Back Bay created out of water to serve as “elite” neighborhood (straight, flat streets)
–> “Green Line” under green strip of lawn on Comm Ave

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43
Q

the First Spymaster

A

George Washington; “Father of Intelligence”
–> ran many productive spy rings with funds from army (Culper Ring, Staten Island Ring)
–> betrayed by Benedict Arnold, but also provided his own false information to supposed spies

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44
Q

what makes a team successful?

A

–> bounded (strong sense of membership)
–> interdependent (collaboration)
–> stable (core team, with outer-rim members changing to prevent insularity)
–> clear, challenging, consequential purpose (but not overspecified - specify ends, not means)

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45
Q

Hermann F. Eilts

A

BU professor, helped negotiate Camp David Accords; served in Army Intelligence in WWII

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46
Q

VENONA

A

Soviet infiltration of Manhattan Project –> SIGINT of Soviet transmissions to discover penetration, but did not occur until long after info had already been used by Soviets for their own bombs
–> took time because of encryption

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47
Q

types of collaboration

A

–> communities of interest (unrelated conversation)
–> communities of practice (some related conversation)
–> emergent collaboration (use of cross-organizational strategies)
–> coacting groups (work in parallel w/o shared responsibility)
–> distributed teams (asynchronous, shared responsibility)
–> project teams/task forces (defined task until deadline)
–> semi-permanent work teams (indefinite deadline, fluid membership)

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48
Q

First Continental Congress

A

1774
–> encouraged by Committees of Correspondence
–> petitioned for home rule while affirming loyalty to King

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49
Q

Lori Berenson

A

opposed U.S. funding of government violence in South America; arrested, convicted by Peruvian government
–> endured harsh conditions; UN investigated her trial and sentencing, ruling both were unfair

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50
Q

Star Simpson

A

charged with wearing light-up “terrorist vest” through airport security, post-9/11

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51
Q

nonofficial cover (NOC)

A

some job held by an operations officer, used as an excuse
–> may give more access to information
–> no diplomatic immunity

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52
Q

Donald Heathfield and Tracey Ann Foley (Operation Ghost Stories)

A

10 illegals from Russian Foreign Intelligence Service discovered in US; arrested in 2010, though surveillance began in 1990s
–> prepared with false names, families, occupations
–> FBI didn’t want to capture right away, so used microphone, video camera, photograph techniques to gather evidence
–> Heathfield lied about going to Harvard, used that for connections; Foley posed as his wife

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53
Q

sand dune team

A

fluid composition as requirements change; takes different forms for different tasks

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54
Q

Ursula Kuczynski

A

case officer for Karl Fuchs

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55
Q

Carlo Valdinoci

A

orchestrator of most Galleanist bombing plots; escaped capture until he blew himself up in 1919 while attempting to bomb Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

56
Q

Project Looking-Glass

A

red team: scientists, engineers, specialists in fields
blue team: law enforcement from a variety of disciplines
red team task: create a terrorist operation on certain area
blue team task: thwart operation
–> result: red team almost always won, blue team was ineffective at figuring out plan despite backgrounds in that work

57
Q

safety signal

A

motion/gesture used to alert operations officer or agent that area is safe to meet

58
Q

Katherine Powers and Susan Saxe

A

Brandeis students; perpetrators of robbery, manslaughter for Black Panther Party
–> influenced by parolees during anti-government, anti-Vietnam War era
–> Saxe jailed for 7 years after manhunt; Powers turned herself in after 23 years of anonymity

59
Q

Arthur S. Hulnick

A

BU professor, leader in introduction of intelligence-based university courses

60
Q

false flag

A

faking nationality (e.g. as part of another intelligence agency) in order to recruit an agent

61
Q

strategic intelligence

A

long-term use, with large implications and potential consequences

62
Q

Tarek Mehanna

A

translated/disseminated jihadist material for Al Qaeda; planned, but failed, to attend training camp in Yemen
–> arrested in 2012; released August 2024

63
Q

Ted Hall and Saville Sax

A

–> contributors to Soviet atomic bombs through Manhattan Project infiltration
–> Hall: Harvard education, genius young scientist; drew to Communism by brother and roommate Sax

64
Q

rendition

A

process of sending a criminal back to where crime was committed

65
Q

David Greenglass

A

brother of Ethel Rosenberg; ratted on Julius and Ethel to preserve himself, wife Ruth
–> confirmed Fuch’s intelligence

66
Q

what makes for good coaching?

