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polisci340 eu > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2019 European Parliament election

A

The Spitzenkanidaten process fizzled meaning the commission president was not from the party that won the European Parliament election

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2
Q

Advocate-General

A

Advisors to the Court of Justice of the EU. Writes independent and impartial decisions to judges before judges proceed.

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3
Q

Agency loss

A

As the EU and institutions gain more power, the states that make the up suffer from a loss of agency over their own ability to govern.

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4
Q

Distribution of power among EU institutions under the ordinary legislative procedure

A

Commission proposes legislation, Council of ministers and Parliament review it, propose amendments and ultimately confirm it or vote on it

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5
Q

Josep Borrell

A

The current High Representative for Common Foreign and Security policy. He is a center left former foreign minister of Spain and a former president of the European Parliment.

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6
Q

British rebate question

A

The British felt that they contributed too much to the EU but didn’t get enough in return so they were given a rebate on some of their dues so that they didn’t pay as much to the EU.

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6
Q

Britain’s accession to the EC

A

Britain originally stayed out of the EC but rejoined because they were concerned about being left behind

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7
Q

Cabinet of Jacques Delors

A

Extremely pro-integration. Helped Delors write the white paper.

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8
Q

Cabinets of Commissioners

A

Advisors and aides of commissioners. Similar to chiefs of staff of a senator

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9
Q

Cassis de Dijon/principle of mutual recognition

A

French wanted to sell an alcohol called Cassis de Dijon but it didn’t fall within the German alcohol classification system. Germans didn’t know how to regulate it so the didn’t sell it. French said if it can be sold in one country it should be sold in all. Principle of mutual recognition is the codification of this principle that says that if one country recognizes a product that they sell then all have to recognize it.

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10
Q

Winston Churchill

A

A big supporter of European integration to promote peace and stability but preferred a confederate strategy rather than a federal one

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11
Q

Charter of Fundamental Rights

A

Similar to a Bill of Rights. It gives EU citizens some personal freedoms for living in the EU. Created by the Treaty of Lisbon

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12
Q

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

A

A central Pillar of the EU created by the Maastricht Treaty that allows the Eu to function jointly on foreign policy.

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12
Q

Constitutionalization of the EU

A

Constitutional treaty in mid 2000s tries to make the EU more transparent to the people of Europe.

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13
Q

Community method/supranationalism (mode of governance)

A

Member states give up some sovereignty. central institutions are empowered to make decisions

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13
Q

Commission’s responsibility/accountability to the European Parliament

A

Commission president is voted in my Parliament and the Parliament can vote to censure the Commission if the Commission is not acting properly

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14
Q

Convention on the Future of Europe

A

A joint undertaking of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission to listen to Europeans in order for them to have their say on the future of Europe, through a citizen-led series of debates and discussions. 2001

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15
Q

Coordination method/open method of coordination (OMC)

A

A way of coordinating between countries where a goal is decided upon, members monitor each other’s progress towards their targets, then countries are shamed or applauded for their progress on the goals. Criticized for having a mixed record, voluntary basis and no real enforcement.

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16
Q

Costa vs ENEL ruling

A

Established the idea that EU Law supersedes national law in cases where the EU is concerned

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17
Q

COREPER

A

The preparatory body for the Council of the European Union. They solve smaller issues so that the commission can focus on larger issues that require more debate and compromise

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18
Q

Council of Europe

A

NOT affiliated with the EU. Rather a separate institution for human rights

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19
Q

Council of the European Union/ Council of Ministers

A

A legislative authority with some executive powers that meets in configurations of the ministers based on policy. Aided by COREPER

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20
Q

Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ)

A

The Judicial Authority of the European Union that ensures that Legislation is applied and applied properly. It is composed of one judge per member state.

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21
Q

Customs union

A

A form of economic integration where there is free trade(No internal tariffs) and shared external tariffs and trade policy

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22
Q

Charles De Gaulle

A

President of France 1959-1969. Very opposed one large supranational European entity idea. Wanted intergovernmental cooperation between sovereign states instead. Championed nation state and often tries to block integration.

