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NRSG 122 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

profession

A

a vocation or occupation that requires specialized knowledge, skills, values, based on research, and is taught in an institution of higher education

function autonomously, are committed to advanced study, motivated by service to society

REQUIRES SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE AND TRAINING

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2
Q

profession of nursing

A

our profession is regulated

standards of education and practice are determined by nurses

BCCNM provides nursing license -> ensures knowledge, sets standards fro ethics, legal restrictions, scopes of practice

applies knowledge to solving specific problems

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3
Q

nursing as a discipline

A

a branch of knowledge with a distinct theoretical body of knowledge and defined boundaries -> guides developments, research, and practice

generates knowledge

UNIQUE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE THAT DEFINES IT IN SOCIETY

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4
Q

florence nightengale

A

one of the first people to distinguish nursing as its own discipline

maintained that nursing requires its own specialized body of knowledge -> generated by nurses

her environmental theory (grand theory)
-> unsanitary conditions posed health hazard
-> 5 components of environment : ventilation, light, warmth, smell, noise
-> external influences can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death

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5
Q

Aspects of the discipline of nursing

A

-> nursing theories
-> inter-disciplinary roles
-> teaching and learning
-> nursing informatics and technology
-> scholarly writing

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6
Q

Barbara A. Carper

A

developed fundamental ways of knowing which attempts to classify the different sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice can be/ have been derived

multiple lenses to interpret complex patient situations

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7
Q

Empirics (Ways of knowing)

A

the science of nursing

fact based
theoretical
predictable
theories and models
validity
reliability

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8
Q

ethics (ways of knowing)

A

obligation or what ought to be done

moral reasoning
relational
concerned with the effects of rules on the individual

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9
Q

personal knowledge (ways of knowing)

A

storytellling
create relationships with patients and their families

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10
Q

Esthetics (way of knowing)

A

the art of nursing

intuitive
empathy
intention

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11
Q

sociopolitical (ways of knowing)

A

the context of nursing

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12
Q

nursing theories

A

explain common goals of the discipline of nursing and the processes to accomplish them

help form exclusive body of knowledge

a comprehensive and systematic view of a subject

knowledge about nursing organized in a way for nurses to use in a professional manner

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13
Q

knowledge translation

A

an umbrella term for all of the activities involved in moving research from the lab-> research journal -> to the hands of people to put into practical use

translating what we know from theory to practice

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14
Q

nursing informatics

A

the practice and science of integrating nursing info and knowledge with technology to integrate health info

electronic medical records
telehealth -> care over the phone

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15
Q

teaching and learning

A

a major aspect of nursing practice

we teach patients, families, and other nurses

theory informed teaching

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16
Q

behaviourism

A

learned behaviour as a result of a stimulus

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17
Q

cognitivism

A

learning is a mental, intellectual, or thinking process

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18
Q

humanism

A

learning is self-motivated, self-initiative, and self-evaluated

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19
Q

ontology

A

the study of existence, how we determine if things exist or not, as well as the classification of existence. It attempts to take things that are abstract and establish that they are, in fact, real.

ontology asks what exists, and epistemology asks how we can know about the existence of such a thing.

the nature of being -> what is nursing

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20
Q

epistemology

A

the theory of knowledge

It is concerned with the mind’s relation to reality.

ontology asks what exists, and epistemology asks how we can know about the existence of such a thing.

the nature of knowing -> how do we know what we know

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21
Q

Philosophy

A

the systematic formulation of a body of knowledge

clarifies what nurses are trying to do, how they do it, and what knowledge they use

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22
Q

3 main areas of nursing philosophy

A

ontology
epistemology
ethics

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23
Q

Ethics

A

the nature of moral thought, moral reasoning, ways of knowing

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24
Q

Concepts

A

abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality

building blocks of theories

can be ->

concrete - readily observable: colour of skin, wound status

inferential - indirectly observable: pain, dyspnea

abstract - non observable: stress, social support, self-esteem

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25
Q

conceptual framework

A

group of related idea, statements, or concepts

often referred to as nursing theories

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26
Q

Types of theory

A

Grand
Middle-range
Descriptive
Prescriptive

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27
Q

Models

A

nursing care can be carried out through a variety of organizational methods

the model used varies from one facility to the next, and from one patient to the next

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28
Q

team nursing (model)

A

groups of professional and non professional personal work together to provide client centered care

29
Q

primary nursing (model)

A

a therapeutic relationship is established between a nurse and a patient/their family

30
Q

progressive patient care (model)

A

a system of care in which patient are placed in units on the basis of their needs

31
Q

metaparadigm

A

a global conceptual framework or theory

32
Q

metaparadigm of nursing

A

person
environment
health
nursing

33
Q

Grand theory

A

a global conceptual framework that provides insight into abstract phenomena -> human behaviour or nursing science

broad in scope
not intended to provide guidance for specific nursing interventions but rather to provide the structural framework

may be called paradigms

34
Q

middle range theory

A

a more limited scope and less abstract than grand theories

address specific phenomena or concepts and reflect practice

35
Q

descriptive theory

A

describes phenomena , speculates why phenomena occur, and describes the consequences of phenomena

not to direct nursing activities but to help explain patient assessments and guide future research

36
Q

prescriptive theory

A

addresses nursing interventions and helps predict the consequences of interventions

they are action oriented, which tests the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention

37
Q

major theoretical models

A

practice-based theories
needs theories
interactionist theories
systems theories
simultaneity theories

38
Q

practice based theories

A

florence nightingale

the mcgill model

patricia benner -> skill acquisition

all conceptual models of these nursing theories are designed for the purpose of guiding and shaping nursing practice

