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Phonetics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Communication

A

The exchange of information in different ways

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2
Q

What is Language

A

Made up of socially shared rules

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3
Q

What socially shared rules are used in language

A
  • what words mean
  • how to put words together
  • what we should say at different times
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4
Q

What is Speech

A

Our verbal means of communicating or how we say sounds and words

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5
Q

What is included in Speech

A
  • Articulation
  • Voice
  • Fluency
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6
Q

What is Articulation

A

How we make speech sounds using our mouth

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7
Q

What is Voice

A

How we use our vocal tract and our breathing to make sounds

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8
Q

What is Fluency

A

The rhythm of our speech

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9
Q

What is Phonetics

A

The study of all possible speech sounds and their form, substance, perception, and the application of this knowledge to linguistic expressions

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10
Q

What is Articulatory Phonetics

A

How different speech sounds are produced by speakers of a language.

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11
Q

How are Vowels produced and does the tongue make contact with any articulators?

A

Produced with an OPEN vocal tract.
The tongue does NOT make contact with any articulators

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12
Q

How are Consonants produced and does the tongue make contact with articulatory?

A

Produced with a CLOSED vocal tract
There is significant/partial articulatory constriction and involvement of the tongue and other articulators

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13
Q

What is Acoustic Phonetics

A

Deals with the properties of speech sound waves

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14
Q

Name the 3 things apart of acoustic phonetics

A
  • frequency (pitch)
  • intensity (loudness)
  • duration (length)
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15
Q

What is frequency and what else can it be called

A
  • pitch
  • number of vibrations or sound waves per second at the level of the vocal folds
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16
Q

What is intensity and how else is it known as

A
  • loudness
  • the amount of force or pressure from the lungs blowing across our vocal folds
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17
Q

What is duration and how else is it known as

A
  • length
  • the length of time that you produce a sound
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18
Q

What is Auditory/Perceptual Phonetics

A

Identification and interpretation of sound by the listener.
(Individuals of the same language will deem if it is acceptable or not)

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19
Q

What is Phones

A

Individual units of speech used in any language. It may or may not be a sound in our particular language

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20
Q

Name some examples of Phones

A
  • groans
  • crying
  • whistling
  • raspberry
  • clicks
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21
Q

What is Phonology

A

The study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a particular language.

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22
Q

Name the two examples of phonology

A
  • which sound language users use
  • how the sounds are organized and arranged
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23
Q

What are Phonemes

A

The smallest linguistic unit that is able to establish and distinguish between word meanings of a particular language when combined with other units

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24
Q

What are Allophones

A

Non-meaningful change in variation of a speech sound

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25
Q

What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology

A
  • Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds whether it is in our language or not.
  • Phonology is the study of the structure and patterning of sounds within a particular language. How the sounds are organized and arranged within that particular language
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26
Q

What is Articulation Disorder

A

Refers to making sounds. The production of sounds involves the coordinated movements of the lips, tongue, teeth, palate and respiratory system (lungs)

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27
Q

What might an individual with Articulation Disorder present with?

A
  • Problems forming particular speech sounds properly. Ex. “Thun” instead of “sun”
  • they may not be able to produce a particular sound. Ex. “Wabbit” instead of “rabbit”
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28
Q

What is Phonological Disorder

A

The pattern in which sounds are put together to make words.

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29
Q

What might an individual with Phonological Disorder present with

A
  • are able to make the sounds in isolation correctly but might use it in the wrong word position. Ex. “Do” for “go” but can say /g/ on its own
  • make mistakes with the particular sounds in words. Ex. Can say /k/ in kite but not in /like/
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30
Q

What kind of service is Accent Modification

A

It is an elective service

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31
Q

What is Accent Modification

A

Accents are systematic variations in the execution of speech characterized by differences in phonological and/or prosodic features that are perceived as different from any native, standard, or dialectical form of speech

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32
Q

What Prosodic Features are included in Accent Modification

A
  • rhythm
  • intonation
  • stress
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33
Q

What is Rhythm

A
  • How fluent and smooth speech is vs. those who stutter.
  • We tend to speak quicker when we get excited or nervous.
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34
Q

What is Intonation

A

The rise/fall of how we say things

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35
Q

What is Stress

A

Enunciate or over-exaggerate a sound that changes its meaning. It can be at the word, phrase or sentence level.

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36
Q

What systems are involved in producing speech

A
  • respiratory
  • phonatory
  • resonatory
  • articulatory
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37
Q

What is Speech Mechanism

A

Include the structures and systems that are involved in producing speech.

