Final Flashcards
Katherine Russell
wife of Tamerlan Tsarnaev; supposedly not involved with bombings
Ursula Kuczynski
case officer for Karl Fuchs
Noraid claims
–> “send money to families of political prisoners”
–> send guns? and not sending all money that was raised?
Joseph Fewsmith
BU professor, almost recruited by Russian sleeper agent
VENONA project
long-running, secret collaboration between US intelligence agencies, UK’s MI5 and GCHQ, to analyze Soviet intelligence messages (1940s)
–> specifically, infiltration of Manhattan Project; SIGINT of Soviet transmissions
–> info not used until long after bombs had already been created (took time to de-encrypt)
dangles
tricks, sent to agencies to attempt infiltration
Lexington & Concord
Gage (British) had 4500 troops, many spies; was pushing for more forceful action
–> Hancock, Adams in hiding; Revere, William Dawes sent by Warren to raise alarm that Gage was invading storehouse in Concord
–> early warning system used with Old North Church (“one if by land, two if by sea”, even though boat was only used to cross the Charles)
Dr. Herbert Scholz
German consulate in Boston, 1938-1941; operations officer for Francis Moran, orchestrator of isolationist-encouraging plans through elite role in Schutzstaffel
–> supposedly “demoted” to Boston from embassy in D.C.; “blotting his copy book”
–> tasked with handling, reining in Heinrich Bruning
–> too young to join military in WWI; joined Freikorps (paramilitary quasi-Nazis), then Brownshirts; PhD at University of Leipzig in Nazi philosophy; headquarters aide in the SS
Star Simpson
charged with wearing light-up “terrorist vest” through Logan Airport security post-9/11
IMINT
image intelligence
–> imagery collected of a region, target, group, etc
–> “eyes”
leader attribution error
success and failure not solely because of group leader, but rather context in which group was created
Shahan Natalie
attended BU for disparate studies; terrorist work with Armenian Revolutionary Federation
–> lead designer of Operation Nemesis (killed 7 Young Turks in different cities), orchestrated from Boston hub
Three O’s
Winter Hill Gang’s “favorite pub”
what do we do with intelligence?
help consumers (president, National Security Council, Heads of Departments/Agencies); safeguard processes of analysis, initiate actions in accordance with what is learned
who was MI6’s cutout to Frances Sweeney?
unknown - had to be someone trusted by both MI6 and Sweeney herself
–> Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.? had studied at U. of Cambridge and would have been ideologically anti-Nazi
coacting group
asynchronous; individual responsibility
–> work done separately, then combined into final product
–> tasks too different for members to interact
–> could lead to free-loading, poor performance
what are covert operations?
offensive activity which requires some plausible deniability
–> kinetic: causing harm
1921 treaty
Created Irish Free State (23 southern counties, 3 counties from Ulster) and Northern Ireland (remaining 6 counties in Ulster)
–> Northern Ireland to remain part of UK
Michael Flannery
founder of Noraid; arrested in 1981 on charges of conspiring to ship arms to IRA (20-mm cannon, 47 machine guns, flamethrower, numerous rifles)
–> claimed manipulated in CIA underground operation; believed
Frederick Douglass
former slave; escaped and became an abolitionist
C + I = T
capability + intent = threat
September 1984 - Boston & IRA
Valhalla: boat used to transport weapons
–> core gang + new members (including John McIntyre)
–> 6 vans transported weapons to dock in Gloucester
–> weapons transferred to Irish boat, which was intercepted off the Irish coast (British mole in IRA)
Ted Hall and Saville Sax
–> contributors to Soviet atomic bombs through Manhattan Project infiltration
–> Hall: Harvard education, genius young scientist; drawn to Communism by brother and roommate Sax
Valhalla load
about $500,000-$1.12 million in arsenal
–> 163 assault rifles; 71,000 rounds of ammunition; 1 ton of explosives; 12 bulletproof vests
–> items obtained from other sympathetic cities (25 machine guns from Philadelphia, 12 shotguns from NY)
John D. Woodward
BU professor, career in CIA, Department of Defense, RAND Corporation
Dr. Charles Lieber
Harvard professor, chemist; convicted for lying to authorities about involvement with Chinese Thousand Talents Project, failure to file proper taxes
–> paid by Wuhan Institute of Technology, but did not disclose connections to US
Mario Buda
member of Galleanist movement; man whose car was under search when Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested
–> orchestrator of massively damaging Wall Street Bombing
Ahmad Abousamra
chief editor of ISS magazine “Dabiq”; presence in ISIS social media
–> lied about involvement in terrorist training camps
–> supposedly died in Syrian airstrike in 2017
60-30-10 rule
A leader’s job is…
60%: assembly of team (initial choices, composition)
30%: initial launch (preparation, relaunch if necessary)
10%: facilitation (adept coaching)
how to choose team members?
