midterm #1 Flashcards
what is organizational behaviour?
- the study of human behaviour within organizations
- focuses on how individuals and groups act in workplace settings.
what are the three key levels of organizational behaviour?
- individual level
- group level
- organizational level
what are the key components of OB at an individual level?
- Personality
- values
- motivation
what are the key components of OB at a group level?
- Communication
- leadership
- power &team dynamics
what are the key components of OB at an organizational level?
- Culture
- structure
- change management
what is the importance of OB?
helps to…
- improve job performance
- enhance employee satisfaction
- promote innovation
- manage work-life balance
what is job performance?
The value of behaviours that positively/negatively impact organizational goals.
what are the dimensions of job performance?
- task performance
- citizenship behaviours
- counterproductive work behaviours
- measurement
what is task performance?
one of the dimensions of job performance:
How well employees perform their job tasks.
what are citizenship behaviours?
one of the dimensions of job performance - Voluntary actions that contribute to the organizational environment (e.g., helping colleagues).
what are counterproductive work behaviours?
one of the dimensions of job performance - Actions that harm the organization (e.g., absenteeism, theft).
how is job performance measured?
- performance appraisals
- key performance indicators (KPIs)
- peer reviews.
what are the factors affecting job performance?
- Individual ability
- motivation
- situational factors.
what is organizational commitment?
The emotional attachment, identification with, and involvement in an organization.
what are the types of commitment?
- affective commitment
- continuance commitment
- normative commitment
what is affective commitment?
Emotional attachment to the organization.
what is continuance commitment?
The perceived cost of leaving the organization.
what is normative commitment?
A feeling of obligation to stay with the organization.
what is the impact of commitment?
High commitment leads to lower turnover and absenteeism, and higher job performance.
what is job satisfaction?
A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job
what are the determinants of job satisfaction?
(Job Characteristics Model)
- Pay
- promotion opportunities
- coworkers
- supervision,
- the work itself
what are the consequences of job satisfaction?
High job satisfaction leads to
- increased productivity
- organizational citizenship
- lower turnover
what is stress?
A psychological response to demands that exceed a person’s capacity or resources.
what are the types of stress?
- challenge stressors
- hindrance stressors
what are challenge stressors?
one of the types of stress - Stressful demands that can be beneficial (e.g., workload, time pressure).
what are hindrance stressors?
one of the types of stress - Demands that hinder personal achievement (e.g., role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict).
what is stress management?
Techniques like time management, physical exercise, and relaxation methods.
what are the Big 5 personality traits?
- openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
what impact does personality have on OB?
Different personality traits influence work behaviour and interaction with others.
what are the different cultural values that impact OB?
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity vs. Femininity
- Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
what is individualism vs collectivism?
one of the cultural values affecting OB - Focus on individual achievements vs. group goals.
what is power distance?
one of the cultural values affecting OB - Acceptance of hierarchical order.
what is uncertainty avoidance?
one of the cultural values affecting OB - Comfort with ambiguity.
what is Masculinity vs. Femininity?
one of the cultural values affecting OB - Competitive vs. nurturing environments.
what is Long-term vs. Short-term orientation?
one of the cultural values affecting OB - Focus on future rewards vs. immediate results.
what are the types of ability?
- cognitive ability
- emotional ability
- physical ability
what is cognitive ability?
Intelligence and problem-solving skills.
what is emotional ability?
Awareness and regulation of emotions (emotional intelligence).
what is physical ability?
Strength, endurance, coordination, etc., depending on job needs.
what is motivation?
The set of forces that initiate and sustain effort towards a goal.
what are the theories of motivation?
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
- Expectancy Theory
- Goal-Setting Theory
- Self-Determination Theory
what is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
one of the theories of motivation: Basic needs (e.g., food, safety) must be satisfied before higher-level needs (e.g., self-actualization).
what is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
one of the theories of motivation:
Hygiene factors (salary) prevent dissatisfaction and motivators (achievement) enhance satisfaction.
what is the Expectancy Theory?
one of the motivation theories: Motivation depends on expectancy (effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (the value of outcomes).
what is the goal-setting theory?
one of the theories of motivation: Specific and challenging goals enhance performance.
what is the Self-Determination Theory?
motivation driven by autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
what are some forms of application of motivation in the workplace?
- Designing jobs to maximize motivation
- setting performance goals
- creating reward systems
what is openness to experience?
one of the Big 5 personality traits
Creativity and curiosity.
what is Conscientiousness?
one of the Big 5 personality traits:
Dependability and discipline.
what is Extraversion?
one of the Big 5 personality traits:
Sociability and assertiveness.
what is Agreeableness?
one of the Big 5 personality traits:
Cooperation and warmth.
what is Neuroticism?
one of the Big 5 personality traits:
Emotional instability and anxiety.
