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251 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain, Spine

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2
Q

Where are sensory neurons in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal Horn

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

main motor and sensory nerve supply to the face and neck
also controls necessary functions, ie breathing heart rate, etc
contains midbrain, pons, and medulla

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

50% of brain neurons are in the
cerebellum.
coordinates complex and voluntary movement

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

group of neural cell bodies in the PNS

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6
Q

Dermatomes

A

Area of skin supplied by neurons that all arise from a specific section

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

The dorsal part of the diencephalon, relays sensory + motor signals

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

receive inputs from other neurons

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9
Q

Axons

A

send outputs to other neurons

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

provide biochemical support for endothelial cells (Blood-brain barrier)
role in repair and scarring process of brain + spinal cord post-traumatic injury

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11
Q

Glial Cells

A

Perform numerous supportive functions for the nervous system
Structural, Nutritional, Immunological,` and Janitorial
Hold nerve cells in place

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12
Q

Electric current

A

rate of flow of a charge past a certain point

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13
Q

voltage

A

the electrical potential difference between two spots (ie. inside vs outside of neuron)

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14
Q

Protein Channels

A

Active transport - against the concentration gradient
Ion channels - allow ions to flow down the concentration gradient

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15
Q

Ligand Gated ion channels

A

Open when they come into contact with Ligand

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16
Q

Thermally gated

A

open in response to hot/cold
typically in sensory neurons

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17
Q

mechanically gated

A

open in response to mechanical forces

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18
Q

Electrostatic force

A

opposites attract

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19
Q

electrochemical equilibrium

A

electrochemical equilibrium has been reached via electrostatic force being equal/opposite to chemical diffusion forces.

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20
Q

Resting potential

A

-65mV

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21
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

Much faster than active transport, however, is insufficient alone to send a pulse down the entire axon
exponential decay of voltage as we get further from the origin.

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22
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between myelin sheath, voltage-gated K+, and Na+ channels are located here, the place of active diffusion

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23
Q

Synaptic Cleft steps

A

action potential - Ca2+ influx via gated channels - synaptic vesicles release contents into cleft (via exocytosis), then postsynaptic transmission

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24
Q

Afferent vs Efferent

A

Afferent goes towards PNS, efferent goes away

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25
Q

SNARE

A

protein, activated by calcium, opens up neurotransmitter bundles via binding to the wall

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26
Q

Reversible Antagonists

A

Cocaine, novocaine, lidocaine and procaine. block Na+ gated channels, and block action potentials.
no pain during
reversible will eventually unbind

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27
Q

Irreversible antagonists

A

never unbind from the sodium channel, tetrodotoxins for example

28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

bind to ligand-gated ion channels

29
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, allows Na+ to enter post-synaptic neuron

30
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter allows cl- to enter post-synaptic neuron

31
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers, how the nervous system controls muscle contractions
have folds to increase surface area

32
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

cell body in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, axons connect to group of muscle fibres

33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction, allows Na+ to enter and propagate action potential.

34
Q

Muscle Fibre Anantomy

A

Muscles are made up of bundles of myofilaments, called myofibrils
muscle fiber -> myofibril -> myofilaments
sarcolemma surrounds muscle fibers

35
Q

Power stroke

A

Ca+ binds with troponin, which moves tropomyosin of the actin-binding site. myosin head binds to actin and pulls forward.
actin -> thin filament, moves
myosin -> thick filament, doesn’t move

36
Q

Calcium release in muscle fibers

A

T-tubules bring action potential into muscle, go into triads, and calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the sarcolemma.

37
Q

Type 1 muscle fibres

A

Slow Oxidative -> less force, but fatigue slower, and recover faster
ie. for walking

38
Q

Type 2A muscle fibres

A

Fast Oxidative -> fast, fatigue-resistant
ie. speed walking

39
Q

Type 2AB muscle fibers

A

Fast Oxidative, Glycolytic -> Fast, intermittent fatigue
ie. jogging

40
Q

Type 2B muscle fibres

A

Fast Glycolytic -> Fast fatigue, highest force output, activate last
ie. sprinting

41
Q

Myoglobin stain

A

Darker = slower

42
Q

Motor unit

A

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
the connection between nervous system and muscular system

43
Q

Motor pool

A

all the motor units innervating a given muscle

44
Q

Muscle twitch

A

every time a motor unit sends an action potential, a brief twitch occurs -> multiple twitches result in force buildup

45
Q

Motor unit excitability

A

smaller motor units are far more excitable (larger motor units are more prone to sodium leakage, more sodium is required to reach the threshold)

46
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

Slow twitch first to turn on and last to turn off, then fast oxidative, then fast oxidative glycolytic, then fast glycolytic
larger motor units get recruited when more force is needed, however they are recruited after smaller units, as smaller is more excitable

47
Q

Electrode placement

A

the thickest part of the muscle, pads must align with the direction of muscle fibers.

48
Q

Rectification

A

Absolute value | x |, all negative values become positive

49
Q

EMG force amplitude relationship

A

emg force is directly related to the amplitude of the signal

50
Q

Indwelling EMG benefit

A

Extract single MU spikes and activation, something that cannot be done with surface EMG

51
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Made up of intrafusal fibers that run along the muscle, that lengthen and stretch with the muscle - sensory endings detect this stretch

52
Q

Primary Afferents (group 1a)

A

wrap around all types of intrafusal fibers, but most commonly bag type. The primary afferent and the fibers it wraps around are called a muscle spindle primary ending.
code for velocity

53
Q

Secondary Afferents (group 2)

A

makes flower spray ending, only to nuclear chain type intrafusal fibres. the secondary afferent and the fiber it connects to is called the muscle spindle secondary ending
code for length

54
Q

Dynamic phase

A

muscle being stressed, different rate of action potentials depending on the length, which gives CNS sensory input in proportion to the velocity of stretch.

55
Q

Primary vs secondary action potentials

A

primary -> velocity
secondary -> length

56
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

make sure the spindle length is equal to skeletal muscle length -> as fibers contract alongside the skeletal muscle fibers.

57
Q

Co-activation

A

same motor commands coming from the cerebral cortex connect alpha MN and gamma MN.

58
Q

Mechanotransduction

A

mechanical energy is converted to voltage change

59
Q

Cutaneous receptive field

A

region of skin capable of evoking action potentials in a given cutaneous afferent

60
Q

Type 1 v 2 receptors

A

2 of each, type 1 shallow, type 2 deep

61
Q

Merkel cell

A

slow adapting type 1 -
moderate low threshold
high sensitivity to edges and curves
irregular discharge when stimulated

62
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

fast adapting type 1 -
velocity of indentation and low-frequency vibration
low threshold
grip control

63
Q

Ruffini endings

A

slow adapting type 2 -
high threshold
sensitive to skin stretch
regular discharge when stimulated

64
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

fast adapting type 2 -
acceleration - change in indentation rate
extremely low threshold
high frequency

65
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect tissue damage and send signals to PNS
only respond when a stimulus becomes dangerous - high threshold

66
Q

Golgi tension organ

A

1b
code for muscle tension
active force potential
prevent muscle damage

251 (6 decks)

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