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KHC/IR102 - Spies and Terrorists of Boston > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Katherine Russell

A

wife of Tamerlan Tsarnaev; supposedly not involved with bombings

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2
Q

Ursula Kuczynski

A

case officer for Karl Fuchs

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3
Q

Noraid claims

A

–> “send money to families of political prisoners”
–> send guns? and not sending all money that was raised?

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4
Q

Joseph Fewsmith

A

BU professor, almost recruited by Russian sleeper agent

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5
Q

VENONA project

A

long-running, secret collaboration between US intelligence agencies, UK’s MI5 and GCHQ, to analyze Soviet intelligence messages (1940s)
–> specifically, infiltration of Manhattan Project; SIGINT of Soviet transmissions
–> info not used until long after bombs had already been created (took time to de-encrypt)

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6
Q

dangles

A

tricks, sent to agencies to attempt infiltration

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7
Q

Lexington & Concord

A

Gage (British) had 4500 troops, many spies; was pushing for more forceful action
–> Hancock, Adams in hiding; Revere, William Dawes sent by Warren to raise alarm that Gage was invading storehouse in Concord
–> early warning system used with Old North Church (“one if by land, two if by sea”, even though boat was only used to cross the Charles)

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8
Q

Dr. Herbert Scholz

A

German consulate in Boston, 1938-1941; operations officer for Francis Moran, orchestrator of isolationist-encouraging plans through elite role in Schutzstaffel
–> supposedly “demoted” to Boston from embassy in D.C.; “blotting his copy book”
–> tasked with handling, reining in Heinrich Bruning
–> too young to join military in WWI; joined Freikorps (paramilitary quasi-Nazis), then Brownshirts; PhD at University of Leipzig in Nazi philosophy; headquarters aide in the SS

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9
Q

Star Simpson

A

charged with wearing light-up “terrorist vest” through Logan Airport security post-9/11

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10
Q

IMINT

A

image intelligence
–> imagery collected of a region, target, group, etc
–> “eyes”

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11
Q

leader attribution error

A

success and failure not solely because of group leader, but rather context in which group was created

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12
Q

Shahan Natalie

A

attended BU for disparate studies; terrorist work with Armenian Revolutionary Federation
–> lead designer of Operation Nemesis (killed 7 Young Turks in different cities), orchestrated from Boston hub

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13
Q

Three O’s

A

Winter Hill Gang’s “favorite pub”

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14
Q

what do we do with intelligence?

A

help consumers (president, National Security Council, Heads of Departments/Agencies); safeguard processes of analysis, initiate actions in accordance with what is learned

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15
Q

who was MI6’s cutout to Frances Sweeney?

A

unknown - had to be someone trusted by both MI6 and Sweeney herself
–> Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.? had studied at U. of Cambridge and would have been ideologically anti-Nazi

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16
Q

coacting group

A

asynchronous; individual responsibility
–> work done separately, then combined into final product
–> tasks too different for members to interact
–> could lead to free-loading, poor performance

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17
Q

what are covert operations?

A

offensive activity which requires some plausible deniability
–> kinetic: causing harm

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18
Q

1921 treaty

A

Created Irish Free State (23 southern counties, 3 counties from Ulster) and Northern Ireland (remaining 6 counties in Ulster)
–> Northern Ireland to remain part of UK

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19
Q

Michael Flannery

A

founder of Noraid; arrested in 1981 on charges of conspiring to ship arms to IRA (20-mm cannon, 47 machine guns, flamethrower, numerous rifles)
–> claimed manipulated in CIA underground operation; believed

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20
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

former slave; escaped and became an abolitionist

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21
Q

C + I = T

A

capability + intent = threat

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22
Q

September 1984 - Boston & IRA

A

Valhalla: boat used to transport weapons
–> core gang + new members (including John McIntyre)
–> 6 vans transported weapons to dock in Gloucester
–> weapons transferred to Irish boat, which was intercepted off the Irish coast (British mole in IRA)

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23
Q

Ted Hall and Saville Sax

A

–> contributors to Soviet atomic bombs through Manhattan Project infiltration
–> Hall: Harvard education, genius young scientist; drawn to Communism by brother and roommate Sax

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24
Q

Valhalla load

A

about $500,000-$1.12 million in arsenal
–> 163 assault rifles; 71,000 rounds of ammunition; 1 ton of explosives; 12 bulletproof vests
–> items obtained from other sympathetic cities (25 machine guns from Philadelphia, 12 shotguns from NY)

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25
Q

John D. Woodward

A

BU professor, career in CIA, Department of Defense, RAND Corporation

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26
Q

Dr. Charles Lieber

A

Harvard professor, chemist; convicted for lying to authorities about involvement with Chinese Thousand Talents Project, failure to file proper taxes
–> paid by Wuhan Institute of Technology, but did not disclose connections to US

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27
Q

Mario Buda

A

member of Galleanist movement; man whose car was under search when Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested
–> orchestrator of massively damaging Wall Street Bombing

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28
Q

Ahmad Abousamra

A

chief editor of ISS magazine “Dabiq”; presence in ISIS social media
–> lied about involvement in terrorist training camps
–> supposedly died in Syrian airstrike in 2017

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29
Q

60-30-10 rule

A

A leader’s job is…
60%: assembly of team (initial choices, composition)
30%: initial launch (preparation, relaunch if necessary)
10%: facilitation (adept coaching)

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30
Q

how to choose team members?