–> remove people who cause more harm than good
–> find constructive pairs (opposite skill sets in corresponding tasks)
–> collect feedback from past partners (beware of bias/distortion)
–> choose a size that negates free riding, social loafing and maximizes potential
1912 - Ireland
UK government prepared to give all of Ireland home rule; Protestants rejected this
how to validate an asset?
compare their information to other assets
Charles and Lewis Douglass
served in 54th MA infantry; sons of abolitionist Frederick Douglass
–> Charles: sergeant, but injured at Fort Wagner
–> Lewis: sergeant major; fought even when seriously injured at Fort Wagner
–> Charles: Freedman’s Bureau, Treasury Department
–> Lewis: “New National Era”, service polls for African-Americans
tactical intelligence
near-term, on-the-ground use
–> short-cut processing
Karl Fuchs
nuclear scientist; provided technical details to Soviets from Manhattan Project
–> arrested 1950
David Greenglass
brother of Ethel Rosenberg; ratted on Julius and Ethel to preserve himself and wife Ruth
–> confirmed Fuch’s intelligence
Cora DuBois
Anthropologist; emphasized significance of culture, psychology
–> pioneered presence of women in male-dominated field
–> served in OSS as Southeast Asia expert (in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka), giving insights on cultural factors for military strategies
–> first female professor at Harvard
–> died in Brookline, MA
strategic intelligence
long-term use, large implications and potential consequences
Darren James LaBoute
BU alum (2006); died in suicide bombing in Afghanistan, 2009
Government of Ireland Act
1920; divided Ireland into separate political entities, each with some form of self-government
–> accepted by Protestants in Ulster; rejected by Catholics in South
Jessica Stern
BU research professor, interviews terrorists for academic work
Joe Cahill
founder of Provisional IRA
–> arrested in 1973 in Ireland for carrying weapons for Libyan terrorists
–> joint treasurer of IRA political arm (Sinn Fein)
–> high rank on “Army Council”
why teams?
–> learn from each other, people within or outside of intelligence network
–> potential to solve challenging problems from different perspectives
Milton Katz
Deputy Chief of Secret Intelligence (for OSS)
–> lecturer at Harvard
–> Special Representative in Europe for Economic Cooperation; partially responsible for Marshall Plan ($12 billion in aid to Europe after WWII)
Arthur S. Hulnick
BU professor, leader in introduction of intelligence-based university courses
Lawrence Martin-Bittman
teacher at BU (1972-1996); spy who defected to US after first Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
–> ran disinformation operation against Soviets
Archbishop Makarios
student at BU, president of Cyprus
–> either target of CIA assassination attempts OR recipient of US funds
how to measure team effectiveness?
–> productive output meets/exceeds standards; used appropriately, timely manner
–> group development occurs for future tasks
–> individual development occurs
*weighed differently depending on context of task
Alger Hiss
Soviet spy in US State Department; revealed in 1950s
–> Harvard education, clerk for Supreme Court Justice; member of Ware Group
surveillance on MLK: details
HUMINT, SIGINT
–> wiretaps in home, hotels
–> found information about extramarital affairs
–> 1964: sent tapes of affairs, anonymous suicide letter as blackmail
–> 1965: wiretaps end, surveillance continues until death in 1968
when should teams not be used?
–> task requires individual creativity
–> collectivist mindset would harm final product
–> “team” would only be in name
–> better, cheaper technologies exist
Theofan S. Noli
BU alum (1945); prime minister of Albania during June Revolution
Arnold Lunn
British scholar, journalist; Catholic convert in 1930s
–> spurned by atrocities committed against Catholic clergy in Spanish Civil War
–> believed Christians needed to join forces to oppose communism
how to fix team setbacks?
–> improve dysfunctional conditions by identifying successful conditions
–> introduce members from a variety of disciplines (which are necessary?)
–> instruct that success of team must be valued over individual
Dun Meng
carjacking victim of Tsarnaev brothers
January 1942
Sweeney’s probes led Boston police to raid Christian Front
–> thousands of books, pamphlets seized
–> Moran threatened with arrest for selling unpatriotic publications
Arthur M. Schlesigner, Jr.
