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Organizational Behaviour > final exam review > Flashcards

final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

what is OB?

A

the study of human behaviour within organizations focusing on how individuals and groups act workplace settings

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2
Q

what are the key levels of OB?

A
  • individual
  • group level
  • organizational level
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3
Q

what is the individual level of OB?

A

personality, values motivation

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4
Q

what is the group level of OB?

A

communication, leadership, power, team dynamics

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5
Q

what is the organizational level of OB?

A

culture, structure, change in management

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6
Q

what is the importance of OB?

A

helps in improving job performance, enhancing employee satisfaction, promoting innovation and managing work-life balanace

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7
Q

what is job performance?

A

the value of the set of behaviours that contribute positively or negatively to organizational goals

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8
Q

what are the dimensions of job performance?

A
  • task performance
  • citizenship behaviour
  • counterproductive work behaviour
  • measurement
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9
Q

what is task performance?

A

how well employees perform their job tasks

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10
Q

what is citizenship behaviour?

A

voluntary actions that contribute to the organizational environment

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11
Q

what is counterproductive work behaviour?

A

actions that harm the organization

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12
Q

what is measurement?

A

how job performance is measured - through performance appraisals, key performance indicators (KPIs) and peer reviews

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13
Q

what factors affect job performance?

A
  • individual ability
  • motivation
  • situational factors
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14
Q

what is organizational commitment?

A

the emotional attachment, identification with, and investment in an organization

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15
Q

what are the types of organizational commitment?

A
  • affective
  • continuance
  • normative
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16
Q

what is affective commitment?

A

emotional attachment to the organization

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17
Q

what is continuance commitment?

A

the perceived cost of leaving the organization

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18
Q

what is normative commitment?

A

a feeling of obligation to stay with the organization

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19
Q

what is the impact of organizational commitment?

A

high commitment leads to lower turnover and absenteeism, and higher job performance

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20
Q

what is job satisfaction?

A

a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job

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21
Q

what are the determinants of job satisfaction?

A
  • pay
  • promotion opportunities
  • coworkers
  • the work itself
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22
Q

what are the consequences of job satisfaction?

A
  • increased productivity
  • organizational citizenship
  • lower turnover
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23
Q

what is stress?

A

a psychological response to demands that posses certain stakes and tax or exceed a person’s capacity or resources

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24
Q

what is stress management?

A

techniques like time management, physical exercise and relaxation methods

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25
Q

what are the types of stress?

A
  • challenge stressors
  • hindrance stressors
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26
Q

what are challenge stressors?

A

stressful demands that can be beneficial (workload, time pressure)

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27
Q

what are hindrance stressors?

A

demands that hinder personal achievement (role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict)

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28
Q

what are the 5 big personality traits?

A
  • openness to experience
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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29
Q

what is openness to new experience?

A

creativity and curiosity

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30
Q

what is conscientiousness?

A

dependability and discipline

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31
Q

what is extraversion?

A

sociability and assertiveness

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32
Q

what is agreeableness?

A

cooperation and warmth

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33
Q

what is neuroticism?

A

emotional instability and anxiety

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34
Q

what is the impact of personality on OB?

A

different personality traits influence work behaviour and interaction with others

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35
Q

what are the types of cultural values?

A
  • individualism vs collectivism
  • power distance
  • uncertainty avoidance
  • masculinity vs femininity
  • long-term vs short
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36
Q

what is individualism vs collectivism?

A

focus on personal achievements vs group goals

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37
Q

what is power distance?

A

acceptance of hierarchical order

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38
Q

what is uncertainty avoidance?

A

comfort with ambiguity

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39
Q

what is masculinity vs femininity?

A

competitive vs nurturing environment

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40
Q

what is long-term vs short-term orientation?

A

focus on future rewards vs immediate results

41
Q

what are the types of ability?

A
  • cognitive ability
  • emotional ability
  • physical ability
42
Q

what is motivation?

A

the set of forces that initiate, direct, and sustain effort towards attaining a goal

43
Q

what are the theories of motivation?

A
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
  • herzbergs 2-factor theory
  • expectancy theory
  • goal-setting theory
  • self-determination theory
44
Q

what is MAslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

basic needs (food, security) must be satisfied before higher level needs (self-actualization)

45
Q

what is Herzberg’s 2-factor theory?

A

hygiene factors (salary) prevent dissatisfaction, and motivators (achievements) enhance satisfaction

46
Q

what is the expectancy theory?

A

motivation depends on expectancy (effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (the value of outcomes)

47
Q

what is self-determination theory?

A

focuses on intrinsic motivation driven by autonomy, competence and relatedness

48
Q

how can motivation be applied in the workplace?