A

–> remove people who cause more harm than good
–> find constructive pairs (opposite skill sets in corresponding tasks)
–> collect feedback from past partners (beware of bias/distortion)
–> choose a size that negates free riding, social loafing and maximizes potential

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31
Q

1912 - Ireland

A

UK government prepared to give all of Ireland home rule; Protestants rejected this

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32
Q

how to validate an asset?

A

compare their information to other assets

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33
Q

Charles and Lewis Douglass

A

served in 54th MA infantry; sons of abolitionist Frederick Douglass
–> Charles: sergeant, but injured at Fort Wagner
–> Lewis: sergeant major; fought even when seriously injured at Fort Wagner
–> Charles: Freedman’s Bureau, Treasury Department
–> Lewis: “New National Era”, service polls for African-Americans

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34
Q

tactical intelligence

A

near-term, on-the-ground use
–> short-cut processing

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35
Q

Karl Fuchs

A

nuclear scientist; provided technical details to Soviets from Manhattan Project
–> arrested 1950

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36
Q

David Greenglass

A

brother of Ethel Rosenberg; ratted on Julius and Ethel to preserve himself and wife Ruth
–> confirmed Fuch’s intelligence

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37
Q

Cora DuBois

A

Anthropologist; emphasized significance of culture, psychology
–> pioneered presence of women in male-dominated field
–> served in OSS as Southeast Asia expert (in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka), giving insights on cultural factors for military strategies
–> first female professor at Harvard
–> died in Brookline, MA

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38
Q

strategic intelligence

A

long-term use, large implications and potential consequences

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39
Q

Darren James LaBoute

A

BU alum (2006); died in suicide bombing in Afghanistan, 2009

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40
Q

Government of Ireland Act

A

1920; divided Ireland into separate political entities, each with some form of self-government
–> accepted by Protestants in Ulster; rejected by Catholics in South

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41
Q

Jessica Stern

A

BU research professor, interviews terrorists for academic work

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42
Q

Joe Cahill

A

founder of Provisional IRA
–> arrested in 1973 in Ireland for carrying weapons for Libyan terrorists
–> joint treasurer of IRA political arm (Sinn Fein)
–> high rank on “Army Council”

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43
Q

why teams?

A

–> learn from each other, people within or outside of intelligence network
–> potential to solve challenging problems from different perspectives

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44
Q

Milton Katz

A

Deputy Chief of Secret Intelligence (for OSS)
–> lecturer at Harvard
–> Special Representative in Europe for Economic Cooperation; partially responsible for Marshall Plan ($12 billion in aid to Europe after WWII)

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45
Q

Arthur S. Hulnick

A

BU professor, leader in introduction of intelligence-based university courses

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46
Q

Lawrence Martin-Bittman

A

teacher at BU (1972-1996); spy who defected to US after first Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
–> ran disinformation operation against Soviets

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47
Q

Archbishop Makarios

A

student at BU, president of Cyprus
–> either target of CIA assassination attempts OR recipient of US funds

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48
Q

how to measure team effectiveness?

A

–> productive output meets/exceeds standards; used appropriately, timely manner
–> group development occurs for future tasks
–> individual development occurs
*weighed differently depending on context of task

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49
Q

Alger Hiss

A

Soviet spy in US State Department; revealed in 1950s
–> Harvard education, clerk for Supreme Court Justice; member of Ware Group

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50
Q

surveillance on MLK: details

A

HUMINT, SIGINT
–> wiretaps in home, hotels
–> found information about extramarital affairs
–> 1964: sent tapes of affairs, anonymous suicide letter as blackmail
–> 1965: wiretaps end, surveillance continues until death in 1968

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51
Q

when should teams not be used?

A

–> task requires individual creativity
–> collectivist mindset would harm final product
–> “team” would only be in name
–> better, cheaper technologies exist

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52
Q

Theofan S. Noli

A

BU alum (1945); prime minister of Albania during June Revolution

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53
Q

Arnold Lunn

A

British scholar, journalist; Catholic convert in 1930s
–> spurned by atrocities committed against Catholic clergy in Spanish Civil War
–> believed Christians needed to join forces to oppose communism

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54
Q

how to fix team setbacks?

A

–> improve dysfunctional conditions by identifying successful conditions
–> introduce members from a variety of disciplines (which are necessary?)
–> instruct that success of team must be valued over individual

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55
Q

Dun Meng

A

carjacking victim of Tsarnaev brothers

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56
Q

January 1942

A

Sweeney’s probes led Boston police to raid Christian Front
–> thousands of books, pamphlets seized
–> Moran threatened with arrest for selling unpatriotic publications

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57
Q

Arthur M. Schlesigner, Jr.