renowned historian; served in OSS as intelligence analyst
–> Harvard graduate; close advisor of JFK administration
–> dissenter on Bay of Pigs invasion
–> possible cutout to Frances Sweeney
–> Pulitzer-Prize winning author
Katherine Powers and Susan Saxe
Brandeis students, perpetrators of robbery and manslaughter for Black Panther Party
–> influenced by parolees during anti-government, anti-Vietnam War era
–> Saxe jailed for 7 years after manhunt; Powers escaped, turned herself in 23 years later
IRA
Irish Republican Army; nationalist force (unite all of Ireland under independent rule)
Aafia Siddiqui
–> MIT, Brandeis alum; speaker at CARE International events
–> CARE International (1085 Comm Ave): front for Al Kifah, subsidiary of Al Qaeda
British intelligence makeup
internal: MI5, BSS
external: MI6, SIS
dead drop/brush pass
methods of exchanging tangible information without verbal interaction
types of collaboration
–> communities of interest (unrelated conversation)
–> communities of practice (some related conversation)
–> emergent collaboration (use of cross-organizational strategies)
–> coacting groups (work in parallel w/o shared responsibility)
–> distributed teams (asynchronous, shared responsibility)
–> project teams/task forces (defined task until deadline)
–> semi-permanent work teams (indefinite deadline, fluid membership)
Michele McPhee
investigative journalist with interest in Boston Marathon bombing case; author of “Mayhem”
Francis Moran
Irish-American leader of Boston’s Christian Front (from Dorchester)
–> “ideal spy and agent of influence”
–> devout Catholic, articulate public speaker, educated by German priests and fluent in German
–> wartime: was drafted into “troublemakers” unit of US Army, then worked as reference librarian in Boston
–> MICE: ideology, money, some ego
Rezwan Ferdaus
sought to support Al Qaeda via IEDs, drone attacks; captured in an FBI sting operation
–> Northeastern graduate; influenced by religious ideology
Boston reorganization
North End, Beacon Hill existed in 1775 –> not much else
–> Back Bay created out of water to serve as “elite” neighborhood (straight, flat streets)
–> “Green Line under green strip of lawn on Comm Ave
sand dune team
fluid composition as requirements change; takes different forms for different tasks
Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.
OSS veteran during WWII, then served in CIA
–> Harvard grad; grandson of Theodore Roosevelt
–> helped shape alliances with Arab countries, including CIA coup carried out in Iran (Operation Ajax -1953)
–> senior officer of Middle East division; commissioned to write and edit history of OSS
–> received National Security Medal in 1956
WWII in June 1940
UK/British Commonwealth alone facing Germany, Italy, and Japan
–> France surrenders; USSR still in non-aggression pact with Germany
intelligence
information that provides a decision advantage over an adversary
–> product resulting from the processing, organizing of information
face-to-face teams
real-time interaction, group responsibility
–> co-working situation where ideas make final product more cohesive, expansive
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction
–> biological
–> chemical
–> nuclear
Danielle Barrett
BU alum (1989); Navy officer in US, Iraq, at sea; director of Navy’s cybersecurity division
how to establish norms?
–> agreement by all members of group
–> variety of levels of severity
Boston Station, 1775
Chief: Dr. Joseph Warren
Operations: Paul Revere (main occupation was silversmith)
Propaganda: Samuel Adams
Finance: John Hancock
Legal: John Adams, Josiah Quincy, Jr.
Penetration (mole for British): Dr. Benjamin Church
Safehouses: Salutation Tavern, Green Dragon Tavern
casualties of the Troubles
more than 3,000 dead in Northern Ireland; roughly equivalent to 500,000 deaths in United States
what makes for good coaching?
–> target (individual vs. group, with group more effective)
–> timing/type (motivational –> constructive –> educational)
–> focus (change strategies/effort rather than interpersonal issues)
Father Charles Coughlin
“founding father of hate radio”
–> active in 1930s; drew tens of millions of listeners
–> strong supporter of isolationism, anti-Semitism
where is Copley Square?
Back Bay neighborhood of Boston; near Boylston, Clarendon Streets
Second Continental Congress
named George Washington as Continental Army Commander (1775) - intended recipient had died at Bunker Hill, and Washington represented revolution’s connection to South
–> Washington had trained as surveyor, had military experience
Established:
–> Secret Committee (1775), to provide arms, munitions oversees
–> Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775), to communicate with sympathetic Britons and Europeans
–> Committee on Spies (1776), as reaction to case of Dr. Benjamin Church (surgeon general of Army)
James R. Hughes
BU alum (1960s); 37 years as CIA chief of station in many countries
what makes a good spy?
someone with a reason to be gathering intelligence
British intelligence vs. Christian Front
“largely successfully covert action to counter the Christian Front in Boston”
–> funding through cut-out to Frances Sweeney
consociationalism
government decision making must include members of both majority and minority parties
raising money for IRA
–> passing the hat
–> Irish immigrants
–> “skimming”
–> protection, shake-down, endorsement fees
–> drug dealing
–> legal and illegal businesses
Edward Carson
leader of Protestants contrary to Irish home rule
–> successful at delaying movement until 1914, when WWI breaks out; reorganizes illegally-amassed Protestant militia (armed by Germany) to help UK’s army as 36th Ulster Division
–> organized hundreds of thousands to sign a covenant against home rule
Palmer Raids
1920; federal marshals raided homes of suspected radicals, headquarters of radical organizations in 32 different US cities
Korean War
1950-1953
–> intelligence failure: NK invasion of SK was a complete surprise
–> China sent ignored warnings through Indian diplomats to US because of increasing approach to border
–> bureaucratic successes: growth of CIA in size, mission, resources
–> revamp of intelligence analytics under Walter “Beetle” Smith, newly appointed DCI
Gina Haspel
first female director of the CIA (deputy, then head)
–> paralegal certificate from Northeastern
–> case officer in Africa during Cold War; Chief of Station in Baku, Azerbaijan
–> in charge of “Black Site” in Thailand (2002), with brutal interrogation methods (e.g. waterboarding) used to pressure detainees after 9/11
Carlo Valdinoci
orchestrator of most Galleanist bombing plots; escaped capture until 1919, when he blew himself up while attempting to denote in front of home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
what makes an effective team?
