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KNES 373 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does ATP come from

A

The mitochondria

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2
Q

T/F: carbs are the only ,acronutrient that can generate ATP anarobically and aerobically

A

True

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3
Q

Where do carbs come from in exercise?

A

-blood
- muscle
- liver (via blood to muscle)
- ingested (digestion to blood to muscle)

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4
Q

What is GLUT4

A
  • transporter (NOT ENZYME)
  • specifically for muscle cells
  • needs insulin
  • follows concentration gradient > facilitated diffusion
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5
Q

What happens to glucose inside the cell if you are at rest

A

Glucose turns into glucose6phoshate> glucose1phosphate>glycogen

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6
Q

How does glucose transport to get used in the cell

A

Eaten> body release glucose > stays in blood> insulin is released> insulin translocates GLUT4 to cell membrane> enters cell to use for energy

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7
Q

what happens to glucose in the cell if you are doing high intensity exercise

A

glucose>g6p>g1p> 2 pyruvate> Lactate

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8
Q

what happens to glucose in the cell if you are doing low intensity exercise

A

glucose>g6p>g1p> pyruvate in mitochondria> ATP

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9
Q

How many carbons do glucose and pyruvate have

A

Glucose> 6
Pyruvate>3

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10
Q

How many pyruvates and lactates can come from one glucose

A

1 Glucose> 2 Pyruvate >2 Lactate

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11
Q

How does glycogen get broken down when needed?

A

glycogen> G1p>

pyruvate in mitochondria > ATP (low intensity)
pyruvate> lactate (high intensity)

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12
Q

Why do we need ATP to connvert glucose

A

ATP gives 1 phospate to glucose to g6p which will trap glocuse

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13
Q

WHat happens to the amount of ATP when you convert Glucose to G6p (GLYCOLISIS)

A

lose 2 ATP, gain 4 ATP, net total :2
- 2 nadh (redox)

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14
Q

WHat happens to the amount of ATP when you convert Glycogen to G1p (GLYCOGENOLYSIS)

A

lose 1 ATP, gain 4, net total 3

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15
Q

What is hexokinase(hk) used for (enzyme)

A

converts glucose to g6p

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16
Q

What happens to g6p

A

-undergoes glycolisis( turns to pyruvate)
or
-stored as glycogen (g6p>g1p>glycogen)

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17
Q

what is phosphofructokinase(pfk) used for

A
  • rate limiiting enzyme
  • activated by ADP, AMP, P, G6P (converts g6p to pyruvate)
    -inhibited by ATP, H, pyruvate (stops glucose)
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18
Q

What converts g6p to g1p and vise versa

A

phosphoglutamase

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19
Q

what converts g1p to glycogen

A

glycogen synthase

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20
Q

what converts gylcogen to g1p

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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21
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

convesion on glycogen> g1p>g6p etc

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22
Q

What triggers glycogen phosphorylase (PHOS)

A
  • CA, AMP, Pi, epinepherine ( break down glycogen)
    -H, ATP, G6P, g1p (doesn’t break down)
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23
Q

What are the two types of glycolysis

A

-anaerobic
-aerobic

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24
Q

Explain the traits of Anaerobic Glycolysis

A
  • glucose glycogen turns to lactate
    -fast
  • doen’t use O2
    -less ATP
    -Lactate produced!
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25
Q

Explain the traits of Aerobic glycolysis

A

-glucose glycogen goes down, pyruvate enters to mitochondria
- slow
- uses oxygen
- more ATP produced
-Pyruvate produced!

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26
Q

What enzyme accelerates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

27
Q

how does lactate form

A

pyruvate+ NADH +H > lactate + NAD

28
Q

T/F: during rest periods of HIIT exercises, lactate and turn into pyruvate and enter mitochindria, and thats why HIIt results in less fatigue

A

True

29
Q

What happens to lactate in body

A
  • in energy needs are low, lactate turns back to pyruvate
  • blood stream> liver/heart as a form of energy
30
Q

T/F Lactate decreases with exercise intensity

A

False

31
Q

Does Lactate cause Fatigue

A

no, it only causes pain

32
Q

What causes accumilation of lactate

A
  • ATP demand is higher than aerobic metabolism supply > lactate is more
    > causes cell pH to drop
    > lactate can impair enzymes in body
33
Q

