Midterm #1 Flashcards
distributed (virtual) team
asynchronous, group responsibility
–> larger, more diverse teams (probably ones that use technology to interact)
–> requires clear boundaries, continuous leadership, and face-to-face launch
Lawrence Martin-Bittman
teacher at BU (1972-1996); spy who defected to US after first Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
–> ran disinformation operation against Soviets
early Cold War
Berlin Crisis (1948): after coup in Czechoslovakia, US General Lucius Clay predicted a war with USSR
–> Soviets cut off land corridors to Berlin; US set airlifts in response until Soviets relented
current intelligence
monitoring of current events
Yanqing Ye
BU grad student, convicted for visa fraud and acting as agent of foreign government
–> lied about association with PLA while attending BU; sent US documents back to China
–> arrest warrant issued while she was in China so she would not come back - arrest itself unimportant, but image and protection are
how to monitor team processes?
–> amount of effort expended by members
–> appropriateness of performance strategies
–> level of knowledge, skill applied to work
American Rev & Intelligence: background
French & Indian War, 1754-1763
–> British wanted colonists to contribute to war costs, exerted extremely heavy hand
–> formation of Sons of Liberty after British established writs of assistance (turnover of housing/property)
–> Boston Massacre as most effective piece of war propaganda (martyrs - they had thrown snowballs with ice, soldiers were drunk and fired)
Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
victims of one of the most notorious criminal trials in history; possible they did not commit the robberies, murders for which they were accused
beginning of American intelligence system
American Revolution –> Stamp Act angered colonists, influenced creation of Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence (“shadow government”)
official cover
some government job held by an operations officer
–> provides diplomatic immunity
coacting group
asynchronous; individual responsibility
–> work done separately, then combined into final product
–> tasks are too different for members to interact
–> could lead to free-loading, poor performance
Erik Goldstein
BU professor, wrote history of British Political Intelligence Department
dead drop/brush pass
methods of exchanging tangible information without verbal interaction
covert operations
offensive activity which requires some plausible deniability
–> kinetic: causing harm
tacit expertise
–> concealed knowledge (whether for incentive or self-preservation)
–> mismatched salience (teammates with matched skills but poor sportsmanship)
–> ostensive knowledge (learned from the art of doing)
MASINT
measurement and signature intelligence
–> assessment of identifiable characteristics of targets
–> specifics (e.g. location of explosion, fingerprint of individual)
–> “smell, taste, touch”
sleeper agents
agents integrated into a country, but not yet “activated” for spying
Harry Gold
handler of Karl Fuchs, David Greenglass
Ahmad Abousamra
chief editor of ISIS magazine Dabiq; presence in ISIS social media
–> lied about involvement in terrorist training camps
–> supposedly died in Syrian airstrike in 2017
persona non grata
expulsion of diplomat (probably because discovered as operations officer)
data
unprocessed material of every description
face-to-face teams
real-time interaction, group responsibility
–> co-working situation where ideas make final product more cohesive, expansive
surveillance on MLK: details
HUMINT, SIGINT
–> wiretaps in home, hotels
–> found information about extramarital affairs
–> 1964: sent tapes of affairs, anonymous suicide letter as blackmail
–> 1965: wiretaps end, surveillance continues until death in 1968
Igor Lukes
BU professor, assembled largest available collection of Czech intel documents
Archbishop Makarios
student at BU, president of Cyprus
–> either target of CIA assassination OR recipient of US funds
what makes a good spy?
someone with a reason to be gathering intelligence
setbacks for teams
–> frustrating bureaucratic policies
–> lack or excess of praise/discipline
–> censorship created by secrecy
–> increasing “to-do” list
Martin Luther King, Jr.
victim of relentless FBI surveillance for being a “Communist”, incitor of social change
–> 1955: PhD in Systematic Theology from B.U., with Howard Thurman as mentor
–> in Boston: met, married Coretta Scott
–> honorary degree from B.U. in 1959
–> papers archived at B.U. Library in 1964
GEOINT
geospatial intelligence
–> geographical context for IMINT, usually of “activities on earth”
–> use of satellites
Douglas Wheeler
BU alum (1963): compiled history of Army intelligence, offered one of first intelligence-based university courses
Joseph Fewsmith
BU professor, was almost recruited by Russian sleeper agent
Keith B. Alexander
BU alum (1978); 30 years on Army active duty, 9 years as director of NSA
National Security Act
1947
–> established Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA, etc.