A

renowned historian; served in OSS as intelligence analyst
–> Harvard graduate; close advisor of JFK administration
–> dissenter on Bay of Pigs invasion
–> possible cutout to Frances Sweeney
–> Pulitzer-Prize winning author

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58
Q

Katherine Powers and Susan Saxe

A

Brandeis students, perpetrators of robbery and manslaughter for Black Panther Party
–> influenced by parolees during anti-government, anti-Vietnam War era
–> Saxe jailed for 7 years after manhunt; Powers escaped, turned herself in 23 years later

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59
Q

IRA

A

Irish Republican Army; nationalist force (unite all of Ireland under independent rule)

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60
Q

Aafia Siddiqui

A

–> MIT, Brandeis alum; speaker at CARE International events
–> CARE International (1085 Comm Ave): front for Al Kifah, subsidiary of Al Qaeda

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61
Q

British intelligence makeup

A

internal: MI5, BSS
external: MI6, SIS

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62
Q

dead drop/brush pass

A

methods of exchanging tangible information without verbal interaction

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63
Q

types of collaboration

A

–> communities of interest (unrelated conversation)
–> communities of practice (some related conversation)
–> emergent collaboration (use of cross-organizational strategies)
–> coacting groups (work in parallel w/o shared responsibility)
–> distributed teams (asynchronous, shared responsibility)
–> project teams/task forces (defined task until deadline)
–> semi-permanent work teams (indefinite deadline, fluid membership)

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64
Q

Michele McPhee

A

investigative journalist with interest in Boston Marathon bombing case; author of “Mayhem”

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65
Q

Francis Moran

A

Irish-American leader of Boston’s Christian Front (from Dorchester)
–> “ideal spy and agent of influence”
–> devout Catholic, articulate public speaker, educated by German priests and fluent in German
–> wartime: was drafted into “troublemakers” unit of US Army, then worked as reference librarian in Boston
–> MICE: ideology, money, some ego

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66
Q

Rezwan Ferdaus

A

sought to support Al Qaeda via IEDs, drone attacks; captured in an FBI sting operation
–> Northeastern graduate; influenced by religious ideology

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67
Q

Boston reorganization

A

North End, Beacon Hill existed in 1775 –> not much else
–> Back Bay created out of water to serve as “elite” neighborhood (straight, flat streets)
–> “Green Line under green strip of lawn on Comm Ave

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68
Q

sand dune team

A

fluid composition as requirements change; takes different forms for different tasks

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69
Q

Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.

A

OSS veteran during WWII, then served in CIA
–> Harvard grad; grandson of Theodore Roosevelt
–> helped shape alliances with Arab countries, including CIA coup carried out in Iran (Operation Ajax -1953)
–> senior officer of Middle East division; commissioned to write and edit history of OSS
–> received National Security Medal in 1956

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70
Q

WWII in June 1940

A

UK/British Commonwealth alone facing Germany, Italy, and Japan
–> France surrenders; USSR still in non-aggression pact with Germany

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71
Q

intelligence

A

information that provides a decision advantage over an adversary
–> product resulting from the processing, organizing of information

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72
Q

face-to-face teams

A

real-time interaction, group responsibility
–> co-working situation where ideas make final product more cohesive, expansive

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73
Q

WMD

A

Weapons of Mass Destruction
–> biological
–> chemical
–> nuclear

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74
Q

Danielle Barrett

A

BU alum (1989); Navy officer in US, Iraq, at sea; director of Navy’s cybersecurity division

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75
Q

how to establish norms?

A

–> agreement by all members of group
–> variety of levels of severity

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76
Q

Boston Station, 1775

A

Chief: Dr. Joseph Warren
Operations: Paul Revere (main occupation was silversmith)
Propaganda: Samuel Adams
Finance: John Hancock
Legal: John Adams, Josiah Quincy, Jr.
Penetration (mole for British): Dr. Benjamin Church
Safehouses: Salutation Tavern, Green Dragon Tavern

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77
Q

casualties of the Troubles

A

more than 3,000 dead in Northern Ireland; roughly equivalent to 500,000 deaths in United States

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78
Q

what makes for good coaching?

A

–> target (individual vs. group, with group more effective)
–> timing/type (motivational –> constructive –> educational)
–> focus (change strategies/effort rather than interpersonal issues)

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79
Q

Father Charles Coughlin

A

“founding father of hate radio”
–> active in 1930s; drew tens of millions of listeners
–> strong supporter of isolationism, anti-Semitism

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80
Q

where is Copley Square?

A

Back Bay neighborhood of Boston; near Boylston, Clarendon Streets

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81
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

named George Washington as Continental Army Commander (1775) - intended recipient had died at Bunker Hill, and Washington represented revolution’s connection to South
–> Washington had trained as surveyor, had military experience
Established:
–> Secret Committee (1775), to provide arms, munitions oversees
–> Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775), to communicate with sympathetic Britons and Europeans
–> Committee on Spies (1776), as reaction to case of Dr. Benjamin Church (surgeon general of Army)

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82
Q

James R. Hughes

A

BU alum (1960s); 37 years as CIA chief of station in many countries

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83
Q

what makes a good spy?

A

someone with a reason to be gathering intelligence

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84
Q

British intelligence vs. Christian Front

A

“largely successfully covert action to counter the Christian Front in Boston”
–> funding through cut-out to Frances Sweeney

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85
Q

consociationalism

A

government decision making must include members of both majority and minority parties

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86
Q

raising money for IRA

A

–> passing the hat
–> Irish immigrants
–> “skimming”
–> protection, shake-down, endorsement fees
–> drug dealing
–> legal and illegal businesses

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87
Q

Edward Carson

A

leader of Protestants contrary to Irish home rule
–> successful at delaying movement until 1914, when WWI breaks out; reorganizes illegally-amassed Protestant militia (armed by Germany) to help UK’s army as 36th Ulster Division
–> organized hundreds of thousands to sign a covenant against home rule

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88
Q

Palmer Raids

A

1920; federal marshals raided homes of suspected radicals, headquarters of radical organizations in 32 different US cities

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89
Q

Korean War

A

1950-1953
–> intelligence failure: NK invasion of SK was a complete surprise
–> China sent ignored warnings through Indian diplomats to US because of increasing approach to border
–> bureaucratic successes: growth of CIA in size, mission, resources
–> revamp of intelligence analytics under Walter “Beetle” Smith, newly appointed DCI

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90
Q

Gina Haspel

A

first female director of the CIA (deputy, then head)
–> paralegal certificate from Northeastern
–> case officer in Africa during Cold War; Chief of Station in Baku, Azerbaijan
–> in charge of “Black Site” in Thailand (2002), with brutal interrogation methods (e.g. waterboarding) used to pressure detainees after 9/11

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91
Q

Carlo Valdinoci

A

orchestrator of most Galleanist bombing plots; escaped capture until 1919, when he blew himself up while attempting to denote in front of home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

92
Q

what makes an effective team?