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38
Q

What does the Respiratory System consist of and what are the structures related to?

A
  • consists primarily of the lungs and airways, including the trachea, ribcage, abdomen, and diaphragm.
  • these structures directly relate to respiration, for the exchange of gases necessary for sustaining life
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39
Q

Why is the respiratory system (lungs, airways, etc.) structures necessary?

A

Necessary to generate airflow that make voice and speech possible

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40
Q

What does the Phonatory system consists of and what is it responsible for?

A
  • The larynx
  • it is responsible for phonation
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41
Q

What is phonation

A

The production of tones resulting from vibration of the vocal folds

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42
Q

What is the resonatory system and what role does it play?

A
  • composed of a series of three cavities: the oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavities.
  • plays a vital role in resonance.
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43
Q

What three cavities are apart of the Resonatory system

A
  • oral
  • nasal
  • pharyngeal
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44
Q

What is resonance

A

The selective absorption and reinforcement of sound energies, which create the characteristic quality of certain speech sounds

creates our unique voice

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45
Q

What structures are apart of the articulatory system and why are they important

A
  • structures are in the oral cavity called articulators which include the mandible, tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate and velum.
  • they are important in forming the individual speech sounds.
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46
Q

What does it mean when we say speech is a side effect and give an example

A

It is a side effect because it is not a primary/vital function important for life supporting tasks.
- example would be how the primary function of the respiratory system is to provide the exchange of gases necessary for life but the secondary function is speech production

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47
Q

What does primary function mean

A

The life supporting tasks of the speech mechanism

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48
Q

What does secondary function mean

A

That speech is an overlaid or secondary function of those structures and systems (NOT VITAL)

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49
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system

A

To provide the vital exchange of gases that are necessary for life

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50
Q

What is the secondary function of the respiratory system

A

Generating a source of pressured energy in the form of a stream of air for the production of speech

(SPEECH PRODUCTION)

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51
Q

What do the intercostals and the external intercostals help with

A

They both help push the ribcage up and contract when inhaling/exhaling

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52
Q

What is the primary structure during inspiration/inhalation and what does it divide

A
  • the diaphragm is the primary structure
  • it divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
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53
Q

As inhalation begins what does the diaphragm do?

A

It contracts (goes down)

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54
Q

What do the external intercostals do during inspiration/inhalation

A

They contract to lift the ribs, lift the sternum, and lift the thoracic cavity

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55
Q

What do the lungs do during inspiration/inhalation

A

The lungs stretch out following the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage

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56
Q

During inspiration/inhalation how is the pressure inside the lungs compared to the pressure outside the body

A

The pressure inside the lungs is now lower than the pressure outside the body

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57
Q

What happens to air during inspiration/inhalation

A

Air gets pulled into the lungs

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58
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration/inhalation

A

The diaphragm pushes down on the abdominal cavities

59
Q

What happens to the abdomen during inspiration/inhalation

A

The abdomen expands

60
Q

What happens to the lungs during expiration/exhalation

A

The lungs recoil

61
Q

What happens to the ribcage during expiration/exhalation

A

The ribcage gets pulled inward by the intercostals

62
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration/exhalation

A

The diaphragm gets pulled upward

63
Q

How is the pressure inside the lungs compared to outside the body during expiration/exhalation

A

The pressure inside the lungs is now higher than the pressure outside the body

64
Q

What happens to air during expiration/exhalation

A

Air is forced out of the respiratory tract

65
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and abdomen during expiration/exhalation

A

The diaphragm no longer pushes on the abdominal cavity which allows the abdomen to be pulled inward

66
Q

How does the respiratory system relate to speech?

A
  • it is the source of where sound is
  • at rest, the duration of time to inhale and exhale are pretty equal and both are generally short phases
  • it gives us time to say what we need to.
67
Q

What is the principle structure of the phonatory system

A

The larynx

68
Q

What is the most important part of the larynx and why is it important

A
  • the vocal folds are the most important part of the larynx
  • it provides the source of sound for speech
69
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx (phonatory system)

A

Helps prevent foreign substances from entering the airway by forcing them out. Ex. By coughing

70
Q

What is the secondary function of the phonatory system

A

Being the sound generator

71
Q

List the 12 important structures apart of the phonatory system

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Hyoid bone
  3. Thyroid Cartilage
  4. Arytenoid Cartilage
  5. Trachea
  6. Glottis
  7. Thyroarytenoid muscle
  8. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  9. Transverse interarytenoid
  10. Oblique interarytenoid
  11. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
  12. Cricothyroid muscle
72
Q