–> Dec 1947: National Security Council authorized CIA to begin psychological operations in Eastern Europe; gave formal authority for espionage in June 1948
Lexington & Concord
Gage (British) had 4500 troops, many spies; was pushing for more forceful action
–> Hancock, Adams were in hiding; Revere, William Dawes sent by Warren to raise alarm that Gage was invading storehouse in Concord
–> early warning system used with Old North Church (“one if by land, two if by sea”, even though boat only used to cross the Charles)
explicit expertise
expertise from academic study
actionable intelligence
intelligence provided upon which certain steps can be taken
–> must be rigorous, timely, and relevant
Roberto Elia and Andrea Salsedo
worked on Cronaca Sovversiva and the “Plain Words” pamphlet left at 1919 house-bombing sites
–> Salsedo committed suicide after being held, illegally, in police custody for eight weeks
Alger Hiss
Soviet spy in US State Department; revealed in 1950s
–> Harvard education, clerk for Supreme Court Justice; member of Ware Group
–> Whittaker Chambers: Hess’ courier; joined CPUSA in 1925, Soviet Spy in 1932 - defected and gave information to CIA when Soviets began threatening his life
developmental
potential source who is being “strung along” prior to a pitch
–> may have sub-sources
Intelligence Cycle
- Planning, Direction, Needs, Requirements
- Collection (gathering data through INTs)
- Processing and Exploitation (e.g. translation, decoding)
- Analysis (linking, interpreting, contextualizing all-source raw data)
- Dissemination (e.g. document, briefing, video)
- Evaluation
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction
–> biological
–> chemical
–> nuclear
Boston reorganization
North End, Beacon Hill existed in 1775 –> not much else
–> Back Bay created out of water to serve as “elite” neighborhood (straight, flat streets)
–> “Green Line” under green strip of lawn on Comm Ave
the First Spymaster
George Washington; “Father of Intelligence”
–> ran many productive spy rings with funds from army (Culper Ring, Staten Island Ring)
–> betrayed by Benedict Arnold, but also provided his own false information to supposed spies
what makes a team successful?
–> bounded (strong sense of membership)
–> interdependent (collaboration)
–> stable (core team, with outer-rim members changing to prevent insularity)
–> clear, challenging, consequential purpose (but not overspecified - specify ends, not means)
Hermann F. Eilts
BU professor, helped negotiate Camp David Accords; served in Army Intelligence in WWII
VENONA
Soviet infiltration of Manhattan Project –> SIGINT of Soviet transmissions to discover penetration, but did not occur until long after info had already been used by Soviets for their own bombs
–> took time because of encryption
types of collaboration
–> communities of interest (unrelated conversation)
–> communities of practice (some related conversation)
–> emergent collaboration (use of cross-organizational strategies)
–> coacting groups (work in parallel w/o shared responsibility)
–> distributed teams (asynchronous, shared responsibility)
–> project teams/task forces (defined task until deadline)
–> semi-permanent work teams (indefinite deadline, fluid membership)
First Continental Congress
1774
–> encouraged by Committees of Correspondence
–> petitioned for home rule while affirming loyalty to King
Lori Berenson
opposed U.S. funding of government violence in South America; arrested, convicted by Peruvian government
–> endured harsh conditions; UN investigated her trial and sentencing, ruling both were unfair
Star Simpson
charged with wearing light-up “terrorist vest” through airport security, post-9/11
nonofficial cover (NOC)
some job held by an operations officer, used as an excuse
–> may give more access to information
–> no diplomatic immunity
Donald Heathfield and Tracey Ann Foley (Operation Ghost Stories)
10 illegals from Russian Foreign Intelligence Service discovered in US; arrested in 2010, though surveillance began in 1990s
–> prepared with false names, families, occupations
–> FBI didn’t want to capture right away, so used microphone, video camera, photograph techniques to gather evidence
–> Heathfield lied about going to Harvard, used that for connections; Foley posed as his wife
sand dune team
fluid composition as requirements change; takes different forms for different tasks
Ursula Kuczynski
case officer for Karl Fuchs
Carlo Valdinoci
orchestrator of most Galleanist bombing plots; escaped capture until he blew himself up in 1919 while attempting to bomb Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
Project Looking-Glass
red team: scientists, engineers, specialists in fields
blue team: law enforcement from a variety of disciplines
red team task: create a terrorist operation on certain area
blue team task: thwart operation