–> clear goals
–> defined ambition
–> communication
–> diverse perspectives
–> trust and cohesion
–> supportive leadership
Whittaker Chambers
Alger Hiss’ courier; joined CPUSA in 1925, Soviet spy in 1932
–> defected and gave information to CIA when Soviets began threatening his life; “Pumpkin Papers”
National Security Act
1947
–> established Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA, etc.
–> Dec 1947: National Security Council authorized CIA to begin psychological operations in Eastern Europe; gave formal authority for espionage in June 1948
James J. “Whitey” Bulger
leader of “Winter Hill Gang”, murderous gang in Boston’s South End
–> Irish allegiance
–> arrested after years on the run; sentenced to life in 2013, then killed in jail
what was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment?
2nd Black military regiment
–> Union Army during Civil War (after 1863 Emancipation Proclamation)
safety signal
motion/gesture used to alert operations officer or agent that area is safe to meet
distributed (virtual) team
asynchronous, group responsibility
–> large, more diverse; probably use technology
–> requires clear boundaries, continuous leadership, face-to-face launch
Martin Luther King, Jr.
victim of relentless FBI surveillance for being a “Communist”, incitor of social change
–> 1955: PhD in Systematic Theology from BU, with Howard Thurman as mentor
–> in Boston: met, married Coretta Scott
–> honorary degree from BU in 1959
–> papers archived at BU Library in 1964
nonofficial cover (NOC)
some job held by operations officer, used as an excuse
–> may give more access to information
–> no diplomatic immunity
William F. Buckley
Korean War, Vietnam War veteran; BU alum (1955)
–> work mostly classified
–> captured by illegals in 1984; held captive, tortured until death in 1985
Keith B. Alexander
BU alum (1978); 30 years on Army active duty, 9 years as director of NSA
Patrick Nee
IRA sympathizer; lieutenant of Whitey Bulger
–> moved to Boston from County Galway
Jonathan Pollard
former intelligence analyst; spy for Israel; received life in prison in 1985, emigrated to Israel in 2015
–> provided documents through position in Naval Criminal Intelligence Service
murder of John McIntyre
John Connolly (FBI handler of Bulger) tipped off Winter Hill Gang that McIntyre had snitched
–> McIntyre lured to Nee’s brother’s house, dragged to basement, chained to chair and interrogated
–> asked “do you want one in the head?”; said yes
–> teeth extracted; body found 16 years later, in a 5-foot hole in the ground
tacit expertise
–> concealed knowledge (for incentive or self-preservation)
–> mismatched salience (teammates with matched skills but poor sportsmanship)
–> ostensive knowledge (learned from the act of doing)
actionable intelligence
intelligence provided upon which certain steps can be taken
–> must be rigorous, timely, and relevant
Tamerlan’s connection to FBI
possible informant, mosque crawler in Cambridge (known to be place of worship for terrorists)
–> interest in terrorism; Chechen fluent in Russian, English, and Chechen dialect
–> in Russia for six months, then returns even though he should have been on travel black-list; how?
sleeper agents
agents integrated into a country, but not yet “activated” for spying
Waves of Terrorism
- Anarchist (1870s-1910s): eliminate government oppression through dynamite, robberies
- Nationalist (1920s-1960s): eliminate colonial rule through guerilla-style attacks
- New Left (1960s-1980s): eliminate capitalist system through hijackings, kidnappings, assassinations
- Religious (1979-2020s): creation of global Islamic Caliphate through suicide bombings, aircraft, vehicle use
–> today in US: right-wing extremism the most dangerous, likely to increase
beginning of American intelligence system
American Revolution –> Stamp Act angered colonists, influenced creation of Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence (“shadow government”)
persona non grata
expulsion of diplomat (probably because discovered as operations officer)
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
–> Karl Fuchs (German spy for USSR) ratted out courier Henry Gold under interrogation; Gold rats out Greenglass, Greenglass the Rosenbergs
–> case: Julius provided radar, sonar, jet engine information during WWII to Soviets; only accused of nuclear information during Cold War
–> executed June 19, 1953 for conspiracy as first US citizens to be executed for espionage during peacetime
–> verified in VENONA project
Boston University Physical Research Laboratory (BUPRL)
site near BU Beach involved in development of IMINT equipment, 1946-1957
–> Boston, HYAC Cameras used by surveillance lanes
–> acquired by private company; helped design CORONA, first reconnaissance satellite during Cold War
walk-ins
volunteers for intelligence agencies
Intelligence Cycle
- Planning, Direction, Needs, Requirements
- Collection (gathering data through INTs)
- Processing and Exploitation (e.g. translation, decoding)
- Analysis (linking, interpreting, contextualizing all-source raw data)
- Dissemination (e.g. document, briefing, video)
- Evaluation
HUMINT
human intelligence; espionage, covert operations, diplomacy
–> information obtained from humans with certain degrees of access
Project Looking-Glass
red team: scientists, engineers, specialists in fields
blue team: law enforcement from a variety of disciplines
red team task: create a terrorist operation on a certain area
blue team task: thwart operatoin
–> result: red team almost always won, blue team ineffective at figuring out plan
Boston College during Christian Front era
Jesuit University, so at least intellectually supportive of the movement
Father of Covert Action
Benjamin Franklin
–> advocated for aid from France during Revolutionary War
–> penetrated by Edward Bancroft - but did he know, and keep him around on purpose?