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23
Q

Jacques Delors

A

1985-1995 Finance minister. architect of single market and Euro. Took advantage of MS preferences for negative integration (removing barriers rather than creating new regulation). Tied single market to QMV and strengthens the commission

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24
Q

Directorate General

A

European commission meets as directorate generals that deal with specific policy areas

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25
Q

Early visions of Europe (Spinelli, Churchill, Monnet; how they differ)

A

Spinelli wanted a United Federal European state with its own military
Churchill wanted a Confederation of states that would work together
Monnet wanted to generate integration through building institutions.

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26
Q

ECOFIN

A

The Economic and Financial Affairs Council Configuration

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27
Q

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

A

The EMU sets the groundwork for more European financial integration and the single currency in 2002

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28
Q

Empowerment of the European Parliament over time

A

From SEA, Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Lisbon all expanded the EP’s power giving them QMV, powers over the Commission and extending codecision procedure

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29
Q

Empty Chair crisis

A

In 1965 De Gaulle pulled French representatives from the Council of Ministers in the European commission for financing the common agriculture policy. Led to the Luxembourg compromise

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30
Q

EU citizenship

A

EU Citizens can go to any European embassy for help. They have citizenship everywhere in the EU and are free to travel anywhere. Also covered by the fundamental rights

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30
Q

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (What was it? What was its purpose?
Institutional setup? Significance?)

A

An institution to integrate coal and steel industries of Benelux countries and Germany under one central authority. Composed of
1. High authority (Executive body)
2. Court of Justice (Judicial body)
3. Council of Ministers (Legislative body)
4. Common assembly (No power, advisory)

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31
Q

European Commission

A

An executive body of the EU composed of one member from each member state. They are responsible for proposing EU legislation and budget, implementing and enforcing EU law, and representing the EU internationally. Divided into Directorates-General each responsible for different policy areas. Commission president is nominated by European Council and Elected by the European Parliament

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32
Q

European Community (aka “European Communities”)

A

The precursors to the European union. A series of different communities such as the EEC, EAEC, ECSC. They were eventually consolidated and incorporated into the EU framework

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33
Q

European Council

A

An Executive Body of the EU composed of heads of state and government of all 27 member states and meets 6 times a year. Sets the overall agenda for the EU. Chaired by a full time president

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34
Q

European Economic Community

A

An economic institution that lays foundation for a closer union and forms the European Common Market. Institution based in Brussels and structure similar to ECSC. Does introduce qualified majority voting(QMV) rather than unanimity.

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35
Q

European Parliament

A

A Legislative branch of the EU. Composed of 751 elected representatives from the member states. They amend and adopt legislation and budget and monitor other institutions. The Parliament formally elects the commission president and the team of commissioners and can censure the entire commission

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36
Q

Eurosclerosis

A

The period of European integration in the 70s where there was little integration due to De Gaulle and France blocking it. Ended by Jacques Delors restarting the integration push in the 80s

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37
Q

Federalism, confederalism, and functionalism

A

Three initial ideas for the integration of Europe. Federalism was the idea of eventually creating a single European State. Confederalism propose creating a system of institutions to ensure cooperation between the member states. Functionalism proposed making small incremental changes over a long period to slowly integrate Europe and make Europeans more comfortable with more integration.

38
Q

French-German “tandem” and its protagonists over time

A

France and German worked in tandem from the 60s to the 80s through close ties between the leaders.
- De Gaulle & Adenauer (1960s)
- Giscard D’Estaing & Schmidt (1970s)
- Mitterand & Kohl (1980s)

39
Q

France’s “U-Turn”

A

De Gaulle pulled France out of a lot of negotiations and throughout the 70s Europe integration ground to a halt

40
Q

“German Problem”

A

The German Problem was the issue that arose after WWII. The problem was how to ensure that Germany never again tried to conquer Europe. This was done by economically integrating Germany with France and forcing cooperation.

41
Q

General Affairs Council (GAC)

A

One of the different configurations of the Council of Ministers.

42
Q

Valery Giscard D’Estaign

A

Served as president of the convention on the future of europe

43
Q

Ernst Haas

A

First introduced the idea of neofunctionalism which was about integration through spillover

44
Q

High Authority

A

The executive body of the ECSC and precursor to the European Commission. ( members from the member states performed duties independent of their member states and rather in the interests of the community.

