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KNES 373 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Homeostatic response

A

a body RESPONSE to get back to a resting or steady state

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2
Q

Is getting hot while you exercise a homeostatic or allostatic response

A

homeostatic; it is a response

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3
Q

What is a Allostatic resopnse

A

an ANTICIPATORY reaction to an activity

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4
Q

Is heart rate increasing before exercise a homeostatic or allostatic response

A

allostatic; it is an anticipation

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5
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

-Language
- reasoning and abstract thinking
- sensory and voluntary motor control

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6
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia

A
  • initiates and controls movements
  • makes movement efficient
  • cognitive, emotions and movements
  • addiction and dopamine
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7
Q

What’s the function of the Hypothalamus

A

-metabolism and temperature
- cardio vascular/respiratory rhythm (ans)
-sleep

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8
Q

What’s the main functions of the limbic system

A

-processing and interpreting sensory info
- neurotransmitters release
-better mood and pain
-motivation
- stress

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9
Q

What parts makes up the brain stem

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

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10
Q

What is the function of the brain stem

A
  • connect neurons to spinal cord
  • nuclei have cardiac and respiratory functions (thermoregulation)
    -reduces vagal tone
    -symp nerve activation
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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

-body posture and equilibrium
-receives sensory info from afferents
- sends info to thalamus (then cerebral cortex)

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11
Q

What is the difference between efferent and afferent nerves

A

-Efferent> Motor
- Afferent> Sensory

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12
Q

What is an Interneurons role?

A

middle man to connect sensory and motor neurons

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12
Q

What ratio contributes to variation in motor skills?

A

Motor Neuron-Muscle fiber ratio

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13
Q

What is the All or None Principle?

A

all the muscle fibers innervated in a motor neuron are simulated to contract

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14
Q

What is the Motor Unit Size Principle?

A

there is an anatomic basis that determines the order of motor units to produce smooth muscle action

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15
Q

What’s an Action Potiential?

A

-wave of depolarization
- made by changes in membrane potential

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16
Q

What are the 3 Action Potential Stages

A
  • Depolarization (Na+ entering)
  • Repolarization (K+ leaving)
  • Ions returning with Na+/ K+ pumps
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17
Q

What do Nodes of Ranvier do?

A

-ion diffusion in and out of neuron

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18
Q

What do Myelin Sheaths do?

A
  • protect axons
  • faster node transmissions
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19
Q

Explain how skeletal muscle contracts

A
  1. Vesicles in terminal axon release ACh > attach to receptors in sarcolemma
  2. Receptor depolarizes > t-tuble causes Ca release
  3. Ca binds to troponin-tropomyosin in actin> inhibition of actin with myosin
  4. Actin+myosin ATPase makes ATP to produce crossbridge movement
  5. muscle shortens, bond breaks, sliding filaments
  6. when Ca is high crossbridge is activated, Ca moves back, everything moves back
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20
Q

What order do muscle fibres innervate?

A

I > IIa > IIx

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21
Q

Explain the characteristics of Type I fibres

A

-Slow
- Low Force
- Slow cotract speed
-high fatigue resistance
-no sag
- Slow Oxidative fibre

22
Q

Explain the characteristics of Type IIa fibres

A
  • Fast- fvatigue resistant
  • moderate force
  • fast contraction
  • moderate fatigue resitance
    -yes sag
  • fast oxidative glycotic
23
Q

Explain the characteristics of type IIx fibres

A
  • Fast Fatigable
  • High force
    -fast contraction
  • low fatigue resistance
    -yes sag
    -fast glycolytic
24
Q

What is Motor Unit Recruitment

A

Increasing the number of motor units recruited

25
Q

What is Motor unit rate coding

A

Increasing the frequency of motor unit discharge

26
Q

What do muscle spindles do

A
  • responds to any stretch of muscle
  • provides info about changes in fibre length and tension
  • increase the level of muscle contraction
27
Q

What do nuclear bag fibers do

A
  • in muscle spindles
  • respond to phasic stretch
28
Q

what do nuclear chain fibers do

A
  • in muscle spindles
  • respond to static stretch
29
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do

A
  • respond to tension from CONTRACTION
  • protective mechanism (sensory)
  • reduces level of muscle contraction
30
Q

Explain the stretch/ myotatic reflex

A
  • involuntary contraction from fast muscle stretch
    -reflex arc> two nerves and one synapse
  • helps to maintain body balance
  • happens even when standing still
31
Q

what is the shape of the length-tension curve

A

exponential

32
Q

What determines the length tension curve

A
  • number of cross bridge formations
  • enviromental conditions (pH, ATP, Ca)
33
Q

What makes an isometric contraction

A

amount of overlap depend on length of muscle before activation

34
Q

What makes a shortening contraction

A

sliding movement makes myosin be overlapped by actin

35
Q

what makes a lengthening contraction

A

crossbridge has less tension than stretching force. actin and sarcomeres are pulled away from each other

36
Q

Explain the Popping Sarcomere Hypothesis

A

-extension of individual half-sarcomeres
-weakest to strongest
- sarcomere stretched until passive tension can support the tension and sarcomere is popped

37
Q

Why do we experience muscle soreness

A
  • group iii fibers (afferents) respond to deformation and intramuscle substance which cause pain
    -they project to the CNS and promote pain and muscle soreness
38
Q

What is the shape of the force-velocity curve

A

Hyperbolic

39
Q

what is the shape of the power curve

A

Parabolic

40
Q

What’s the role of velocity and force in power production

A
  • force and velocity are inverse
    -increase in muscle shortening(V) causes force to decrease
    -isometric (0 V) there is max force
41
Q

What is optimum force and velocity

A

P=F*V
around below 50% of max values for each

42
Q

T/F: sarcomere in series and in parellel produce the same work, power potential and force

A

False. They only produce the same work and power potential.

43
Q

What are the advantages of sarcomeres in series vs in parallel

A

Parallel: force production
Series: Velocity and Displacement

44
Q

Whats the difference between Anatomical (ACSA) cross section area and Physiological (PCSA) cross section area

A

ACSA: largest cross sectional area along the length of the muscle
PCSA: total cross section area of all fibers with a muscle

45
Q

What are the 3 training principles

A
  • Individuality
  • Specificty
  • Reversibility
46
Q

What is exercise volume

A

the amount of work done in a workout

47
Q

What is the progressive loading principle

A

the workout gets more difficult over time

48
Q

What are the results of progressive overloading in different populations

A
  • limited progress in elite weight lifters
  • any method with work in untrained individuals
  • adaptations are limited in clinical populations
49
Q

In resistance training, changes in muscle strength and power is due to:

A

-neural adaptations
-muscle hypertrophy

50
Q

in untrained individuals, the influence of strength training can be seen as an increase in _____ to muscles. It is then followed by increase in ________, and this ______ effect may be more pronounced in _____ fibres

A
  • neural activation
  • Muscle fibre size
  • hypertrophic
  • fast twitch
51
Q

Explain Neural Control of Strenght Gain

A
  • greater # of motor units will activate at a time
  • rest>sub max>MVC before training> MVC after training
  • reduce of contract inhibition in golgi
  • inhibit antagonist increases agonist
52
Q

What is cross education

A

an increase in strength is witnessed within an untrained limb following unilateral strength training in the opposite, contralateral limb

53
Q

What mechanisms determine cross education

A

increase of central motor output to the muscle

KNES 373 (2 decks)

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