–> result: red team almost always won, blue team was ineffective at figuring out plan despite backgrounds in that work
safety signal
motion/gesture used to alert operations officer or agent that area is safe to meet
Katherine Powers and Susan Saxe
Brandeis students; perpetrators of robbery, manslaughter for Black Panther Party
–> influenced by parolees during anti-government, anti-Vietnam War era
–> Saxe jailed for 7 years after manhunt; Powers turned herself in after 23 years of anonymity
Arthur S. Hulnick
BU professor, leader in introduction of intelligence-based university courses
false flag
faking nationality (e.g. as part of another intelligence agency) in order to recruit an agent
strategic intelligence
long-term use, with large implications and potential consequences
Tarek Mehanna
translated/disseminated jihadist material for Al Qaeda; planned, but failed, to attend training camp in Yemen
–> arrested in 2012; released August 2024
Ted Hall and Saville Sax
–> contributors to Soviet atomic bombs through Manhattan Project infiltration
–> Hall: Harvard education, genius young scientist; drew to Communism by brother and roommate Sax
rendition
process of sending a criminal back to where crime was committed
David Greenglass
brother of Ethel Rosenberg; ratted on Julius and Ethel to preserve himself, wife Ruth
–> confirmed Fuch’s intelligence
what makes for good coaching?
–> target (individual vs. group, with group more effective)
–> timing/type (motivational at beginning; constructive in middle; educational at end)
–> focus (change strategies/effort rather than interpersonal issues)
Luigi Galleani
leader of Galleanist branch of anarchists; powerful writer, speaker
–> editor of La Questione Sociale
dangles
tricks, sent to agencies to attempt to infiltrate
cover for action
reason for meeting with an agent that is not likely to draw suspicion under questioning
SDR
surveillance detection route
–> path taken to a location in order to determine if being followed
Iron Curtain
figurative wall designating Soviet area after WWII
–> name coined by Winston Churchill
–> led to most significant reorganization of US intelligence system in history (after 9/11)
–> CIA began foreign covert operations in response to Soviet false elections, removal of contrarions
what makes an effective team?
–> clear goals
–> defined ambition
–> communication
–> diverse perspectives
–> trust and cohesion
–> supportive leadership
how to measure team effectiveness?
–> productive output meets/exceeds standards; used appropriately, timely
–> group development occurs for future tasks
–> individual development occurs
* weighed differently depending on context of task
Shahan Natalie
attended BU for disparate studies; terrorist work with Armenian Revolutionary Federation
–> lead designer of Operation Nemesis (killed 7 Young Turks in different cities), orchestrated from Boston hub
purpose of intelligence
–> warning of crisis (altering decision-makers to a threat on the state)
–> current intelligence
–> maintaining records, database management
–> making estimates
–> counterintelligence
–> covert action
C + I = T
capability + intent = threat
why teams?
–> learn from each other, people within or outside of intelligence network
–> potential to solve challenging problems from different perspectives
when should teams be used?
–> task requires diverse resources
–> individuals need to be flexible with time, coordination
–> task is large, unwieldy
organizational support
–> access to information
–> technical, educational resources
–> material resources
–> external recognition of performance
OSINT
open-source intelligence
–> publicly available information (newspapers, websites, social media)
what makes a good operations officer?
extroverted, convincing
Korean War
1950-1953
–> intelligence failure: North Korean invasion of South Korea was a complete surprise
–> China sent warnings through Indian diplomats to US because of increasing approach to Chinese border, but US ignored (failure)
–> bureaucratic successes: growth of CIA in size, mission, resources
–> revamp of intelligence analytics under Walter “Beetle” Smith, the newly appointed DCI
Father of Covert Action
Benjamin Franklin
–> advocated for aid from France during Revolutionary War
–> penetrated by Edward Bancroft - but did he know, and keep him around on purpose?
intelligence
information that provides a decision advantage over an adversary
–> product resulting from the processing, organizing of information
Danielle Barrett
BU alum (1989); Navy officer in US, Iraq, at sea; director of Navy’s cybersecurity division
Boston University Physical Research Laboratory (BUPRL)
site near BU Beach involved with development of IMINT equipment, 1946-1957
–> Boston Camera, HYAC Camera used by surveillance planes
–> acquired by private company; helped make CORONA, first reconnaissance satellite during Cold War
how to choose team members?