A

–> clear goals
–> defined ambition
–> communication
–> diverse perspectives
–> trust and cohesion
–> supportive leadership

93
Q

Whittaker Chambers

A

Alger Hiss’ courier; joined CPUSA in 1925, Soviet spy in 1932
–> defected and gave information to CIA when Soviets began threatening his life; “Pumpkin Papers”

94
Q

National Security Act

A

1947
–> established Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA, etc.
–> Dec 1947: National Security Council authorized CIA to begin psychological operations in Eastern Europe; gave formal authority for espionage in June 1948

95
Q

James J. “Whitey” Bulger

A

leader of “Winter Hill Gang”, murderous gang in Boston’s South End
–> Irish allegiance
–> arrested after years on the run; sentenced to life in 2013, then killed in jail

96
Q

what was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment?

A

2nd Black military regiment
–> Union Army during Civil War (after 1863 Emancipation Proclamation)

97
Q

safety signal

A

motion/gesture used to alert operations officer or agent that area is safe to meet

98
Q

distributed (virtual) team

A

asynchronous, group responsibility
–> large, more diverse; probably use technology
–> requires clear boundaries, continuous leadership, face-to-face launch

99
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A

victim of relentless FBI surveillance for being a “Communist”, incitor of social change
–> 1955: PhD in Systematic Theology from BU, with Howard Thurman as mentor
–> in Boston: met, married Coretta Scott
–> honorary degree from BU in 1959
–> papers archived at BU Library in 1964

100
Q

nonofficial cover (NOC)

A

some job held by operations officer, used as an excuse
–> may give more access to information
–> no diplomatic immunity

101
Q

William F. Buckley

A

Korean War, Vietnam War veteran; BU alum (1955)
–> work mostly classified
–> captured by illegals in 1984; held captive, tortured until death in 1985

102
Q

Keith B. Alexander

A

BU alum (1978); 30 years on Army active duty, 9 years as director of NSA

103
Q

Patrick Nee

A

IRA sympathizer; lieutenant of Whitey Bulger
–> moved to Boston from County Galway

104
Q

Jonathan Pollard

A

former intelligence analyst; spy for Israel; received life in prison in 1985, emigrated to Israel in 2015
–> provided documents through position in Naval Criminal Intelligence Service

105
Q

murder of John McIntyre

A

John Connolly (FBI handler of Bulger) tipped off Winter Hill Gang that McIntyre had snitched
–> McIntyre lured to Nee’s brother’s house, dragged to basement, chained to chair and interrogated
–> asked “do you want one in the head?”; said yes
–> teeth extracted; body found 16 years later, in a 5-foot hole in the ground

106
Q

tacit expertise

A

–> concealed knowledge (for incentive or self-preservation)
–> mismatched salience (teammates with matched skills but poor sportsmanship)
–> ostensive knowledge (learned from the act of doing)

107
Q

actionable intelligence

A

intelligence provided upon which certain steps can be taken
–> must be rigorous, timely, and relevant

108
Q

Tamerlan’s connection to FBI

A

possible informant, mosque crawler in Cambridge (known to be place of worship for terrorists)
–> interest in terrorism; Chechen fluent in Russian, English, and Chechen dialect
–> in Russia for six months, then returns even though he should have been on travel black-list; how?

109
Q

sleeper agents

A

agents integrated into a country, but not yet “activated” for spying

110
Q

Waves of Terrorism

A
  1. Anarchist (1870s-1910s): eliminate government oppression through dynamite, robberies
  2. Nationalist (1920s-1960s): eliminate colonial rule through guerilla-style attacks
  3. New Left (1960s-1980s): eliminate capitalist system through hijackings, kidnappings, assassinations
  4. Religious (1979-2020s): creation of global Islamic Caliphate through suicide bombings, aircraft, vehicle use
    –> today in US: right-wing extremism the most dangerous, likely to increase
111
Q

beginning of American intelligence system

A

American Revolution –> Stamp Act angered colonists, influenced creation of Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence (“shadow government”)

112
Q

persona non grata

A

expulsion of diplomat (probably because discovered as operations officer)

113
Q

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

A

–> Karl Fuchs (German spy for USSR) ratted out courier Henry Gold under interrogation; Gold rats out Greenglass, Greenglass the Rosenbergs
–> case: Julius provided radar, sonar, jet engine information during WWII to Soviets; only accused of nuclear information during Cold War
–> executed June 19, 1953 for conspiracy as first US citizens to be executed for espionage during peacetime
–> verified in VENONA project

114
Q

Boston University Physical Research Laboratory (BUPRL)