Douglas Wheeler
BU alum (1963); compiled history of Army intelligence, offered one of first intelligence-based university courses
Harry Gold
handler of Karl Fuchs, David Greenglass
was US aware of MI6 influence on Christian Front?
General William Donovan had close relationship with William Stephenson, chief of MI6…so very likely
–> Donovan had been FDR’s emissary on trips to UK, where he had met “Intrepid”
–> Donovan supported Lend-Lease Act, likely meaning he would have also supported anti-isolationism
Richard Fecteau
BU alum (1951); CIA paramilitary officer
–> 19 years imprisoned in China for involvement in shot-down rescue mission
–> 9 years solitary confinement, 1 year in leg shackles
–> returned in 1971; worked as BU Assistant Athletic Director, 1977-1982
Robert Gould Shaw
leader of the 54th Massachusetts regiment
what makes a good operations officer?
extroverted, convincing
meaning of Valhalla
Norse mythology; heavenly destination for martyrs of combat
–> literally: the boat used by Whitey Bulger to ship arms to IRA
Joseph Wippl
BU professor, 30-year CIA career
Charles R. Gallagher
author of The Nazis of Copley Square
–> associate professor of history at Boston College
–> first scholar to document role of Nazi intelligence in Boston
–> NOT educated at BU’s School of Theology
what makes an ineffective team?
–> confused members
–> ambiguous roles
–> lack of communication
–> lack of diversity
–> poor leadership
Yanqing Ye
BU grad student, convicted for visa fraud and acting as agent of foreign government
–> lied about association with PLA while attending BU; sent US documents to China
–> arrest warranted issued while she was in China (so she would not come back - arrest itself unimportant)
Battle of the Boyne
1690; William of Orange defeats King James’ forces, conquers Ireland
–> Protestant community still celebrates today (controversial)
Roberto Elia and Andrea Salsedo
worked on Cronaca Sovversiva and the “Plain Words” pamphlet left at 1919 house-bombing sites
–> Salsedo committed suicide after being held, illegally, in police custody for eight weeks
what is an official cover?
some government job held by an operations officer
–> provides diplomatic immunity
how did British intelligence find out about the Christian Front?
unknown - maybe through wiretapping, similar to the Zimmerman telegram?
American Rev & Intelligence: background
French and Indian War, 1754-1763
–> British wanted colonists to contribute to war costs, exerted extremely heavy hand
–> formation of Sons of Liberty after British established writs of assistance (turnover of housing/property)
–> Boston Massacre as most effective piece of war propaganda (martyrs - they had thrown ice-filled snowballs, soldiers were drunk and fired)
what is current intelligence?
monitoring of current events
Unionist view during Irish Troubles
keep Northern Ireland in the UK
SIGINT
signals intelligence
–> interceptions of communications, especially electronic
–> “ears”
Noraid
“Northern Aid Committee”: Irish republican charity in US
–> received money from Winter Hill Gang’s bookkeepers
–> convicted in 1981 of violating Foreign Agents Registration Act (not admitting connections to IRA)
Mike Pompeo
CIA director, Secretary of State
–> Harvard graduate; served as military captain in Germany
–> negotiations with North Korea; traveled to NK to organize contentious meeting between Trump, Kim Jong Un
–> practice of espionage, diplomacy; led Abraham Accords, plan to emphasize treaties between Israel and Arab states
–> “Tough on China” policy
how to monitor team processes?