–> remove people who cause more harm than good
–> find constructive pairs (opposite skill sets in corresponding tasks)
–> collect feedback from past partners (beware of bias/distortion)
–> choose a size that negates free riding, social loafing and maximizes potential
government intervention in anarchist movement
Espionage Act, Sedition Act; Palmer Raids, “mass deportations”
Second Continental Congress
named George Washington as Continental Army Commander (1775) - intended recipient died at Bunker Hill, and Washington represented revolution’s connection to the South
–> Washington trained as surveyor, had military experience
Established:
–> Secret Committee (1775), to provide arms, munitions oversees
–> Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775), to communicate with sympathetic Britons and Europeans
–> Committee on Spies (1776), as reaction to case of Dr. Benjamin Church (surgeon general of Army)
issues with Intelligence Cycle
–> non-linear process (no “end” to the gathering of new information)
–> time requirements (long process requiring many inputs)
operational intelligence
typically for military use; mixture of tactical and strategic (expeditionary)
surveillance on MLK: background
began after Montgomery Bus Boycott under Racial Matters Program, COINTELPRO
–> ties to supposed members of CPUSA Stanley Levison and Jack O’Dell - Hoover learned through CPUSA informants Morris and Jack Childs
–> prolonged communications with Levison detected through wiretaps on intermediary Clarence Jones
–> 1962: RFK authorizes wiretaps on King
–> 1963: JFK warns King about wiretaps, Levison connection
60-30-10 rule
A leader’s job is…
60%: assembly of team (initial choices, composition)
30%: initial launch (preparation, relaunch if necessary)
10%: facilitation (adept coaching)
Chinese Espionage
–> wants: technology, science; foreign policy; to monitor international students
–> espionage approaches: “thousand grains of sand”, as opposed to commando (Russia) or technological (US)
–> MSS: Ministry of State Security, external intel service
–> PLA: People’s Liberation Army
what do we do with intelligence?
help consumers (president, National Security Council, Heads of Departments/Agencies); safeguard processes of analysis and initiate actions taken in accordance with what is learned
Dr. Charles Lieber
Harvard professor, chemist; convicted for lying to authorities about involvement with Chinese Thousand Talents Project, failure to file proper taxes
–> paid by Wuhan University of Technology, but did not disclose connections to US
Jessica Stern
BU research professor, interviews terrorists for academic work
SIGINT
signals intelligence
–> interceptions of communications, especially electronic
–> “ears”
David Wright
planned, failed to kill Americans on behalf of ISIS
–> radicalized through internet and family/friends
–> convicted in 2017, sentenced to 28 and then 30 years
HUMINT
human intelligence; espionage, covert operations, diplomacy
–> information obtained from humans with certain degrees of access
when should teams not be used?
–> task requires individual creativity
–> collectivist mindset would harm final product
–> “team” would only be in name
–> better, cheaper technologies exist
Cronaca Sovversiva
Italian anarchist newspaper founded by Luigi Galleani
–> widespread readership and content coverage
–> destruction of existing institutions
IMINT
image intelligence
–> imagery collected of a region, target, group, etc.
–> “eyes”
counterintelligence
playing defense
–> protecting state from unwanted observation
–> defensive (classification) or offensive (spying)
what makes an ineffective team?