A

designing jobs to maximize motivation, setting performance goals and creating reward systems

49
Q

what is trust?

A

the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations of their actions

50
Q

what are the types of trust?

A
  • disposition-based\
  • cognition-based
  • affect-based
51
Q

what is disposition-based trust?

A

trust stemming from personality traits

52
Q

what is cognition-based trust?

A

trust based on rational assessment of a person’s abilities, integrity and benevolence

53
Q

what us affect-based trust?

A

trust rooted in emotional bonds

54
Q

what is trust repair?

A

apologies, explanations, or demonstrating integrity over time

55
Q

what are the types of justice?

A
  • distributive
  • procedural
  • interpersonal
  • informational
56
Q

what is distributive justice?

A

fairness in outcome distribution

57
Q

what is procedural justice?

A

fairness in the processes used to make decisions

58
Q

what is interpersonal justice?

A

treatment with respect and dignity

59
Q

what is informational justice?

A

providing adequate and honest information

60
Q

what are ethics?

A

the principles that govern decisions about what is right and wrong

61
Q

what is the 4-component model of ethics?

A
  1. moral awareness
  2. moral judgment
  3. moral intent
  4. ethical behaviour
62
Q

what are the learning theories?

A
  • reinforcement theory
  • social learning theory
63
Q

what is reinforcement theory?

A

learning through rewards and punishments

64
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

learning through observing others

65
Q

what are the types of knowledge?

A
  • explicit
  • tacit
66
Q

what is explicit knowledge?

A

easily communicated and taught

67
Q

what is tacit knowledge?

A

gained through experience and not easily taught

68
Q

what are the methods of decision-making?

A
  • programmed vs non-programmed decisions
  • rational decision-making model
69
Q

what are programmed decisions?

A

routine/repetitive decisions made using established rules, procedures or guidelines

70
Q

what are non-programmed decisions?

A

unique, unstructured decisions that require custom solutions and rely on judgment, creativity and problem-solving skills

71
Q

what is the rational decision-making model?

A
  1. identify problem
  2. generate alternatives
  3. evaluate
  4. select best option
  5. implement
72
Q

what are the types of power?

A
  • legitimate
  • reward
  • coercive
  • expert
  • referent
73
Q

what is legitimate power?

A

authority based on a formal position in an organization

74
Q

what is reward power?

A

the ability to provide incentives/ rewards

75
Q

what is coercive power?

A

ability to enforce compliance through threat/punishment

76
Q

what is expert power?

A

influence derived from possessing specialized knowledge or expertise

77
Q

what is referent power?

A

influence based on personality traits or the respect/admiration of others

78
Q

what are effective influence tactics?

A
  • rational persuasion
  • consultation
  • collaboration
79
Q

what are least effective influence tactics?

A
  • pressure
  • coalitions
80
Q

what are the stages of negotiation?

A
  1. preparation
  2. exchange
  3. bargaining
  4. closing
81
Q

what are the negotiation strategies?

A
  • distributive bargaining
  • integrative bargaining
82
Q

what is distributive bargaining?

A
  • zero-sum
  • win-lose
83
Q

what is integrative bargaining?

A
  • collaborative
  • win-win
84
Q

what are the types of teams?

A
  • work
  • management
  • project
  • action
  • parallel
85
Q

what are the stages of team development?

A
  1. forming
  2. storming
  3. norming
  4. performing
  5. adjourning
86
Q

what are the team processes?

A
  • task
  • interpersonal
87
Q

what are task processes?

A

creative tasks and decision making

88
Q

what are interpersonal processes?

A

conflict management, motivation building

89
Q

what is social loafing?

A

when individuals contribute less in a group

90
Q

what are the types of leadership?

A
  • transactional
  • transformational
  • laissez-faire
91
Q

what is transactional leadership?

A

focuses on exchanges and rewards

92
Q

what is transformational leadership?

A

inspires followers with vision and charisma

93
Q

what is laissez-faire leadership?

A

absence of leadership

94
Q

what are types of leadership behaviours?

A
  • task-oriented
  • relationship oriented
95
Q

what are task-oriented leadership behaviours?

A

goal achievement focus

96
Q

what are relationship oriented leadership behaviours?

A

emphasis on people and support

97
Q

what are the layers of organizational culture?

A
  • observable artifacts (symbols rituals)
  • espoused values (stated values)
  • basic underlying assumptions (sub-conscious beliefs)
98
Q

what are the methods of changing workplace culture?

A
  • leadership changes
  • training programs
  • mergers/acquisitions
99
Q

what is Lewin’s change model?

A
  1. unfreeze
  2. change
  3. refreeze

Organizational Behaviour (2 decks)

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