–> amount of effort expended
–> appropriateness of performance strategies
–> level of knowledge, skill applied to work
Chinese Espionage
–> wants: technology, science; foreign policy; to monitor international students
–> espionage approaches: “thousand grains of sand”, as opposed to commando (Russia) or technological (US)
–> MSS: Ministry of State Security, external intel service
–> PLA: People’s Liberation Army
MASINT
measurement and signals intelligence
–> assessment of identifiable characteristics of targets
–> specifics (e.g. location of explosion, fingerprint of individual)
–> “smell, taste, touch”
MICE
Money, Ideology, Coercion, Ego
false flag
faking nationality (e.g. as part of another intelligence agency) in order to recruit an agent
Dan Pinck
WWII OSS operative in China; gathered critical intelligence on Chinese, Japanese troop movements and espionage
–> wrote later memoir reflecting on experience
–> deployed in Hotein, China after volunteering for OSS; tracked troops and weather patterns
–> resided in Boston, Cambridge until end of life; helped create “OSS Club” (like Harvard Club)
surgical team
real-time interaction; individual responsibility
–> one person has most responsibility, but relies on others to coordinate success
spread of Italian anarchism
mass immigration waves led to influx of Italians, most of whom moved to the same regions
–> perpetuation of existent ideals from old country
information
data that has been processed
What was the OSS?
centralization of intelligence forces from separate military branches (1942-1945)
–> now the CIA
Iron Curtain
figurative wall designating Soviet area after WWII
–> name coined by Winston Churchill
–> led to most significant reorganization of US intelligence system in history (after 9/11)
–> CIA began foreign covert operations in response to Soviet false elections, removal of contrarions
The Belfast Project
Boston College initiative to capture history of IRA; false promise of confidentiality led to persecution of some members when PSNI began investigating some cases
Moe Berg
American catcher, coach in MLB; served in OSS during WWII as part of Alsos Mission
–> Project Larson: recruit info on German nuclear development
–> instructed to assassinate Werner Heisenberg in Zurich (if he mentioned atomic strategy)
–> fluent in 7 languages; played for Red Sox while also working in law
Gallagher’s influence to write “The Nazis of Copley Square”
undergrad student, receiving training in semi-automatic weaponry (intended to join police force)
–> saw picture of men and recognized them as members of Christian Front, who had attempted to overthrow U.S. gov’t in 1940 (and had been charged, exonerated)
difference between Northern and Southern Ireland (1800s)
–> North: rise in standard of living, manufacturing
–> South: unequal distribution of land, resources (Protestants owned most despite Catholic majority)
GEOINT
geospatial intelligence
–> geographical context for IMINT, usually of “activities on earth”
–> use of satellites
embassy/station
CIA office in another country
–> consulate/base: smaller office in a different city
–> ambassador: senior overseas policymaker
–> chief of station: senior overseas intelligence officer
–> split into political, economic, legal, defense, intelligence divisions
James Schlesinger
Secretary of Defense for Nixon, Ford; shaped US defense and nuclear strategy, NATO
–> BA, MA, & PhD from Harvard (economics)
–> Bureau of the Budget
–> Atomic Energy Commission
–> CIA, RAND Corp.
–> advised on Yom Kippur War; Invasion of Cyprus; Indochina conflicts
surveillance on MLK: background
began after Montgomery Bus Boycott under Racial Matters Program, COINTELPRO
–> ties to supposed members of CPUSA Stanley Levison, Jack O’Dell - Hoover learned through CPUSA informations Morris and Jack Childs
–> prolonged communications with Levison detected through wiretaps on intermediary Clarence Jones
–> 1962: RFK authorizes wiretaps on King
–> 1963: JFK warns King about wiretaps, Levison connection
Rep. Mario Biaggi
Congressional representative for the Bronx region where Noraid was headquartered; founder and chairman of Ad Hoc Congressional Committee for Irish Affairs
–> proposed bills to demand British withdrawal as conditions for economic aid to Northern Ireland
–> supposedly educated by Sinn Fein representatives
Bulger meeting with Crawley
John Crawley: 26 y/o IRA member, had returned to Ireland after fighting in US Marines
–> met in 1983 to hatch Valhalla plan
William H. Carney
first African American to receive Medal of Honor
–> member of Morgan Guards, then 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment
–> 1863: Battle of Fort Wagner; helped protect the flag when color guard was wounded, even while wounded himself
–> later: first documented Black postal mail carrier in US Postal Service
–> lived & died in New Bedford, MA
Catholic doctrines believed by Christian Front
–> “mystical body of Christ”: all Catholics part of one body, so injury to one = injury to all
–> “Catholic action”: doing good works in the world = doing church’s work, deserving of institutional recognition
Luigi Galleani
leader of Galleanist branch of anarchists; powerful writer, speaker
–> editor of La Questione Sociale
rendition
process of sending criminal back to where crime was committed
issues with intelligence cycle
–> non-linear process (no “end” to gathering new information)
–> time requirements (long process requiring many inputs)
Erik Goldstein
BU professor, wrote history of British Political Intelligence Department
agent acquisition cycle
- Target
- Assess
- Recruit (pitch)
- Handle
- Terminate
organizational support
–> access to information
–> technical, educational resources
–> material resources
–> external recognition of performance
Igor Lukes
BU professor, assembled largest available collection of Czech intel documents
First Continental Congress
1774
–> encouraged by Committees of Correspondence
–> petitioned for home rule while affirming loyalty to King
UNABOMBER
Ted Kaczynski (Harvard education); perpetrator of domestic mail, hand-delivered bombings
–> against social and technological process; only gave himself up when offering to publish a manifesto of his writings
–> FBI’s most extensive manhunt
setbacks for teams
–> frustrating bureaucratic policies
–> lack or excess of praise/discipline
–> censorship created by secrecy
–> increasing “to-do” list
soft border (Ireland)
ease of movement; unification would occur based on a vote, if ever applicable
–> BREXIT challenged institutions of soft border, economic relationships between Northern Ireland and Republic
Why a separated Ireland?