A

–> target (individual vs. group, with group more effective)
–> timing/type (motivational at beginning; constructive in middle; educational at end)
–> focus (change strategies/effort rather than interpersonal issues)

67
Q

Luigi Galleani

A

leader of Galleanist branch of anarchists; powerful writer, speaker
–> editor of La Questione Sociale

68
Q

dangles

A

tricks, sent to agencies to attempt to infiltrate

69
Q

cover for action

A

reason for meeting with an agent that is not likely to draw suspicion under questioning

70
Q

SDR

A

surveillance detection route
–> path taken to a location in order to determine if being followed

71
Q

Iron Curtain

A

figurative wall designating Soviet area after WWII
–> name coined by Winston Churchill
–> led to most significant reorganization of US intelligence system in history (after 9/11)
–> CIA began foreign covert operations in response to Soviet false elections, removal of contrarions

72
Q

what makes an effective team?

A

–> clear goals
–> defined ambition
–> communication
–> diverse perspectives
–> trust and cohesion
–> supportive leadership

73
Q

how to measure team effectiveness?

A

–> productive output meets/exceeds standards; used appropriately, timely
–> group development occurs for future tasks
–> individual development occurs
* weighed differently depending on context of task

74
Q

Shahan Natalie

A

attended BU for disparate studies; terrorist work with Armenian Revolutionary Federation
–> lead designer of Operation Nemesis (killed 7 Young Turks in different cities), orchestrated from Boston hub

75
Q

purpose of intelligence

A

–> warning of crisis (altering decision-makers to a threat on the state)
–> current intelligence
–> maintaining records, database management
–> making estimates
–> counterintelligence
–> covert action

76
Q

C + I = T

A

capability + intent = threat

77
Q

why teams?

A

–> learn from each other, people within or outside of intelligence network
–> potential to solve challenging problems from different perspectives

78
Q

when should teams be used?

A

–> task requires diverse resources
–> individuals need to be flexible with time, coordination
–> task is large, unwieldy

79
Q

organizational support

A

–> access to information
–> technical, educational resources
–> material resources
–> external recognition of performance

80
Q

OSINT

A

open-source intelligence
–> publicly available information (newspapers, websites, social media)

81
Q

what makes a good operations officer?

A

extroverted, convincing

82
Q

Korean War

A

1950-1953
–> intelligence failure: North Korean invasion of South Korea was a complete surprise
–> China sent warnings through Indian diplomats to US because of increasing approach to Chinese border, but US ignored (failure)
–> bureaucratic successes: growth of CIA in size, mission, resources
–> revamp of intelligence analytics under Walter “Beetle” Smith, the newly appointed DCI

83
Q

Father of Covert Action

A

Benjamin Franklin
–> advocated for aid from France during Revolutionary War
–> penetrated by Edward Bancroft - but did he know, and keep him around on purpose?

84
Q

intelligence

A

information that provides a decision advantage over an adversary
–> product resulting from the processing, organizing of information

85
Q

Danielle Barrett

A

BU alum (1989); Navy officer in US, Iraq, at sea; director of Navy’s cybersecurity division

86
Q

Boston University Physical Research Laboratory (BUPRL)

A

site near BU Beach involved with development of IMINT equipment, 1946-1957
–> Boston Camera, HYAC Camera used by surveillance planes
–> acquired by private company; helped make CORONA, first reconnaissance satellite during Cold War

87
Q

how to choose team members?

