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BIM 109 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of materials? (and describe them)

A
  1. Metals - metallic bonds, sea of electrons
  2. Ceramics - ionic bonds, nondirectional
  3. Polymer - covalent bonds, directional
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2
Q

What is an example of a metal?

A

Titanium, gold, etc.

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3
Q

What is an example of a ceramic?

A

NaCl2, Hydroxyapatite

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4
Q

What is an example of a polymer?

A

PEG

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5
Q

What is an example use of metal biomaterials?

A

Dental Implants

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6
Q

What is an example use of ceramic biomaterials?

A

Bone scaffold, hip implants

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7
Q

What is an example use of polymer biomaterials?

A

Drug delivery, skin grafts

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8
Q

What are the types of material degradation, and explain what their difference is?

A
  • Surface - layer by layer removing
  • Bulk - equal degradation throughout the material
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9
Q

What are some traits that can be controlled by changing a material’s surface properties?

A
  • cell adhesion/spread, by modifying the surface texture
  • protein interactions
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10
Q

What can you do to modify the surface texture?

A
    • or - charge
  • increase the surface energy
  • change hydrophobicity
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11
Q

What are two mechanical properties? Also, are they surface or bulk?

A
  1. softness/hardness - surface
  2. compliance - bulk
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12
Q

What is the equation for stress? (and units)

A

σ=F/A (units N/L^2)

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13
Q

What is the equation for strain? (and units)

A

ε=ΔL / l₀ (units L/L)

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14
Q

What are chemical characteristics?

A
  • composition of biomaterial
  • chemical structure
  • conformation of reaction
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15
Q

What are some imaging techniques that can determine chemical characteristics?

A
  • NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
  • raman spectroscopy
  • FTIR
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16
Q

What components make up a polymer?

A

monomers

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a copolymer

A

different repeated monomers

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18
Q

What are the steps of addition polymerization? (and products)

A
  1. Initiation - radical combine with double bond to make two single bonds
  2. propagation - multiple units chain together
  3. termination - stop adding more units
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19
Q

What is condensation polymeration? (and products)

A

Combining multiple chemicals to form a product polymer and water

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20
Q

Draw the structure of polyester

A

-R-O-R-CO- (see pdf)

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21
Q

Draw the structure of polyether

A

-O-R- (see pdf)

22
Q

Draw the structure of polyanhydride

A

-CO-R-CO-O- (see pdf)

23
Q

Draw the structure of polyamide

A

-CO-R-NH- (see pdf)

24
Q

Draw the structure of polyurethane

A

-O-CO-NH-R- (see pdf)

25
Q

What is the equation for PDI?

A

PDI = Mw / Mn

26
Q

What is the equation for Mn?

A

Mn = Σ Xi Mi

27
Q

What is the equation for Mw?

A

Mw = Σ Wi Mi

28
Q

Rank the 4 types of polymer structures from strongest > weakest

A

Network > Crosslinked > Linear > Branched

strongest > weakest

29
Q

Draw chain-fold structure

A

/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/

wewewewewewewew

30
Q

What is the thermoset process?

A

to set a polymer using heat

31
Q

What is a thermoplastic?

A

A plastic that can be reheated to change shape

32
Q

What are examples of elastomers?

A
  • Elastic
  • Rubbers
33
Q

What are 4 structures of copolymers?

A
  1. Random
  2. alternating
  3. bulk
  4. graft
34
Q

What are types of natural polymers?

A
  1. Polypeptides - protein - amino acids is hetero bifunctional condensation (zein, gelatin, elastin)
  2. polysaccharides - sugar (hyaluronic acid)
35
Q

What is a common example of a natural polymer?

A

DNA (long length, bound with hydrogen bonds)

36
Q

What are the structures of proteins

A
  • 1 (primary): Alu-gly-arg-
  • 2 (secondary): organization of local amino acids into alpha-helices, beta-sheets, and loops
  • 3 (tertiary): combine secondary structures
  • 4 (quaternary): 1+protein
37
Q

What are common side chains for alpha helices? (and examples)

A
  • bulk side chains - uncommon
  • lack side chain - uncommon
    (glycine, protein)
38
Q

What are common chemical pairs in beta sheets?

A
  • C-N in parallel
  • C-N
  • C-N antiparallel (more stable)
  • N-C (small hydrogen bond angle)
39
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of natural polymers

A
  • Advantages: bioinert, bioactivity, hydrated
  • Disadvantages: highly variable, hard to purify, immune response
40
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of synthetic polymers?

A
  • Advantages: cheap, reproductive, not animal derived (low immunigenicity)
  • Disadvantaes: unknown toxicity, no inherent cell interaction
41
Q

What is the equation for degredation? (and what numbers indicate surface vs. bulk?)

A

rate of hydrolysis / rate of H20 entry

|&raquo_space;1 surface, «1 bulk

42
Q

What are 3 methods of degredation for polymers? (describe)

A
  1. Biodegredation - mediated by biological agent
  2. Bioerosion - physical dissolution
  3. Bioresorption - polymers removed by cellular activity
43
Q

What is PEGylation

A

A process of conjugating one or more PEG polymer to a molecule to modify its size, hydrophobicity, and stability.

44
Q

What are benefits of PEG?

A
  • Making a larger - reduce renal clearance
  • Stability - harder to degrade
  • Hydrophobicity - last longer
  • Increase circulation half-life
45
Q

What is bioconjugation? (give details)

A

A + B –> A-B (conjugation)

The inative group A reacts with the initiating group EDC to form an active intermediate. This reacts with coupling target B to form the stable conjugate product A-B.

46
Q

What is the most useful functional group in cysteine?

A

SH

47
Q

What is the most useful functional group in serine and threonine

A

OH

48
Q

What is the most useful functional group in tyrosine?

A

PhOH

49
Q

What is the most useful functional group in lysine?

A

NH2

50
Q

What is the most useful functional group in aspartic and glutamic?

A

CO2H

BIM 109 (3 decks)

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