A

site near BU Beach involved in development of IMINT equipment, 1946-1957
–> Boston, HYAC Cameras used by surveillance lanes
–> acquired by private company; helped design CORONA, first reconnaissance satellite during Cold War

115
Q

walk-ins

A

volunteers for intelligence agencies

116
Q

Intelligence Cycle

A
  1. Planning, Direction, Needs, Requirements
  2. Collection (gathering data through INTs)
  3. Processing and Exploitation (e.g. translation, decoding)
  4. Analysis (linking, interpreting, contextualizing all-source raw data)
  5. Dissemination (e.g. document, briefing, video)
  6. Evaluation
117
Q

HUMINT

A

human intelligence; espionage, covert operations, diplomacy
–> information obtained from humans with certain degrees of access

118
Q

Project Looking-Glass

A

red team: scientists, engineers, specialists in fields
blue team: law enforcement from a variety of disciplines
red team task: create a terrorist operation on a certain area
blue team task: thwart operatoin
–> result: red team almost always won, blue team ineffective at figuring out plan

119
Q

Boston College during Christian Front era

A

Jesuit University, so at least intellectually supportive of the movement

120
Q

Father of Covert Action

A

Benjamin Franklin
–> advocated for aid from France during Revolutionary War
–> penetrated by Edward Bancroft - but did he know, and keep him around on purpose?

121
Q

Douglas Wheeler

A

BU alum (1963); compiled history of Army intelligence, offered one of first intelligence-based university courses

122
Q

Harry Gold

A

handler of Karl Fuchs, David Greenglass

123
Q

was US aware of MI6 influence on Christian Front?

A

General William Donovan had close relationship with William Stephenson, chief of MI6…so very likely
–> Donovan had been FDR’s emissary on trips to UK, where he had met “Intrepid”
–> Donovan supported Lend-Lease Act, likely meaning he would have also supported anti-isolationism

124
Q

Richard Fecteau

A

BU alum (1951); CIA paramilitary officer
–> 19 years imprisoned in China for involvement in shot-down rescue mission
–> 9 years solitary confinement, 1 year in leg shackles
–> returned in 1971; worked as BU Assistant Athletic Director, 1977-1982

125
Q

Robert Gould Shaw

A

leader of the 54th Massachusetts regiment

126
Q

what makes a good operations officer?

A

extroverted, convincing

127
Q

meaning of Valhalla

A

Norse mythology; heavenly destination for martyrs of combat
–> literally: the boat used by Whitey Bulger to ship arms to IRA

128
Q

Joseph Wippl

A

BU professor, 30-year CIA career

129
Q

Charles R. Gallagher

A

author of The Nazis of Copley Square
–> associate professor of history at Boston College
–> first scholar to document role of Nazi intelligence in Boston
–> NOT educated at BU’s School of Theology

130
Q

what makes an ineffective team?

A

–> confused members
–> ambiguous roles
–> lack of communication
–> lack of diversity
–> poor leadership

131
Q

Yanqing Ye

A

BU grad student, convicted for visa fraud and acting as agent of foreign government
–> lied about association with PLA while attending BU; sent US documents to China
–> arrest warranted issued while she was in China (so she would not come back - arrest itself unimportant)

132
Q

Battle of the Boyne

A

1690; William of Orange defeats King James’ forces, conquers Ireland
–> Protestant community still celebrates today (controversial)

133
Q

Roberto Elia and Andrea Salsedo

A

worked on Cronaca Sovversiva and the “Plain Words” pamphlet left at 1919 house-bombing sites
–> Salsedo committed suicide after being held, illegally, in police custody for eight weeks

134
Q

what is an official cover?

A

some government job held by an operations officer
–> provides diplomatic immunity

135
Q

how did British intelligence find out about the Christian Front?

A

unknown - maybe through wiretapping, similar to the Zimmerman telegram?

136
Q

American Rev & Intelligence: background

A

French and Indian War, 1754-1763
–> British wanted colonists to contribute to war costs, exerted extremely heavy hand
–> formation of Sons of Liberty after British established writs of assistance (turnover of housing/property)
–> Boston Massacre as most effective piece of war propaganda (martyrs - they had thrown ice-filled snowballs, soldiers were drunk and fired)

137
Q

what is current intelligence?

A

monitoring of current events

138
Q

Unionist view during Irish Troubles

A

keep Northern Ireland in the UK

139
Q

SIGINT

A

signals intelligence
–> interceptions of communications, especially electronic
–> “ears”

140
Q

Noraid

A

“Northern Aid Committee”: Irish republican charity in US
–> received money from Winter Hill Gang’s bookkeepers
–> convicted in 1981 of violating Foreign Agents Registration Act (not admitting connections to IRA)

141
Q

Mike Pompeo

A

CIA director, Secretary of State
–> Harvard graduate; served as military captain in Germany
–> negotiations with North Korea; traveled to NK to organize contentious meeting between Trump, Kim Jong Un
–> practice of espionage, diplomacy; led Abraham Accords, plan to emphasize treaties between Israel and Arab states
–> “Tough on China” policy

142
Q

how to monitor team processes?