T/F : lactate is a fuel

A

True!
- used often in heart
- converts back to pyruvate> glycogen

34
Q

If you are doing a 30s wingate, how much contributition does PCr, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation have

A

first 6 sec
-PCr mostly
then 6-15 sec
-PCR reduces, glycolysis increases
-oxidative pathway increases
After 15 sec
- mostly oxidative

35
Q

T/F at the highest intensity of exercise, PCr is the most important

A

False, all 3 of them play a role at all times

36
Q

What does attenuate mean

A

decrease

37
Q

If you induce left-leg fatigue followed immediately by the right leg cycling exercise (i.e called pre-induced fatigue), right-leg cycling time to task failure will ______, and the right leg MVC and resting twitch will ________ compared to the Control session

A

Decrease, Decrease Less

38
Q

If you induce “mental fatigue” before the cycling exercise, the rate of perceived exercise (RPE) will _________ during the cycling task and the time to task failure will _______ compared to the control condition.

A

Increase, Decrease

39
Q

What does PDH (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase) do

A

-reduces lactate level
-control carb rate entering into mitochondria

40
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the mitochondria

A

-goes to mitochondria matrix
- pyruvate+PDH> Acetyl CoA +CO2
-turns NAD to NADH + H

41
Q

What is PDH activated and deactivated by

A

Activated- Ca2
Deactivated- Aceytl-CoA, ATP, NADH

42
Q

T/F Trapping Acetyl-coA in mitochondria is irreversible

A

True

43
Q

Are NAD/ NADH +H and FAD/ FADH2 enzymes or co enzymes

A

Co enzymes

44
Q

What is the difference between an enzyme and a coenzyme

A

Enzyme: proteins that speed up chemical reaction

Coenzyme: non-proteins that are required for an enzyme to catalyze a reaction

45
Q

t/f coenzeymes can catalyze a reaction by themselves if there is enough of them

A

False. they cannot catalyze a reaction by themselves

46
Q

What role does NAD and FAD play

A

they are electron transporters

47
Q

What is the input of the TCA cycle

A

-Acetyl-CoA
- ADP
-NAD
-FAD

48
Q

What is the output of the TCA Cycle

A

-ATP
-NADH
-FADH
-CO2

49
Q

What des the ATP Synthase do (ETC)

A

catalyzes turning ADP and P into ATP
- EVERY 4 H creates 1 ADP and P> 1 ATP

50
Q

What is the input of the ETC (electron transport chain)

A

-NADH
-FADH2
-H
-O2
-ADP
-P

51
Q

What is the output of the ETC

A

-NAD
-FAD
-H2O
-ATP

52
Q

How much ATP IS produced from NADH and FADH

A

1 NADH: 2.5 ATP
1 FADH: 1.5 ATP

53
Q

How many protein complexes are involved in the ETC, where is the ETC located >

A

four; in the inner mitochondrial membrane

54
Q

Explain how the ETC works

A
  • dehydrogenase remove electrons from hydrogen
    -electrons go to cytochromes
    -they pump hydrogen into intermembrane space
55
Q

What happens after H is pumped into the inter membrane space in the ETC

A

-makes a proton gradient
-protons go through ATP synthase
- H goes through ATP synthase
-O2 accepts electrons> turns to water

56
Q

How do you find your carb baseline (carb periodization)

A

Three Ts: time, type, total

57
Q

Should you have a low carb diet when: training, sleeping, competing

A

Training>low
sleeping>low
competing>high

58
Q

What is a low carb diet good for

A

mitochondrial biogenis

59
Q

Can a low carb diet impair high intensity performance

A

yes, if it continues for multiple days

60
Q

How many g/ day are in a: keto diet, low carb, moderate carb, high carb diet

A

keto: 50
Low: ~150-200
moderate: 200-400
high: over 400

61
Q

What are the rules on high and low carb diets in athletes

A

-carbs help performance
- high carbs at least one day before comp
- help above 70% VO2 max
- restrict carbs before, during, after exercise but not for several days

62
Q

Does the general population need a high carb diet?

A

no. especially for weight loss

63
Q

what does albumin do

A

carries FFA in blood

64
Q
A

KNES 373 (2 decks)

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