Define the epiglottis

A

Usually upright at rest allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs. When a person swallows, the epiglottis returns to its original upright position

73
Q

Define the hyoid bone

A

Is the horseshoe-shaped bone in the larynx and is the only bone that is not connected to other bones. It attaches to cartilage, muscles, and ligaments.
- has a big role in mastication (chewing), tongue movement, phonation, and swallowing

74
Q

Define the thyroid cartilage

A

The tough, flexible tissue that forms the front part of the larynx. It supports and protects the vocal folds and helps create the sound of a persons voice. The thyroid cartilage is also known as the Adam’s apple

75
Q

Define the arytenoid cartilage

A

Attached to the vocal folds and move the vocal folds allowing tension, relaxation, or approximation of the vocal folds

76
Q

Define trachea

A

A.k.a the windpipe. It allows oxygen to go down into your lungs and where carbon dioxide goes back up to exit through the nasal or oral cavity

77
Q

Define the glottis

A

Is the space between the vocal folds

78
Q

Define the thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Makes up the main mass of the vocal folds

79
Q

Name the 3 muscles that adduct the vocal folds (close)

A
  • lateral cricoarytenoid
  • transverse interarytenoid
  • oblique interarytenoid
80
Q

What is the lateral cricoarytenoid

A

A paired muscle, the fibers run from the lateral edges of the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoids

81
Q

What is the transverse interarytenoid

A

Runs across the posterior portions of the arytenoid cartilages

82
Q

What is the oblique interarytenoid

A

Runs from the base of one arytenoid to the apex of the other, crossing each other

83
Q

Name the muscle that abducts the vocal folds (opens)

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

84
Q

What is the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

A

Paired muscles that take origin from the central ridge on the back of the cricoid cartilage to insert into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

85
Q

What muscle elongates and tenses the vocal folds

A

Cricothyroid muscle

86
Q

What is included in the Cricothyroid muscle

A

The pars recta oblique muscles

87
Q

What three cavities are apart of the resonatory system

A
  • oral
  • nasal
  • pharyngeal
88
Q

What is the primary function of the resonatory system

A

To direct food, liquid and oxygen to the appropriate areas

89
Q

What is the secondary function of the resonatory system

A

Modifies sound energy

90
Q

Describe the pharyngeal cavity

A

Contains a muscular and membranous tube-like structure, and is divided into three portions
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx

91
Q

Define the nasopharynx

A

Extends from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the soft palate

92
Q

Define the oropharynx

A

Extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone

93
Q

Define the laryngopharynx

A

Extends from the oropharynx to the entrance of the esophagus/larynx depending where it goes

94
Q

Describe the oral cavity

A

Mouth area, extends from the lips to the soft palate (velum)

95
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A

Nose area, consists of two narrow chambers that begin at the velum and end at the exterior portion of the nostrils

96
Q

What is considered the floor of the nasal cavities

A

The hard palate

97
Q

How is sound generated by the larynx

A

It is modified as it travels through the pharyngeal, oral and/or nasal cavities

98
Q

Describe the velopharyngeal port

A

Directly affects speech sound quality by channeling airflow through either the oral or the nasal cavities
- it can be closed by elevation and posterior movements of the velum
- some forward and medial movements of the posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls

99
Q

Why is the closure of the vp port important

A
  • during swallowing, the vp port closes as the food or drink passes from the oral into the pharyngeal cavity
  • closure of the vp port is important for the production of specific groups of speech sounds.
  • accurately times and adequate closure of the vp port is necessary for formal vocal quality. Without it, vocal quality may sound hyper nasal
100
Q

What is the primary function of the Articulatory system

A

To bite and chew and being able to form the appropriate bolus for swallowing

101
Q

What is the secondary function of the articulatory system

A

Forming the individual speech sounds

102
Q

What are the key structures of the Articulatory system

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • mandible (lower jaw)
  • teeth
  • alveolar ridge
  • hard palate
  • soft palate (velum)
  • uvula
103
Q

Describe the lips

A

Consists of the muscles that allow the lips a wide range of flexibility for facial expression as well as for speech sound production

104
Q

Describe the tongue

A

Is the most active one for speech sound production. Due to the manner of the manny muscles involved in the tongue, it is capable of a wide range of movements.
- the shape of the tongue plays a major role in both vowel and consonant production