A

–> amount of effort expended
–> appropriateness of performance strategies
–> level of knowledge, skill applied to work

143
Q

Chinese Espionage

A

–> wants: technology, science; foreign policy; to monitor international students
–> espionage approaches: “thousand grains of sand”, as opposed to commando (Russia) or technological (US)
–> MSS: Ministry of State Security, external intel service
–> PLA: People’s Liberation Army

144
Q

MASINT

A

measurement and signals intelligence
–> assessment of identifiable characteristics of targets
–> specifics (e.g. location of explosion, fingerprint of individual)
–> “smell, taste, touch”

145
Q

MICE

A

Money, Ideology, Coercion, Ego

146
Q

false flag

A

faking nationality (e.g. as part of another intelligence agency) in order to recruit an agent

147
Q

Dan Pinck

A

WWII OSS operative in China; gathered critical intelligence on Chinese, Japanese troop movements and espionage
–> wrote later memoir reflecting on experience
–> deployed in Hotein, China after volunteering for OSS; tracked troops and weather patterns
–> resided in Boston, Cambridge until end of life; helped create “OSS Club” (like Harvard Club)

148
Q

surgical team

A

real-time interaction; individual responsibility
–> one person has most responsibility, but relies on others to coordinate success

149
Q

spread of Italian anarchism

A

mass immigration waves led to influx of Italians, most of whom moved to the same regions
–> perpetuation of existent ideals from old country

150
Q

information

A

data that has been processed

151
Q

What was the OSS?

A

centralization of intelligence forces from separate military branches (1942-1945)
–> now the CIA

152
Q

Iron Curtain

A

figurative wall designating Soviet area after WWII
–> name coined by Winston Churchill
–> led to most significant reorganization of US intelligence system in history (after 9/11)
–> CIA began foreign covert operations in response to Soviet false elections, removal of contrarions

153
Q

The Belfast Project

A

Boston College initiative to capture history of IRA; false promise of confidentiality led to persecution of some members when PSNI began investigating some cases

154
Q

Moe Berg

A

American catcher, coach in MLB; served in OSS during WWII as part of Alsos Mission
–> Project Larson: recruit info on German nuclear development
–> instructed to assassinate Werner Heisenberg in Zurich (if he mentioned atomic strategy)
–> fluent in 7 languages; played for Red Sox while also working in law

155
Q

Gallagher’s influence to write “The Nazis of Copley Square”

A

undergrad student, receiving training in semi-automatic weaponry (intended to join police force)
–> saw picture of men and recognized them as members of Christian Front, who had attempted to overthrow U.S. gov’t in 1940 (and had been charged, exonerated)

156
Q

difference between Northern and Southern Ireland (1800s)

A

–> North: rise in standard of living, manufacturing
–> South: unequal distribution of land, resources (Protestants owned most despite Catholic majority)

157
Q

GEOINT

A

geospatial intelligence
–> geographical context for IMINT, usually of “activities on earth”
–> use of satellites

158
Q

embassy/station

A

CIA office in another country
–> consulate/base: smaller office in a different city
–> ambassador: senior overseas policymaker
–> chief of station: senior overseas intelligence officer
–> split into political, economic, legal, defense, intelligence divisions

159
Q

James Schlesinger

A

Secretary of Defense for Nixon, Ford; shaped US defense and nuclear strategy, NATO
–> BA, MA, & PhD from Harvard (economics)
–> Bureau of the Budget
–> Atomic Energy Commission
–> CIA, RAND Corp.
–> advised on Yom Kippur War; Invasion of Cyprus; Indochina conflicts

160
Q

surveillance on MLK: background

A

began after Montgomery Bus Boycott under Racial Matters Program, COINTELPRO
–> ties to supposed members of CPUSA Stanley Levison, Jack O’Dell - Hoover learned through CPUSA informations Morris and Jack Childs
–> prolonged communications with Levison detected through wiretaps on intermediary Clarence Jones
–> 1962: RFK authorizes wiretaps on King
–> 1963: JFK warns King about wiretaps, Levison connection

161
Q

Rep. Mario Biaggi

A

Congressional representative for the Bronx region where Noraid was headquartered; founder and chairman of Ad Hoc Congressional Committee for Irish Affairs
–> proposed bills to demand British withdrawal as conditions for economic aid to Northern Ireland
–> supposedly educated by Sinn Fein representatives

162
Q

Bulger meeting with Crawley

A

John Crawley: 26 y/o IRA member, had returned to Ireland after fighting in US Marines
–> met in 1983 to hatch Valhalla plan

163
Q

William H. Carney

A

first African American to receive Medal of Honor
–> member of Morgan Guards, then 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment
–> 1863: Battle of Fort Wagner; helped protect the flag when color guard was wounded, even while wounded himself
–> later: first documented Black postal mail carrier in US Postal Service
–> lived & died in New Bedford, MA

164
Q

Catholic doctrines believed by Christian Front

A

–> “mystical body of Christ”: all Catholics part of one body, so injury to one = injury to all
–> “Catholic action”: doing good works in the world = doing church’s work, deserving of institutional recognition

165
Q

Luigi Galleani

A

leader of Galleanist branch of anarchists; powerful writer, speaker
–> editor of La Questione Sociale

166
Q

rendition

A

process of sending criminal back to where crime was committed

167
Q

issues with intelligence cycle

A

–> non-linear process (no “end” to gathering new information)
–> time requirements (long process requiring many inputs)

168
Q

Erik Goldstein

A

BU professor, wrote history of British Political Intelligence Department

169
Q

agent acquisition cycle

A
  1. Target
  2. Assess
  3. Recruit (pitch)
  4. Handle
  5. Terminate
170
Q

organizational support

A

–> access to information
–> technical, educational resources
–> material resources
–> external recognition of performance

171
Q

Igor Lukes

A

BU professor, assembled largest available collection of Czech intel documents

172
Q

First Continental Congress

A

1774
–> encouraged by Committees of Correspondence
–> petitioned for home rule while affirming loyalty to King

173
Q

UNABOMBER

A

Ted Kaczynski (Harvard education); perpetrator of domestic mail, hand-delivered bombings
–> against social and technological process; only gave himself up when offering to publish a manifesto of his writings
–> FBI’s most extensive manhunt

174
Q

setbacks for teams

A

–> frustrating bureaucratic policies
–> lack or excess of praise/discipline
–> censorship created by secrecy
–> increasing “to-do” list

175
Q

soft border (Ireland)

A

ease of movement; unification would occur based on a vote, if ever applicable
–> BREXIT challenged institutions of soft border, economic relationships between Northern Ireland and Republic

176
Q

Why a separated Ireland?