always an Irish nationalist movement, though at some points more powerful than others; political, artistic, literary, social…paramilitary
explicit expertise
expertise from academic study
purpose of intelligence
–> warning of crisis (alerting decision-makers to a threat on the state)
–> current intelligence
–> maintaining records, databases
–> making estimates
–> counterintelligence
–> covert action
Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
victims of one of the most notorious criminal trials in history; possible they did not commit robberies / South Braintree murders for which they were accused
America First Committee
founded in 1940; included several members of Congress, Charles Lindbergh
–> isolationist
Spanish Civil War
1936-1939: Republications (w/ support of USSR) vs. Franco & followers (w/ support of Germany, Italy)
–> major power of Church in Spain –> Republicans killed about 10% of all priests
–> Italians provided greatest quantity of aid to Franco, but Germans gave technology (mostly planes) that helped practice for blitzkrieg tactic in WWII
–> Franco wins; party in power until 1975
Operation Ghost Stories (Donald Heathfield and Tracey Ann Foley)
10 illegals from Russian Foreign Intelligence Service discovered in US; surveillance began in 1990s, arrested 2010
–> prepared with false names, families, occupations
–> FBI used microphone, video, photograph techniques to gather evidence over time
–> Heathfield lied about Harvard graduation to create connections; Foley posed as his wife
surveillance of Christian Front
performed by law enforcement, FBI, army and navy intelligence, Boston police, OSS, and British services; also done on German consulate
–> only British ever suspected foul play, or intervened; never tied Moran to Nazis or understood Scholz’s purpose in Boston
“The Bucket of Blood”
meeting between Joe Cahill and Whitey Bulger
–> Cahill (snuck into US through Canada after being banned for 1940s murder in Belfast) urged Bulger for help
–> sent 30 rifles, 25 pistols, 10 blocks of C-4 explosives, 2,500 rounds of ammunition under false floor of Dodge van
contested space
e.g. Northern Ireland
–> selection of sources
–> interpretation
–> intention
–> accuracy
government intervention in anarchist movement
Espionage Act, Sedition Act; Palmer Raids, “mass deportations”
tradecraft
best practices for operating within some profession
Why Protestants in Northern Ireland?
Scottish, English immigration
–> English wanted to relocate Scottish Presbyterians from Scotland (subdue Catholic influence, remove irritating Scots from nearby land)
–> Presbyterians would eventually immigrate to Canada
Christian Front
established in US in 1939, in part by Coughlin
–> inspired by Arnold Lunn; opposed to “Judeo-Bolshevism” (communism by Jews)
–> about 100,000 members along East Coast, primarily in Boston, NYC, and Philadelphia; mainly white men
–> Boston: headquarters of second floor of Copley Square Hotel (also once home to Babe Ruth)
relationship between Scholz and Francis Moran
Moran recruited because of German fluency; supposed to promote Nazi propaganda, espionage
–> provided with direction and funds during speaking tours across East Coast
“The Troubles”
violent unrest in Ireland, 1960s-1990s
–> 1968: riots in Londonderry
–> 1969: riots in Londonderry, Belfast
–> British troops called to restore order, failed; Protestant and IRA paramilitary groups organized bombings, terrorist acts
Tarek Mehanna
translated/disseminated jihadist material for Al-Qaeda; planned, but failed, to attend training camp in Yemen
–> arrested in 2012; released August 2024
what is Ulster?
Northern Ireland
SDR
surveillance detection route
–> path used to a location to determine if being followed
Cronaca Sovversiva
Italian anarchist newspaper founded by Luigi Galleani
–> widespread readership, content coverage
–> destruction of existing institutitions
FBI informant in Christian Front
codename T-1; worked in Charlestown Naval Base, fluent in German
–> apparent penetration into Christian Front; too scared to ever take the stand against Moran in trial
what makes a team successful?
–> bounded (strong sense of membership)
–> interdependent (collaboration)
–> stable (core team, with outer-rim members changing to prevent insularity)
–> clear, challenging, consequential purpose (but not overly specified - ends, not means)
David Wright
planned, failed to kill Americans on behalf of ISIS
–> radicalized through internet and family/friends
–> convicted in 2017, sentenced to 28 and then 30 years
Dr. Ralph Bunche
First African American to be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize; worked with OSS, State Department
–> masters from Howard, PhD from Harvard
–> OSS: Office of the Coordinator of Information
–> head of African division; intelligence analyst
–> UN moderator; helped negotiate Arab-Israeli agreements
–> participation in Civil Rights Movement
when should teams be used?
