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NYCC Chiro Theories > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A medical subluxation is considered to be what?

A

Hypermobility

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2
Q

A chiropractic subluxation is considered to be what?

A

Hypomobility

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3
Q

In the CNS, ____ is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, neurogenesis, nausea/emesis, pain, and nociception

A

Substance P

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4
Q

What are the three causes of subluxation according to DD Palmer?

A
  1. Toxins
  2. Trauma
  3. Autosuggestion
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5
Q

What term was used to defend chiropractic as a separate and distinct profession during the Marikubo Trial?

A

Joint fixation

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6
Q

What substance is commonly found in high concentrations in then joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Cytokines

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7
Q

Substance P is known to be a potent ____

A

Vasodilator

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8
Q

TRUE/FALSE:
According to the Herzog article on the biomechanics of spinal manipulation, EMG responses were only found when the adjustment was accomplished by an audible release?

A

FALSE
(which of the following was NOT found)

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9
Q

Who rejected the germ theory and instead focused on the subluxation as the cause of disease rather than microorganisms?

A

BJ Palmer

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10
Q

What term describes the electrochemical signal that draws appropriate cells to an area of injury?

A

Chemotaxis

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11
Q

The chiropractic adjustment takes place within the ____

A

Paraphysiologic space

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12
Q

TRUE/FALSE:
BJ Palmer utilized the germ theory as an opportunity to pose chiropractic as a way to sustain health?

A

FALSE

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13
Q

What theory did DD Palmer use to suggest that the “tone” of the nervous system?

A

Vibratory theory

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14
Q

Chronic inflammations is marked by what events?

A
  • Angiogenesis and connective tissue proliferation
  • Infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
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15
Q

Who focused primarily on pelvic biomechanics in order to refine his definition of chiropractic?

A

Illi

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16
Q

Who was the first person to propose the wellness model in chiropractic?

A

Ian Coulter

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17
Q

What doctors published the book, “Modernized Chiropractic?”

A

Langworthy, Smith, and Paxon

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18
Q

What was the purpose of the book Modernized Chiropractic in 1906?

A

Reject the “bone out of place” theory as too simplistic of an explanation for chiropractic in favor of a focus on joint fixation/motion restriction

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19
Q

The article, “Tissue and cellular responses to injury in the spine includes infiltration of histamine, protein derived factors, eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, degradative enzymes, and substance P and pre-stages development of spinal lesions” describes the ____ hypothesis

A

Inflammatory

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20
Q

What was DD Palmers first theory based on?

A

Inflammation was the result of “the displacement of any body part: nerve, artery, vein, bone, ligament, or muscle”

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21
Q

What doctor(s) came up with the idea that “luxation of bones cause disease?”

A

DD Palmer

22
Q

TRUE/FALSE:
An audible release occurring from slow application of pressure showed the same reflex response as a high velocity low amplitude thrust?

A

FALSE

23
Q

Substance P acts when stimulated by the release of ____

A

Nitric Oxide

24
Q

Who believed that chiropractors should generate clinical data and publish clinical research?

A

C.O Watkins

25
Q

Who believed in the idea that an injured joint becomes fixated as edema develops around a strained capsule and tissues?

A

Marcel and Henri Gillet and Fred Illi

26
Q

The term ____ appears in medical journals as early as 1828 (Glasgow Medical Journal) to describe the idea that tenderness of a vertebrae corresponded to a diseased organ

A

Spinal Irritation

27
Q

Who is considered the contemporary father of the nerve compression hypothesis and encouraged spinal manipulation 2 years before Palmer’s birth?

A

J. Evans Riadore

28
Q

During an acute inflammation, what is occurring at the tissue-level response?

A

Aggressive vascular response marked by infiltration of neutrophils and other leukocytes

29
Q

What gets produced by endothelial cells and macrophages during the inflammatory response?

A

Nitric oxide

30
Q

TRUE/FALSE:
Joint restrictions are always identifiable on plain film radiographs?

A

FALSE

31
Q

What are the four criteria for subluxation created by BJ Palmer?

A
  1. Misalignment of vertebra in relation to adjacent segments
  2. Occlusion of a foramen
  3. Pressure on spinal nerve roots
  4. Interference to transmission of mental impulses
32
Q

The idea that “opposing surfaces resist separation until a critical point where they separate rapidly creating sustained gas cavities” is termed ____

A

Tribonucleation

33
Q

The process whereby pressure variations in a liquid can in a short period of time cause countless small cavities to form and then implode is termed ____

A

Cavitation

34
Q

In acute inflammation, the first mediator stimulating a vascular response is ____

A

Histamine

35
Q

The HIO (Hole-in-One) technique what created by what doctor?

A

BJ Palmer

36
Q

The HIO technique is associated with subluxation of ____

A

C1-C2

37
Q

In acute inflammation, ____ and ____ phagocytize debris and chemotaxic stimulants

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

38
Q

Who is considered the Founder of Chiropractic?

A

DD Palmer

39
Q

Who is considered the Developer of Chiropractic?

A

BJ Palmer

40
Q

What tool was famously used by DD Palmer to see difference in heat and inflammation of patients?

A

Neurocalometer

41
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Tumor (swelling)
  3. Calor (fever)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio Laesa (loss of function)
42
Q

The ability for leukocytes to pass through the gaps in capillaries is called ____

A

Diapedesis (transmigration)

43
Q

What cells are responsible for the release of histamine?

A

Mast cells and platelets

44
Q

True or False: According to Herzog, stresses and strains on the vertebral artery during chiropractic spinal manipulation of the neck were always much smaller than those produced during passive ROM?

A

TRUE

45
Q

During a chiropractic adjustment, is it more important to have more force or speed when performing an adjustment?

A

Speed

46
Q

What year did the Herzog study take place?

A

2009

47
Q

TRUE/FALSE A reflex response was not seen when there was a high speed of force application via an adjustment?

A

FALSE

48
Q

According to Kawchuk, what is actually occurring when they performed an adjustment at the metacarpophalangeal joint space?

A

Tribonucleation (cavity is created)

49
Q

TRUE/FALSE: a chiropractic subluxation can cause nerve root compression

A

FALSE
(all of the following … except)

50
Q

Substance P is regulated by which of the receptors in the dorsal horn?

A

NMDA

51
Q

The idea of joint fixation or motion restriction as an explanation for chiropractic was initially presented in 1906 by which author?

A

Langworthy

NYCC Chiro Theories (3 decks)

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