A

always an Irish nationalist movement, though at some points more powerful than others; political, artistic, literary, social…paramilitary

177
Q

explicit expertise

A

expertise from academic study

178
Q

purpose of intelligence

A

–> warning of crisis (alerting decision-makers to a threat on the state)
–> current intelligence
–> maintaining records, databases
–> making estimates
–> counterintelligence
–> covert action

179
Q

Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

A

victims of one of the most notorious criminal trials in history; possible they did not commit robberies / South Braintree murders for which they were accused

180
Q

America First Committee

A

founded in 1940; included several members of Congress, Charles Lindbergh
–> isolationist

181
Q

Spanish Civil War

A

1936-1939: Republications (w/ support of USSR) vs. Franco & followers (w/ support of Germany, Italy)
–> major power of Church in Spain –> Republicans killed about 10% of all priests
–> Italians provided greatest quantity of aid to Franco, but Germans gave technology (mostly planes) that helped practice for blitzkrieg tactic in WWII
–> Franco wins; party in power until 1975

182
Q

Operation Ghost Stories (Donald Heathfield and Tracey Ann Foley)

A

10 illegals from Russian Foreign Intelligence Service discovered in US; surveillance began in 1990s, arrested 2010
–> prepared with false names, families, occupations
–> FBI used microphone, video, photograph techniques to gather evidence over time
–> Heathfield lied about Harvard graduation to create connections; Foley posed as his wife

183
Q

surveillance of Christian Front

A

performed by law enforcement, FBI, army and navy intelligence, Boston police, OSS, and British services; also done on German consulate
–> only British ever suspected foul play, or intervened; never tied Moran to Nazis or understood Scholz’s purpose in Boston

184
Q

“The Bucket of Blood”

A

meeting between Joe Cahill and Whitey Bulger
–> Cahill (snuck into US through Canada after being banned for 1940s murder in Belfast) urged Bulger for help
–> sent 30 rifles, 25 pistols, 10 blocks of C-4 explosives, 2,500 rounds of ammunition under false floor of Dodge van

185
Q

contested space

A

e.g. Northern Ireland
–> selection of sources
–> interpretation
–> intention
–> accuracy

186
Q

government intervention in anarchist movement

A

Espionage Act, Sedition Act; Palmer Raids, “mass deportations”

187
Q

tradecraft

A

best practices for operating within some profession

188
Q

Why Protestants in Northern Ireland?

A

Scottish, English immigration
–> English wanted to relocate Scottish Presbyterians from Scotland (subdue Catholic influence, remove irritating Scots from nearby land)
–> Presbyterians would eventually immigrate to Canada

189
Q

Christian Front

A

established in US in 1939, in part by Coughlin
–> inspired by Arnold Lunn; opposed to “Judeo-Bolshevism” (communism by Jews)
–> about 100,000 members along East Coast, primarily in Boston, NYC, and Philadelphia; mainly white men
–> Boston: headquarters of second floor of Copley Square Hotel (also once home to Babe Ruth)

190
Q

relationship between Scholz and Francis Moran

A

Moran recruited because of German fluency; supposed to promote Nazi propaganda, espionage
–> provided with direction and funds during speaking tours across East Coast

191
Q

“The Troubles”

A

violent unrest in Ireland, 1960s-1990s
–> 1968: riots in Londonderry
–> 1969: riots in Londonderry, Belfast
–> British troops called to restore order, failed; Protestant and IRA paramilitary groups organized bombings, terrorist acts

192
Q

Tarek Mehanna

A

translated/disseminated jihadist material for Al-Qaeda; planned, but failed, to attend training camp in Yemen
–> arrested in 2012; released August 2024

193
Q

what is Ulster?

A

Northern Ireland

194
Q

SDR

A

surveillance detection route
–> path used to a location to determine if being followed

195
Q

Cronaca Sovversiva

A

Italian anarchist newspaper founded by Luigi Galleani
–> widespread readership, content coverage
–> destruction of existing institutitions

196
Q

FBI informant in Christian Front

A

codename T-1; worked in Charlestown Naval Base, fluent in German
–> apparent penetration into Christian Front; too scared to ever take the stand against Moran in trial

197
Q

what makes a team successful?

A

–> bounded (strong sense of membership)
–> interdependent (collaboration)
–> stable (core team, with outer-rim members changing to prevent insularity)
–> clear, challenging, consequential purpose (but not overly specified - ends, not means)

198
Q

David Wright

A

planned, failed to kill Americans on behalf of ISIS
–> radicalized through internet and family/friends
–> convicted in 2017, sentenced to 28 and then 30 years

199
Q

Dr. Ralph Bunche

A

First African American to be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize; worked with OSS, State Department
–> masters from Howard, PhD from Harvard
–> OSS: Office of the Coordinator of Information
–> head of African division; intelligence analyst
–> UN moderator; helped negotiate Arab-Israeli agreements
–> participation in Civil Rights Movement

200
Q

when should teams be used?