105
Q

Describe the mandible

A

Houses the lower teeth
- the degree and opening is important

106
Q

What is the primary function of the teeth

A

To bite and chew food before swallowing

107
Q

What is the secondary function of the teeth

A

Speech production

108
Q

Describe the alveolar ridge

A

Ridge-like structure posterior from the top front teeth

109
Q

Describe the hard palate

A

Moving further back, it is the hard bony cave-like structure on the roof of your mouth

110
Q

Describe the soft palate (velum)

A

Moving further back, is the softer muscular portion which is the soft palate

111
Q

Describe the uvula

A

Appendage-like extension of the soft palate. No AE phoneme or sound is produced with the uvula

112
Q

What is phonetic transcription used for and how many versions are there

A

It is used to refer to the written notation of speech sounds
- there are 2 types: narrow and broad transcription

113
Q

Describe Narrow Transcription

A

Entails the use of a phonetic categorization that include as much production detail as possible. For phonetic transcription, the symbols are placed within brackets

114
Q

Describe Broad Transcription

A

Based on the phonemes system of a particular language, each symbol represents a phoneme in a particular language. For phonemic transcription, the symbols are placed within the slashes

115
Q

Define International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

Is the most widely used system to document individual speech sounds and their variations

116
Q

When was the first version of the IPA published

A

In 1888

117
Q

Which alphabet were the symbols based on

A

The Roman alphabet

118
Q

What was the aim of IPA?

A

To allow anyone who was familiar with the system the possibility of having an accurate idea of how to pronounce any language in the world

119
Q

Why not stick to orthography

A

A single letter in the alphabet often represents more than one sound and single speech sounds can be represented by different letters

120
Q

What is orthography

A

An alphabet to represent speech sounds of a particular language

121
Q

What was the solution to not using orthography

A

IPA because one symbols represents one sound and one sound represents one symbol

122
Q

List the four major difficulties of learning IPA

A
  • you have to free yourself form learning the visual alphabet
  • it’s difficult, you have to analyze words into their component sounds
  • combining sounds into words by scanning and blending
  • establishing a strong association between sound and phonetic symbols.
123
Q

Give some examples of freeing yourself from learning the visual alphabet a.k.a “sight reading”

A
  • one sound is often represented by several different spellings (ex. May, able, steak, chain, ballet, matinee, gauge)
  • the same letter can represent several different sounds (ex. /o/ in toe, today, woman, clock, all sound different)
  • in IPA there is a one-symbol-to-one-sound correspondence. The use of digraphs in a particular language violates this principle (ex. Digraphs = 2 letters formulating a sound. P and h make /f/
  • English spelling often uses letters to represent no sound at all (ex. “K” in knee”)
124
Q

Define scanning

A

Ability to see and hear individual symbols and corresponding sounds

125
Q

Define blending

A

Putting those sounds together. Being able to recognize syllables in the word and the stress in the word and how it changes the meaning of that word

126
Q

How do we use the IPA?

A
  • think in terms of sounds NOT letters
  • learn which symbol represents which sound
  • listen carefully and avoid your own auditory biases
127
Q

Define vowels

A

Sounds produced with a relatively unobstructed (OPEN) vocal tract
- no articulators make contact

128
Q

Define consonants

A

Sounds produced by a degree of obstruction in the vocal tract (CLOSED VOCAL TRACT)
- articulators make contact

129
Q

Describe voicing

A

Vibration of vocal folds in the larynx

130
Q

Describe place of articulation

A

Describing the place/position of the articulators where maximum constriction (partial or total) occurs while producing a sound

131
Q

Define Bilabial

A

Upper and lower lips come together

132
Q

Define Labiodental

A

Lower lip makes contact with upper teeth

133
Q

Define interdental

A

Tongue is between the teeth

134
Q

Define alveolar

A

Tongue makes contact with alveolar ridge

135
Q

Define velar

A

Back of tongue makes contact with the soft palate (velum)

136
Q

Define Palatal

A

Body of the tongue makes contact with the hard palate

137
Q

Define glottal

A

Open space between vocal folds

138
Q

Define manner of articulation

A

How sound is produced / type of production

139
Q

Define stops (plosives)

A

Total obstruction of airflow that is quickly released

140
Q

Define nasals

A

Air is going through the nasal cavity (only 3 nasal sounds)

141
Q

Define fricatives

A

Partial blockage of airflow
- airflow is constricted to the point of causing friction

142
Q

Define Affricates

A

Combination of stop and fricatives
- starts as a stop sound and is releases into a Fricative

143
Q

Define lateral

A

Air goes around both sides of the tongue

144
Q

Define glides

A

Sounds that are produced with the mouth in motion

Phonetics (5 decks)

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