45
Q

High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

A

Shapes and conducts Europe’s common foreign and security policy(CFSP) and is also the vice president of the European Commission

46
Q

Stanley Hoffmann

A

Proponent of Intergovernmentalism as a theory of integration. Argued that states work in their self interest but if their interests align they will try to work together and cooperation is possible.

47
Q

Ideology, parties, and voting in the European Parliament

A

Many different parties in the European parliament created out of many different national parties with similar beliefs. Parliament votes by party rather than by country

48
Q

Intergovernmental conference (IGC)

A

A conference to amend the EU founding treaties. The last one was in 2007 and resulted in the Lisbon treaty

49
Q

Intergovernmental method/intergovernmentalism (mode of governance)

A

The theory that power should be concentrated in the hands of the member states rather than the institutions. Institutions should be advisory. As opposed to Supranationalism

50
Q

Intergovernmentalism (theory of European integration)

A

Nations can compromise in low politics like the economy but wont compromise with large things like national security. As opposed to Neofunctionalism

51
Q

Pascal Lamy

A

Leader of Delors cabinet and had a huge impact on furthering integration

52
Q

Judicial activism in the EU

A

The Court of Justice has given itself some powers over member states and within the EU system by making rulings that benefit itself.

53
Q

Liberal intergovernmentalist theory of European integration

A

Similar to intergovernmentalism in that member states will cooperate on low politics but with more detail on the process, arguing that states make bargains and have preferences and commit to EU institutions to be credible with bargains

54
Q

Luxembourg compromise

A

In response to the empty chair crisis, in 1966 all states were given veto power over any resolution of the EC if their vital national interests were at stake. No longer QMV

55
Q

Marshall Plan

A

Tons of money sent from USA to Europe to rebuild and stimulate the economies of Europe to restore order after WWII

56
Q

Charles Michel

A

The current full-time President of the European Council

56
Q

Messina Summit

A

The six Benelux countries and Britain who later dropped out. It forms the Common Market and the EEC.

57
Q

Multi-level governance

A

The EU is a political system with interconnected institutions that exist at multiple levels and that have unique policy features.

57
Q

Jean Monnet

A

The Father of Europe. Large believer in functionalism. Used necessity of the situation as new opportunities to integrate Europe.

58
Q

Non-tariff barrier (NTB)

A

Barriers to trade that aren’t tariffs such as legislation or different legal classifications that serve as barriers to commerce. Think Cassis de Dijon

58
Q

Negative and positive integration

A

Negative integration is the idea of removing legislation and barriers to integration rather than positive integration by creating new laws that states have to follow. States are usually willing to remove some laws rather than be bound by new ones that they didn’t make.

59
Q

Neofunctionalism

A

The idea that Europe will slowly and incrementally integrate leading to spillover in economic and political spheres which would drive more integration in a self sustaining cycle.

60
Q

Opt-outs

A

The ability of MS to opt out of a certain policy that they feel would be counter to their national interests. Ex: some countries opting out of use of the Euro

61
Q

Ordinary legislative procedure (codecision procedure)

A

The normal procedure to make legislation in the EU. The Commission makes a proposal. Then the Parliament and Council of Ministers meet and propose amendments. If they can’t agree they will do this a second round

62
Q

Permanent Representatives (of member states to EU)

A

The people who make up COREPER

63
Q

Pleven Plan/European Defence Community (EDC)

A

Idea to give Europe a common defense institution. Pleven plan would have combined battalions from European nations to form a European military. Doesn’t Pass

64
Q

Preliminary ruling

A

A ruling from the COJ that is legally binding in the member states

65
Q

Principle of Direct Effect

A

The Court of Justice has the ability to confer rights upon individuals. Part of the Van Gend en Loos ruling

66
Q

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

A

A system of voting where a certain majority of votes for a policy can bind all European nations into following it. Currently using QMV to pass a policy you would need over 55% of the member states representing over 65% of the European people to pass legislation.

67
Q

Regional development policies (structural and cohesion funds)

A

Funds that are allocated to member states based on GDP per capita to help develop poorer regions of the EU.