A

–> remove people who cause more harm than good
–> find constructive pairs (opposite skill sets in corresponding tasks)
–> collect feedback from past partners (beware of bias/distortion)
–> choose a size that negates free riding, social loafing and maximizes potential

88
Q

government intervention in anarchist movement

A

Espionage Act, Sedition Act; Palmer Raids, “mass deportations”

89
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

named George Washington as Continental Army Commander (1775) - intended recipient died at Bunker Hill, and Washington represented revolution’s connection to the South
–> Washington trained as surveyor, had military experience
Established:
–> Secret Committee (1775), to provide arms, munitions oversees
–> Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775), to communicate with sympathetic Britons and Europeans
–> Committee on Spies (1776), as reaction to case of Dr. Benjamin Church (surgeon general of Army)

90
Q

issues with Intelligence Cycle

A

–> non-linear process (no “end” to the gathering of new information)
–> time requirements (long process requiring many inputs)

91
Q

operational intelligence

A

typically for military use; mixture of tactical and strategic (expeditionary)

92
Q

surveillance on MLK: background

A

began after Montgomery Bus Boycott under Racial Matters Program, COINTELPRO
–> ties to supposed members of CPUSA Stanley Levison and Jack O’Dell - Hoover learned through CPUSA informants Morris and Jack Childs
–> prolonged communications with Levison detected through wiretaps on intermediary Clarence Jones
–> 1962: RFK authorizes wiretaps on King
–> 1963: JFK warns King about wiretaps, Levison connection

93
Q

60-30-10 rule

A

A leader’s job is…
60%: assembly of team (initial choices, composition)
30%: initial launch (preparation, relaunch if necessary)
10%: facilitation (adept coaching)

94
Q

Chinese Espionage

A

–> wants: technology, science; foreign policy; to monitor international students
–> espionage approaches: “thousand grains of sand”, as opposed to commando (Russia) or technological (US)
–> MSS: Ministry of State Security, external intel service
–> PLA: People’s Liberation Army

95
Q

what do we do with intelligence?

A

help consumers (president, National Security Council, Heads of Departments/Agencies); safeguard processes of analysis and initiate actions taken in accordance with what is learned

96
Q

Dr. Charles Lieber

A

Harvard professor, chemist; convicted for lying to authorities about involvement with Chinese Thousand Talents Project, failure to file proper taxes
–> paid by Wuhan University of Technology, but did not disclose connections to US

97
Q

Jessica Stern

A

BU research professor, interviews terrorists for academic work

98
Q

SIGINT

A

signals intelligence
–> interceptions of communications, especially electronic
–> “ears”

99
Q

David Wright

A

planned, failed to kill Americans on behalf of ISIS
–> radicalized through internet and family/friends
–> convicted in 2017, sentenced to 28 and then 30 years

100
Q

HUMINT

A

human intelligence; espionage, covert operations, diplomacy
–> information obtained from humans with certain degrees of access

101
Q

when should teams not be used?

A

–> task requires individual creativity
–> collectivist mindset would harm final product
–> “team” would only be in name
–> better, cheaper technologies exist

102
Q

Cronaca Sovversiva

A

Italian anarchist newspaper founded by Luigi Galleani
–> widespread readership and content coverage
–> destruction of existing institutions

103
Q

IMINT

A

image intelligence
–> imagery collected of a region, target, group, etc.
–> “eyes”

104
Q

counterintelligence

A

playing defense
–> protecting state from unwanted observation
–> defensive (classification) or offensive (spying)

105
Q

what makes an ineffective team?

A

–> confused members
–> ambiguous roles
–> lack of communication
–> lack of diversity
–> poor leadership

106
Q

tactical intelligence

A

near-term, on-the-ground use
–> short-cut processing

107
Q

agent acquisition cycle

A
  1. Target
  2. Assess
  3. Recruit (pitch)
  4. Handle
  5. Terminate
108
Q

tradecraft

A

best practices for operating within some profession

109
Q

Waves of Terrorism

A
  1. Anarchist (1870s-1910s): eliminate government oppression through dynamite, robberies
  2. Nationalist (1920s-1960s): eliminate colonial rule using guerilla-style attacks
  3. New Left (1960s-1980s): eliminate capitalist system via hijackings, kidnappings, assassinations
  4. Religious (1979-2020s): creation of global Islamic Caliphate via suicide bombings, aircraft, vehicle use
    –> today: right-wing extremist terrorism outpaces all other domestic groups, and will probably increase considering current sociopolitical factors
110
Q

James R. Hughes

A

BU alum (1960s); 37 years serving as CIA chief of station in many countries

111
Q

how to fix team setbacks?