39
Q

needs theories

A

theory of conceptualizing the patient according to their collection of needs

Virginia Henderson

human behaviour can be best explained as a response to competing demands

40
Q

Virginia Henderson

A

Her theory was the definition of nursing -> nurses role is assisting the individual in activities that contribute to overall health, including recovery or a good death

41
Q

Interactionist theories

A

focusing on relationships between nurses and their patients

communication and behavioural patterns by which nurses can meet their patients needs

42
Q

Simultaneity Theories

A

considers a patient interacting with the environment to be an important goal

43
Q

System theories

A

theories that account for the whole and its subparts, as well as how all pieces interact

44
Q

Grand theory vs middle range theory

A

grand range
- very abstract
- more than 50 grand theories exist

middle range
- less abstract
- at least 30 middle range theories exist

45
Q

Caring theories

A

caring theorists emphasized caring actions and intentions to improve the welfare of patients

caring major ingredients:
knowledge
patience
honesty
trust
humility
hope
courage

46
Q

ethics of care

A

places caring at the centre of decision making

concerned with a nurses character and attitude towards others

sensitive to power imbalances

nurse is the clients advocate

caring is a product of values, experiences, and relationships

47
Q

caring behaviours

A

providing presence -> eye contact, body language, tone of voice

touch
listening
knowing the client
spirtiual caring
family care

48
Q

Theory of comfort

A

a middle range theory

Kolcaba created a conceptual framework to show broadly how her comfort theory fits in the practice setting

generated 3 forms of comfort and 4 contexts of holistic human experience

49
Q

3 forms of comfort

A

relief-> when their individual comfort needs are met
ease -> situations that enable them to be calm or content
transcendence -> a person rises above their challenges

50
Q

4 contexts of comfort

A

physical -> bodily sensation
psychospiritual -> internal awareness of self, including esteem, sexuality, meaning of life
environmental -> external background of human experience
social-> interpersonal, family, societal relationships

51
Q

Theory of chronic sorrow

A

a middle range theory

first described by olshansky in an observation of parents with children with intellectual challenges

reported feelings of recurrent sadness

periodic recurrence of permanent, pervasive sadness or grief related feelings associated with ongoing disparity from a loss experience

52
Q

Antecedent event

A

an event that occurs before the onset of chronic sorrow

there are 2 key antecedent events -> loss experience/situation
-> disparity : the gap that exists between the idealized and the actual reality

53
Q

Trigger events or milestones

A

situations that bring into focus the disparity created by loss

social
developmental
personal

54
Q

Defining characteristics of chronic sorrow

A
  • no predictable end
  • it is cyclic or recurrent
  • has triggers
  • is progressive and has the potential to intensify
55
Q

single loss event

A

a specific isolated event or circumstance that causes grief or sorrow

death of a loved one or termination of a job

56
Q

ongoing loss event

A

has no predictable end, involves a continual experience of loss over an extended period

diagnosis of a chronic illness

57
Q

critical theory

A

oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole

focuses attention on the contexts -> social, political, historical, economic aspects of the world shape patients/family/communities lives and our nursing practice

draws attention to power

examines how power and inequality impact society, aiming to promote social justice and change. In nursing, it helps us understand how societal structures affect health outcomes and how to advocate for equitable care.

58
Q

core elements of critical theory

A
  1. a distinctive theory of how social change has been and might be brought about
  2. adherence to an ethical social justice framework that aspires to better society
  3. carefully thinking about how power works in different situation
  4. reflective accountability concerning critical theory’s own practices
59
Q

critical lens

A

Power -> focuses on oppression, culture, economic conditions of life
inequities -> social arrangements that are unfair
structural -> basic structures of society

60
Q

feminist theory

A

focuses on gender quality and challenges traditional gender roles and bias

recognize and addressing gender disparities in healthcare and promoting equal opportunities for all patients and nurses

61
Q

postcolonial theory

A

examines the lasting effects of colonialism and imperialism on societies and cultures

prompts us to consider how historical colonial practices may impact health disparities

we use a decolonizing filter when we apply this theory in practice

62
Q

poststructuralism

A

questions fixed meaning and challenges the idea of objective truths

encourages us to critically analyze healthcare policies and practices

how language is being used and effects it has on patients experiences of health care

63
Q

Intersectionality

A

how various social identities (race, class, gender) intersect and overlap to create unique experiences of privilege and oppression

a patients health and healthcare experiences are shaped by multiple factors

one size DOES NOT fit all mindset when providing care

64
Q

constructivist theory

A

an idea that suggests people actively construct their understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and interactions with their environment

65
Q

Virgina Henderson

A

her theory is called the need theory (grand theory)

defined nursing

emphasizes the importance of helping patients achieve independence in their care

focuses on empowering patients and promoting their overall health and well being through nursing care

nurses should assist patients in meeting their basic needs
-> when patients can perform these activities on their own they recover more effectively

66
Q

Rosemarie Parse

A

her theory is called the human becoming theory (grand theory)

the idea that individuals are constantly creating their own realities through their choices and actions

emphasizes the importance of honouring each persons autonomy and self-determination

nurses should focus on being present with patients, listen to their stories, support them in making choices that align with their values and goals

67
Q

Betty Neuman

A

her theory is known as the neuman systems model

looks at how individuals interact with stress and the environment to maintain their health

stressors from the environment can disrupt this balance between all aspects of a person (social, physical, mental, emotional) and cause problems

nurses focus on helping individuals manage stress and strengthen their resources to maintain their well being

68
Q
A

NRSG 122 (2 decks)

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