68
Q

Rotating presidency

A

The Council of Ministers has a rotating presidency that changes every six months

69
Q

Southern enlargement

A

1980-1986 Added Greece, Spain and Portugal around the same time as the creation of the Single European Act(SEA)

69
Q

“Russian doll” strategy

A

Little integration talk about the single market and it doesn’t step on any toes. Actually was an ambitious integration program that increased the commission’s power and was the basis for the SEA

70
Q

Schuman Plan

A

Robert Schuman’s plan to stop any further German wars by integrating the German economy with France so that neither could easily go to war with another. Was the founding idea behind the ECSC

71
Q

Single Market

A

Established by the Single European Act(SEA). Upgrade of the Common market. Had a customs union. Allowed free movement of goods, labor, services, and capitol. Common product regulations and focused on eliminating Non Tariff Barriers.

72
Q

Spillover

A

Part of Neofunctionalism. Say coal gets to be traded without tariffs in the EU, then oil and gas may feel left out and will demand no tariffs as well leading to more integration

73
Q

Subsidiarity

A

Decisions that the member states can handle should be handled by the member states. The EU should only step in when individual action is insufficient

73
Q

Spitzenkandidaten

A

The idea that the President of the European commission should be from the majority party in the European parliament

74
Q

Supranationalism (theory of European integration)

A

The theory that Institutions should hold some power over the states. Not Federalism. Member states retain sovereignty and participate willingly

75
Q

The “Four Freedoms”

A

The main stated goal of the European Single Market is to offer Free movement of People, Goods, Services, and Capital

76
Q

Supremacy of EU law

A

EU law supersedes laws of the member states

77
Q

The “Road to Lisbon” (challenges, events, and solutions)

A

Issues: wanted more power to EP, an EU foreign minister, a standing president of the European Council, A commission president elected by EP, QMV, and a reconsideration of voting weights in the EU. German Presidency was asked to break the impasse. They ended the 3 pillar structure, clarified what the EU could do.

78
Q

The EU as a ‘new legal order’

A

Countries have limited their sovereign rights as part of the new legal order and therefore the Court of Justice can supercede their rulings.

79
Q

Maastricht Treaty 1993

A

Watershed. Creates the EU. Sets rules for Integrating and Enlargement of European Communities. Creates common security and foreign policy. Sets rules for Justice and Home Affairs(JHA)

79
Q

Rome Treaties 1957

A

Creates EEC and EAEC

79
Q

Transposition/implementation

A

When the EU makes a law, EU members must bring those laws into force within a set transposition period

80
Q

Amsterdam Treaty 1999

A

Moderate Failure. Scope of QMV expanded. Little changed big questions are postponed

81
Q

Nice Treaty 2001-2003

A

Big failure. Didn’t change much. Clarified what EU and member states have control over. Didn’t solve big issues

82
Q

Constitutional Treaty mid 2000s

A

Fixes Nice and Amsterdam. Don’t have a typical conference. They were forced to compromise.

83
Q

Lisbon Treaty 2007-2009

A

Watershed. The current treaty in force. Broke the impasse. Reevaluates QMV. Restructures EU. New foreign policy. Big problems resolved for now

84
Q

Truman Doctrine and containment

A

Truman Doctrine and Containment was the idea proposed by George Kennan of containing the spread of communism in order to put more stress on the Soviet Union.

85
Q

Van Gend en Loos ruling

A

This ruling created the New legal order idea that the Court of Justice can override state rulings. It also determined that the EU has direct effect and thus may confer rights onto individuals.

86
Q

Ursula Von Der Leyen

A

Current President of the European Commission. Also sits in on European Council meetings

87
Q

White Paper on the single market

A

Jacques Delors submitted a white paper that supported the creation of a single market. This would remove borders to creating a common market

88
Q

Yellow/orange card procedure

A

Part of the subsidiary control measure on areas where the EU doesn’t have exclusive competence. National parliaments may vote and if a third call for a “Yellow card” the commission must reevaluate and justify the legislation. If a majority take issue, it is an “orange card” and the commission must review and justify its decision to the council and parliament. If a majority of parliament or 55% of the council of the EU disagree, the legislation is not considered.

89
Q

Single European act

A

Put in place in 1987. A complex bargain meant to make decision-making more efficient, create the single market, and more economic and social cohesion. Expands the scope of EC to foreign policy, research, tech, and environment

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