A

–> improve dysfunctional conditions by identifying successful conditions
–> introduce members from a variety of disciplines (which are necessary?)
–> instruct that success of team must be valued over individual

112
Q

Karl Fuchs

A

nuclear scientist; provided technical details to Soviets from Manhattan Project
–> arrested 1950

113
Q

Aafia Siddiqui

A

–> MIT, Brandeis alum; speaker at CARE International events
–> CARE International (1085 Comm Ave): front for Al Kifah, subsidiary of Al Qaeda

114
Q

Joseph Wippl

A

BU professor, 30-year CIA career

115
Q

embassy/station

A

CIA office in another country
–> consulate/base: smaller office in a different city
–> ambassador: senior overseas policymaker
–> chief of station: senior overseas intelligence officer
–> split into political, economic, consulor, legal, defense, intelligence divisions

116
Q

walk-ins

A

volunteers for intelligence agencies

117
Q

Katherine Russell

A

wife of Tamerlan Tsaernaev; supposedly not involved with bombings

118
Q

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

A

–> Karl Fuchs, a German spy for the USSR, rats out his courier Henry Gold under interrogation; Gold rats out David Greenglass; Greenglass rats out brother-in-law and sister, Julius and Ethel
–> case: Julius provided radar, sonar, jet engine information during WWII to Soviets; only accused of nuclear information during Cold War
–> executed June 19, 1953 for conspiracy as first US citizens to be executed for espionage during peacetime
–> verified in VENONA project, which prosecutors couldn’t use to avoid showing hand too early

119
Q

information

A

data that has been processed

120
Q

MICE

A

Money
Ideology
Coercion
Ego

121
Q

John D. Woodward

A

BU professor, career in CIA, Department of Defense, RAND Corporation

122
Q

Rezwan Ferdaus

A

sought to support Al Qaeda via IEDs, drone attacks; captured in FBI sting operation
–> Northeastern graduate; influenced by religious ideology

123
Q

Richard Fecteau

A

BU alum (1951); CIA paramilitary officer
–> spent 19 years imprisoned in China for involvement in shot-down rescue mission
–> 9 years solitary confinement, 1 year in leg shackles
–> returned in 1971; worked as BU Assistant Athletic Director 1977-1982

124
Q

spread of Italian Anarchism

A

mass immigration waves led to influx of Italians, most of whom moved to the same regions
–> perpetuation of existent ideals from old country

125
Q

Boston Station, 1775

A

Chief: Dr. Joseph Warren
Operations: Paul Revere (main occupation was silversmith)
Propaganda: Samuel Adams
Finance: John Hancock
Legal: John Adams, Josiah Quincy Jr.
Penetration (mole for British): Dr. Benjamin Church
Safehouses: Salutation Tavern, Green Dragon Tavern

126
Q

The Belfast Project

A

Boston College initiative to capture history of IRA; false confidentiality led to persecutions of members when PSNI began investigating certain cases

127
Q

advancement of teams

A

–> raw talent
–> commitment to public service
–> belief in importance of work

128
Q

Jonathan Pollard

A

former intelligence analyst, spy for Israel; received life in prison in 1985, emigrated to Israel in 2015
–> provided documents to Israeli intelligence through Naval Criminal Intelligence Service position

129
Q

Theofan S. Noli

A

BU alum (1945); prime minister of Albania during June Revolution

130
Q

how to establish norms?

A

–> agreement by all members of group
–> variety of levels of severity

131
Q

surgical team

A

real-time interaction; individual responsibility
–> one person (surgeon) has the most responsibility, but also relies on others in group to coordinate success

132
Q

Darren James LaBoute

A

BU alum (2006); died in suicide bombing in Afghanistan, 2009

133
Q

leader attribution error

A

success and failure are not solely because of group leader, but rather because of context of group

134
Q

Mario Buda

A

member of Galleanist movement; man whose car was under search when Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested
–> orchestrator of massively damaging Wall Street Bombing

135
Q

William F. Buckley

A

Korean War, Vietnam War veteran; BU alum (1955)
–> work mostly classified
–> captured by illegals in 1984; held captive, tortured until death in 1985

KHC/IR102 - Spies and Terrorists of Boston (2 decks)

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