–> confused members
–> ambiguous roles
–> lack of communication
–> lack of diversity
–> poor leadership
tactical intelligence
near-term, on-the-ground use
–> short-cut processing
agent acquisition cycle
- Target
- Assess
- Recruit (pitch)
- Handle
- Terminate
tradecraft
best practices for operating within some profession
Waves of Terrorism
- Anarchist (1870s-1910s): eliminate government oppression through dynamite, robberies
- Nationalist (1920s-1960s): eliminate colonial rule using guerilla-style attacks
- New Left (1960s-1980s): eliminate capitalist system via hijackings, kidnappings, assassinations
- Religious (1979-2020s): creation of global Islamic Caliphate via suicide bombings, aircraft, vehicle use
–> today: right-wing extremist terrorism outpaces all other domestic groups, and will probably increase considering current sociopolitical factors
James R. Hughes
BU alum (1960s); 37 years serving as CIA chief of station in many countries
how to fix team setbacks?
–> improve dysfunctional conditions by identifying successful conditions
–> introduce members from a variety of disciplines (which are necessary?)
–> instruct that success of team must be valued over individual
Karl Fuchs
nuclear scientist; provided technical details to Soviets from Manhattan Project
–> arrested 1950
Aafia Siddiqui
–> MIT, Brandeis alum; speaker at CARE International events
–> CARE International (1085 Comm Ave): front for Al Kifah, subsidiary of Al Qaeda
Joseph Wippl
BU professor, 30-year CIA career
embassy/station
CIA office in another country
–> consulate/base: smaller office in a different city
–> ambassador: senior overseas policymaker
–> chief of station: senior overseas intelligence officer
–> split into political, economic, consulor, legal, defense, intelligence divisions
walk-ins
volunteers for intelligence agencies
Katherine Russell
wife of Tamerlan Tsaernaev; supposedly not involved with bombings
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–> Karl Fuchs, a German spy for the USSR, rats out his courier Henry Gold under interrogation; Gold rats out David Greenglass; Greenglass rats out brother-in-law and sister, Julius and Ethel
–> case: Julius provided radar, sonar, jet engine information during WWII to Soviets; only accused of nuclear information during Cold War
–> executed June 19, 1953 for conspiracy as first US citizens to be executed for espionage during peacetime
–> verified in VENONA project, which prosecutors couldn’t use to avoid showing hand too early
information
data that has been processed
MICE
Money
Ideology
Coercion
Ego
John D. Woodward
BU professor, career in CIA, Department of Defense, RAND Corporation
Rezwan Ferdaus
sought to support Al Qaeda via IEDs, drone attacks; captured in FBI sting operation
–> Northeastern graduate; influenced by religious ideology
Richard Fecteau
BU alum (1951); CIA paramilitary officer
–> spent 19 years imprisoned in China for involvement in shot-down rescue mission
–> 9 years solitary confinement, 1 year in leg shackles
–> returned in 1971; worked as BU Assistant Athletic Director 1977-1982
spread of Italian Anarchism
mass immigration waves led to influx of Italians, most of whom moved to the same regions
–> perpetuation of existent ideals from old country
Boston Station, 1775
Chief: Dr. Joseph Warren
Operations: Paul Revere (main occupation was silversmith)
Propaganda: Samuel Adams
Finance: John Hancock
Legal: John Adams, Josiah Quincy Jr.
Penetration (mole for British): Dr. Benjamin Church
Safehouses: Salutation Tavern, Green Dragon Tavern
The Belfast Project
Boston College initiative to capture history of IRA; false confidentiality led to persecutions of members when PSNI began investigating certain cases
advancement of teams
–> raw talent
–> commitment to public service
–> belief in importance of work
Jonathan Pollard
former intelligence analyst, spy for Israel; received life in prison in 1985, emigrated to Israel in 2015
–> provided documents to Israeli intelligence through Naval Criminal Intelligence Service position
Theofan S. Noli
BU alum (1945); prime minister of Albania during June Revolution
how to establish norms?
–> agreement by all members of group
–> variety of levels of severity
surgical team
real-time interaction; individual responsibility
–> one person (surgeon) has the most responsibility, but also relies on others in group to coordinate success
Darren James LaBoute
BU alum (2006); died in suicide bombing in Afghanistan, 2009
leader attribution error
success and failure are not solely because of group leader, but rather because of context of group
Mario Buda
member of Galleanist movement; man whose car was under search when Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested
–> orchestrator of massively damaging Wall Street Bombing
William F. Buckley
Korean War, Vietnam War veteran; BU alum (1955)
–> work mostly classified
–> captured by illegals in 1984; held captive, tortured until death in 1985
