Final Flashcards
Lets Pass This Class!
Where does ATP come from
The mitochondria
T/F: carbs are the only ,acronutrient that can generate ATP anarobically and aerobically
True
Where do carbs come from in exercise?
-blood
- muscle
- liver (via blood to muscle)
- ingested (digestion to blood to muscle)
What is GLUT4
- transporter (NOT ENZYME)
- specifically for muscle cells
- needs insulin
- follows concentration gradient > facilitated diffusion
What happens to glucose inside the cell if you are at rest
Glucose turns into glucose6phoshate> glucose1phosphate>glycogen
How does glucose transport to get used in the cell
Eaten> body release glucose > stays in blood> insulin is released> insulin translocates GLUT4 to cell membrane> enters cell to use for energy
what happens to glucose in the cell if you are doing high intensity exercise
glucose>g6p>g1p> 2 pyruvate> Lactate
what happens to glucose in the cell if you are doing low intensity exercise
glucose>g6p>g1p> pyruvate in mitochondria> ATP
How many carbons do glucose and pyruvate have
Glucose> 6
Pyruvate>3
How many pyruvates and lactates can come from one glucose
1 Glucose> 2 Pyruvate >2 Lactate
How does glycogen get broken down when needed?
glycogen> G1p>
pyruvate in mitochondria > ATP (low intensity)
pyruvate> lactate (high intensity)
Why do we need ATP to connvert glucose
ATP gives 1 phospate to glucose to g6p which will trap glocuse
WHat happens to the amount of ATP when you convert Glucose to G6p (GLYCOLISIS)
lose 2 ATP, gain 4 ATP, net total :2
- 2 nadh (redox)
WHat happens to the amount of ATP when you convert Glycogen to G1p (GLYCOGENOLYSIS)
lose 1 ATP, gain 4, net total 3
What is hexokinase(hk) used for (enzyme)
converts glucose to g6p
What happens to g6p
-undergoes glycolisis( turns to pyruvate)
or
-stored as glycogen (g6p>g1p>glycogen)
what is phosphofructokinase(pfk) used for
- rate limiiting enzyme
- activated by ADP, AMP, P, G6P (converts g6p to pyruvate)
-inhibited by ATP, H, pyruvate (stops glucose)
What converts g6p to g1p and vise versa
phosphoglutamase
what converts g1p to glycogen
glycogen synthase
what converts gylcogen to g1p
glycogen phosphorylase
what is glycogenolysis
convesion on glycogen> g1p>g6p etc
What triggers glycogen phosphorylase (PHOS)
- CA, AMP, Pi, epinepherine ( break down glycogen)
-H, ATP, G6P, g1p (doesn’t break down)
What are the two types of glycolysis
-anaerobic
-aerobic
Explain the traits of Anaerobic Glycolysis
- glucose glycogen turns to lactate
-fast - doen’t use O2
-less ATP
-Lactate produced!
Explain the traits of Aerobic glycolysis
-glucose glycogen goes down, pyruvate enters to mitochondria
- slow
- uses oxygen
- more ATP produced
-Pyruvate produced!
What enzyme accelerates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
how does lactate form
pyruvate+ NADH +H > lactate + NAD
T/F: during rest periods of HIIT exercises, lactate and turn into pyruvate and enter mitochindria, and thats why HIIt results in less fatigue
True
What happens to lactate in body
- in energy needs are low, lactate turns back to pyruvate
- blood stream> liver/heart as a form of energy
T/F Lactate decreases with exercise intensity
False
Does Lactate cause Fatigue
no, it only causes pain
What causes accumilation of lactate
- ATP demand is higher than aerobic metabolism supply > lactate is more
> causes cell pH to drop
> lactate can impair enzymes in body
T/F : lactate is a fuel
True!
- used often in heart
- converts back to pyruvate> glycogen
If you are doing a 30s wingate, how much contributition does PCr, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation have
first 6 sec
-PCr mostly
then 6-15 sec
-PCR reduces, glycolysis increases
-oxidative pathway increases
After 15 sec
- mostly oxidative
T/F at the highest intensity of exercise, PCr is the most important
False, all 3 of them play a role at all times
What does attenuate mean
decrease
If you induce left-leg fatigue followed immediately by the right leg cycling exercise (i.e called pre-induced fatigue), right-leg cycling time to task failure will ______, and the right leg MVC and resting twitch will ________ compared to the Control session
Decrease, Decrease Less
If you induce “mental fatigue” before the cycling exercise, the rate of perceived exercise (RPE) will _________ during the cycling task and the time to task failure will _______ compared to the control condition.
Increase, Decrease
What does PDH (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase) do
-reduces lactate level
-control carb rate entering into mitochondria
What happens to pyruvate in the mitochondria
-goes to mitochondria matrix
- pyruvate+PDH> Acetyl CoA +CO2
-turns NAD to NADH + H
What is PDH activated and deactivated by
Activated- Ca2
Deactivated- Aceytl-CoA, ATP, NADH
T/F Trapping Acetyl-coA in mitochondria is irreversible
True
Are NAD/ NADH +H and FAD/ FADH2 enzymes or co enzymes
Co enzymes
What is the difference between an enzyme and a coenzyme
Enzyme: proteins that speed up chemical reaction
Coenzyme: non-proteins that are required for an enzyme to catalyze a reaction
t/f coenzeymes can catalyze a reaction by themselves if there is enough of them
False. they cannot catalyze a reaction by themselves
What role does NAD and FAD play
they are electron transporters
What is the input of the TCA cycle
-Acetyl-CoA
- ADP
-NAD
-FAD
What is the output of the TCA Cycle
-ATP
-NADH
-FADH
-CO2
What des the ATP Synthase do (ETC)
catalyzes turning ADP and P into ATP
- EVERY 4 H creates 1 ADP and P> 1 ATP
What is the input of the ETC (electron transport chain)
-NADH
-FADH2
-H
-O2
-ADP
-P
What is the output of the ETC
-NAD
-FAD
-H2O
-ATP
How much ATP IS produced from NADH and FADH
1 NADH: 2.5 ATP
1 FADH: 1.5 ATP
How many protein complexes are involved in the ETC, where is the ETC located >
four; in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Explain how the ETC works
- dehydrogenase remove electrons from hydrogen
-electrons go to cytochromes
-they pump hydrogen into intermembrane space
What happens after H is pumped into the inter membrane space in the ETC
-makes a proton gradient
-protons go through ATP synthase
- H goes through ATP synthase
-O2 accepts electrons> turns to water
How do you find your carb baseline (carb periodization)
Three Ts: time, type, total
Should you have a low carb diet when: training, sleeping, competing
Training>low
sleeping>low
competing>high
What is a low carb diet good for
mitochondrial biogenis
Can a low carb diet impair high intensity performance
yes, if it continues for multiple days
How many g/ day are in a: keto diet, low carb, moderate carb, high carb diet
keto: 50
Low: ~150-200
moderate: 200-400
high: over 400
What are the rules on high and low carb diets in athletes
-carbs help performance
- high carbs at least one day before comp
- help above 70% VO2 max
- restrict carbs before, during, after exercise but not for several days
Does the general population need a high carb diet?
no. especially for weight loss
what does albumin do
carries FFA in blood
