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Drugs, Behaviour, and Society > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

classical conditioning of craving

A

UCS -> CS
UCS + NS -> UCR
CS -> CR

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2
Q

operant conditioning and drug use

A

postive reinforcement: creates positive emotion
negative reinforcement: helps get rid of negative emotion

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3
Q

operant conditioning and drug use

A

positive punishment: feeling sick
negative punishment: cost money

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4
Q

social learning theory

A

stress, expect alcohol to reduce stress, drink alcohol

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5
Q

bio psychosocial model

A

factors that influence drug use change over time

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6
Q

epidemiology

A

study of incidence, prevalence, trends, correlates of drug use and associated conditions

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7
Q

epidemopology methods

A
  • surveys
  • sales data
  • administrative data
  • waste water analysis
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8
Q

physical dependence

A

tolerance or withdrawal
T: need more of drug to get same effect
W: unpleasant symptoms after prolonged period of use

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9
Q

psychological dependence

A

compulsive use, inability to control use, craving to use, relapsing

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10
Q

drug misuse/problem use

A

drug use leads to harm and problems

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11
Q

DSM-5 substance use disorder

A

problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

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12
Q

components of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system: sensory neurons + movement
autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic + sympathetic
central nervous system: brain + spinal cord

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13
Q

ANS

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight, increased heart rate, breathing, norepinephrine is primary neurotransmitter, stimulant drugs active SNS

Parasympathetic: slowed heart rate, acetylcholine is primary neurotransmitter, nicotine activates PNS

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14
Q

CNS

A

limbic system: emotion, memory, reward/learning

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15
Q

reward system

A

operant conditioning: drug stimulates dopamine release in reward centres, make you feel good

drug expectancy learning: important for forming memories about reward

classical conditioning: conditioned stimuli activate dopamine release in dopamine pathways

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16
Q

neurotransmission

A
  1. bind directly to post-synaptic receptors
  2. inhibit transporters and thus repute of neurotransmitters
  3. inhibit action of enzymes that break down neurotransmitters in synapse
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17
Q

dopamine

A

reward, motivation, pleasure, compulsion,

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18
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist: increase NT activity (heroin) mimic action of NT
antagonist: decrease NT activity (naloxone) bind to and block receptor

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19
Q

serotonin

A

mood regulation, memory processing, sleep, cognition

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20
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal, attentiveness, food intake, wakefulness

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21
Q

glutamate

A

generalized excitatory and inhibitory functions throughout the brain, stimulation of glutamate receptors increases activity of neuron

22
Q

GABA

A

stimulation of GABA receptors decreases activity of neuron

23
Q

pharmacology

A

broad study of drugs, properties, sources, actions, effects

24
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

action of drugs and effects of drugs

25
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how drugs move through the body from the time they are absorbed to the time they are eliminated

26
Q

categories of drugs

A

stimulants: alertness, excitation, euphoria, mania

depressants: relaxation, disinhibition, impaired coordination, impulsivity, memory impairment

opioids: relaxation, pain relief, sedation

hallucinogens: altered perceptions, hallucinations, emotional change

27
Q

stimulants vs depressants

A

S: intoxication (alert, euphoric) withdrawal (fatigue, apathy)

D: intoxication (sedation, relaxed) withdrawal (anxiety, insomnia)

28
Q

placebo effect

A

classical conditioning: CR include activity in brain areas affected by the drug

Social learning: expectancies for drug effects impact experience of effects, how other people act under the drug impact experience

29
Q

placebo design

A

A-D = total drug effect
B-D = placebo effect
A-B = pharmacology effect
C= not often used

30
Q

potency

A

amount of dose needed to produce specific effect

31
Q

potent drugs

A

smaller amounts needed to produce effect

32
Q

how drugs move through the body (ADME)

A

absorption: drug enters bloodstream

distribution: movement of drugs through body tissues

metabolism: drug is broken down

elimination: removal of drug and metabolites from body

33
Q

absorption

A

injection: most rapid
intranasal: rapid
oral and topical: slower

34
Q

distribution

A

must cross blood brain barrier to affect brain, lipid solubility (extent drug molecules dissolve in fat)

35
Q

elimination

A

excretion: removed unchanged, urine
metabolism: chemically changed by liver enzymes then excreted by kidneys

36
Q

pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

results from increased activity of liver enzymes

37
Q

behavioural tolerance

A

caused by learned adaptations, walking while drunk

38
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

changes in sensitivity of brain neurons

39
Q

alcohol absorption

A

5% mouth
25% stomach
70% small intestine
30 minutes on empty stomach
60+ mins on full stomach

40
Q

alcohol distribution

A

bloodstream, distributed throughout water, doesnt distribute into fat easily, tissues with most blood supply receive more rapidly (brain)

41
Q

alcohol metabolism/elimination

A

liver oxidizes alcohol, time is only thing that lowers BAC

42
Q

factors affecting BAC

A

beverage characteristics, individual/situational characteristics (body weight, sex, body fat)

43
Q

behavioural effects of alcohol consumption

A

loss of motor control, change in speech, decrease in cognitive abilities, impaired judgement

44
Q

alcohol effects on neurotransmitters

A

increase release of dopamine, serotonin, endogenous opioids
increase GABA receptor functioning
decreases glutamate receptor functioning

45
Q

psychological factors

A

impulsivity, stress, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives
extraversion: mixed high and low risk factor
neuroticism: context dependent

46
Q

social factors

A

social influence, culture, parent influence, normative misperceptions

47
Q

physical/health effects

A
  • acute hemorrhaging of pancreas, depression of respiratory centre of medulla
  • malnutrition, liver damage, vitamin B1 deficiency (Korsakoff syndrome, alcoholic dementia)
  • brain shrinkage, enlargement of ventricles
  • deficits in problem solving, learning, spatial memory
48
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring damages liver, life threatening

symptoms: fatigue, nosebleed, weight loss ,confusion

49
Q

drinking guidelines

A

Negligible to low = < 2 drinks per week
Moderate = 2-6 drinks per week
Increasingly high > 6 drinks per week

50
Q

withdrawal symptom stages

A

1: Onset 6-8 hours
X: agitation, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, headache, insomnia, craving for alcohol, tremor

2: Onset 24 hours (may be delayed up to 6 days)
X: hallucinations (auditory or visual, tactile, olfactory or mixed), delusions, disordered perception, autonomic hyperactivity of stage 1 continues.

3: Onset 7-48 hours
SX: grand mal seizures; 3-4% of untreated patients progress to stage 3; more than 50% have multiple seizures; >30% have Delirium Tremens if untreated.

4: Onset 3-5 or more days
SX: Delirium tremens DT, (global confusion, autonomic hyperactivity, hallucinations); 5-6% of patients progress to stage 4; in 15% of these, DT resolve in <24 hours; in 80%, DT usually resolve in <3 days.

51
Q

acute social effects

A
  • blackout
  • sexual behaviour
  • aggression
52
Q

chronic social effects

A
  • depression
  • functional impairment

Drugs, Behaviour, and Society (2 decks)

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