A

–> task requires diverse resources
–> individuals need flexibility with time, coordination
–> task is large, unwieldy

201
Q

how did Tsarnaev family receive legal US residency?

A

sought asylum from home in Chechnya (Russia); worked through family ties with US government officials in other Eastern countries

202
Q

data

A

unprocessed material of every description

203
Q

ultimate downfall of Christian Front

A

Pearl Harbor, entrance to war silenced the anti-war movement; also squashed by drafting of Moran, death of Sweeney

204
Q

counterintelligence

A

playing defense
–> protecting state from unwanted observation
–> defensive (classification) or offensive (spying)

205
Q

common American view of IRA

A

not as a terrorist group; ethnic ties led to sympathy not afforded to other mal-actors

206
Q

Frances Sweeney

A

journalist, Irish-American, Catholic; staunch opponent of racism, fascism, anti-Semitism
–> self-published “Boston City Reporter”
–> founded Irish-American Defense Association
–> supposedly unaware of British intelligence connection to her funding (thought money came from disgusted Americans)
–> died June 19, 1944 (age 36) from heart failure
–> MICE: ideology, some money (?)

207
Q

Martin Galvin

A

Noraid publicity director
–> gave speech in April 1984 in Norther Ireland, praising IRA for burning alive a British private

208
Q

Julia Child

A

American chef, author, TV personality; notable OSS spy - wanted to join military, but was too tall
–> brought French cuisine to America through “Mastering the Art of French Cooking”
–> Emergency Sea Rescue Equipment section: helped invent shark repellent for those flying planes (over water) to target German U-boats
–> Chief of Registry
–> filmed show in Cambridge; attended Smith College

209
Q

Berlin Crisis

A

1948; after coup in Czechoslovakia, US General Lucius Clay predicted war with USSR
–> Soviets cut off land corridors to Berlin; US sent airlifts in response until Soviets relented

210
Q

advancement of teams

A

–> raw talent
–> commitment to public service
–> belief in importance of work

211
Q

German consulate in Boston (WWII-era)

A

39 Chestnut Street, Beacon Hill
–> June 1940: held first meeting between Moran and Scholz
–> supposedly lined with lead on first floor, so FBI could not listen in

212
Q

developmental

A

potential source who is being “strung along” prior to a pitch
–> may have sub-sources

213
Q

the First Spymaster

A

George Washington; “Father of Intelligence”
–> ran many productive spy rings with funds from army (Culper Ring, Staten Island Ring)
–> betrayed by Benedict Arnold, but also provided his own false information to supposed spies

214
Q

cover for action

A

reason for meeting with an agent that is not likely to draw suspicion under questioning

215
Q

Heinrich Bruning

A

former German chancellor (1930-1932); in exile at Harvard during onset of WWII
–> spouting anti-Nazi sentiment, making him the target of Scholz’s silencing attempts

216
Q

John McIntyre

A

addition to Bulger’s gang in order to ship weapons; 31 years old, marine mechanic, drug smuggler
–> “guy with balls enough to cross the Atlantic”
–> arrested when trying to get into his wife’s home; facing time for drunk-driving charge, he ratted on Valhalla story

217
Q

Herbert Scholz during WWII

A

Germany embassy, consulates closed by FDR in summer 1941
–> Scholz reassigned to Hungary, then Northern Italy; outlasted interrogations by US Army Counter Intelligence Crops, US Justice Department, future CIA counterintelligence chief (Capt. James Jesus Angleton)
–> lived in Argentina, then West Germany; received German diplomatic pension in 1958

218
Q

Hermann F. Eilts

A

BU professor, helped negotiate Camp David Accords; served in Army intelligence during WWII

219
Q

operational intelligence

A

typically for military use; mixture of tactical and strategic (expeditionary)

220
Q

Lori Berenson

A

opposed US funding of government violence in South America; arrested, convicted by Peruvian government
–> endured harsh conditions; UN investigated her trial and sentencing, ruling both were unfair

221
Q

Espionage and Sedition Acts

A

illegal to criticize government or interfere with the war
–> postmaster general could prevent publication of any papers
–> Sedition: extended types of speech punishable under Espionage Act

222
Q

OSINT

A

open-source intelligence
–> publicly available information (newspapers, websites, social media)

223
Q

Good Friday Agreement

A

1998; signed by parties in Northern Ireland, UK, and Ireland
–> approved by referendum in Northern Ireland, Ireland
–> established devolved system of government in Northern Ireland; created cross-border institutions

224
Q

isolationism

A

movement in America pre-WWI, WWII
–> stay out of European wars; supported heavily by Irish Catholics (still discontented with England)

225
Q

support for IRA in Boston

A

IRA murals; “passing the hat” to raise money for families of IRA prisoners
–> “freedom fighters as much as gangsters”

226
Q

Irish immigration to the US

A

approx 25% of entire Irish population either immigrated or died during potato famine
–> Liverpool, England (closest point of contact)
–> Boston, Mass. (cheapest fares); settled in “Southie”, similar to North End for Italians or Beacon Hill for Protestants

KHC/IR102 - Spies and Terrorists of Boston (4 decks)

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