–> task requires diverse resources
–> individuals need flexibility with time, coordination
–> task is large, unwieldy
how did Tsarnaev family receive legal US residency?
sought asylum from home in Chechnya (Russia); worked through family ties with US government officials in other Eastern countries
data
unprocessed material of every description
ultimate downfall of Christian Front
Pearl Harbor, entrance to war silenced the anti-war movement; also squashed by drafting of Moran, death of Sweeney
counterintelligence
playing defense
–> protecting state from unwanted observation
–> defensive (classification) or offensive (spying)
common American view of IRA
not as a terrorist group; ethnic ties led to sympathy not afforded to other mal-actors
Frances Sweeney
journalist, Irish-American, Catholic; staunch opponent of racism, fascism, anti-Semitism
–> self-published “Boston City Reporter”
–> founded Irish-American Defense Association
–> supposedly unaware of British intelligence connection to her funding (thought money came from disgusted Americans)
–> died June 19, 1944 (age 36) from heart failure
–> MICE: ideology, some money (?)
Martin Galvin
Noraid publicity director
–> gave speech in April 1984 in Norther Ireland, praising IRA for burning alive a British private
Julia Child
American chef, author, TV personality; notable OSS spy - wanted to join military, but was too tall
–> brought French cuisine to America through “Mastering the Art of French Cooking”
–> Emergency Sea Rescue Equipment section: helped invent shark repellent for those flying planes (over water) to target German U-boats
–> Chief of Registry
–> filmed show in Cambridge; attended Smith College
Berlin Crisis
1948; after coup in Czechoslovakia, US General Lucius Clay predicted war with USSR
–> Soviets cut off land corridors to Berlin; US sent airlifts in response until Soviets relented
advancement of teams
–> raw talent
–> commitment to public service
–> belief in importance of work
German consulate in Boston (WWII-era)
39 Chestnut Street, Beacon Hill
–> June 1940: held first meeting between Moran and Scholz
–> supposedly lined with lead on first floor, so FBI could not listen in
developmental
potential source who is being “strung along” prior to a pitch
–> may have sub-sources
the First Spymaster
George Washington; “Father of Intelligence”
–> ran many productive spy rings with funds from army (Culper Ring, Staten Island Ring)
–> betrayed by Benedict Arnold, but also provided his own false information to supposed spies
cover for action
reason for meeting with an agent that is not likely to draw suspicion under questioning
Heinrich Bruning
former German chancellor (1930-1932); in exile at Harvard during onset of WWII
–> spouting anti-Nazi sentiment, making him the target of Scholz’s silencing attempts
John McIntyre
addition to Bulger’s gang in order to ship weapons; 31 years old, marine mechanic, drug smuggler
–> “guy with balls enough to cross the Atlantic”
–> arrested when trying to get into his wife’s home; facing time for drunk-driving charge, he ratted on Valhalla story
Herbert Scholz during WWII
Germany embassy, consulates closed by FDR in summer 1941
–> Scholz reassigned to Hungary, then Northern Italy; outlasted interrogations by US Army Counter Intelligence Crops, US Justice Department, future CIA counterintelligence chief (Capt. James Jesus Angleton)
–> lived in Argentina, then West Germany; received German diplomatic pension in 1958
Hermann F. Eilts
BU professor, helped negotiate Camp David Accords; served in Army intelligence during WWII
operational intelligence
typically for military use; mixture of tactical and strategic (expeditionary)
Lori Berenson
opposed US funding of government violence in South America; arrested, convicted by Peruvian government
–> endured harsh conditions; UN investigated her trial and sentencing, ruling both were unfair
Espionage and Sedition Acts
illegal to criticize government or interfere with the war
–> postmaster general could prevent publication of any papers
–> Sedition: extended types of speech punishable under Espionage Act
OSINT
open-source intelligence
–> publicly available information (newspapers, websites, social media)
Good Friday Agreement
1998; signed by parties in Northern Ireland, UK, and Ireland
–> approved by referendum in Northern Ireland, Ireland
–> established devolved system of government in Northern Ireland; created cross-border institutions
isolationism
movement in America pre-WWI, WWII
–> stay out of European wars; supported heavily by Irish Catholics (still discontented with England)
support for IRA in Boston
IRA murals; “passing the hat” to raise money for families of IRA prisoners
–> “freedom fighters as much as gangsters”
Irish immigration to the US
approx 25% of entire Irish population either immigrated or died during potato famine
–> Liverpool, England (closest point of contact)
–> Boston, Mass. (cheapest fares); settled in “Southie”, similar to North End for Italians or Beacon Hill for Protestants
