Midterm 1

Question 1

Biological or behavioral variable that precedes and predicts a maladaptive outcome

Answer 1

Risk Factor

Question 2

Unexpectedly good outcome in the presence of risk

Answer 2

Resilience

Question 3

When a particular psychiatric disorder predicts itself at a later time point

Answer 3

Homotypic continuity

Question 4

When a particular disorder predicts another disorder at a later time point

Answer 4

Heterotypic continuity

Question 5

Third variable that changes the strength/direction of a relationship between A and B; A factor that occurs before (or at the same time as) a risk factor, altering the overall association between risk factor and outcome

Answer 5

Moderator

Question 6

Third variable that explains the association between A and B

Answer 6

Mediator

Question 7

Different risk factors can develop the same outcome

Answer 7

Equifinality

Question 8

Same risk factor can lead to multiple different outcomes

Answer 8

Multifinality

Question 9

A variable that precedes an adaptive outcome and intervenes with risk

Answer 9

Promotive Factor

Question 10

Two or more independent conditions that occur in the same person at the same time, overlap of independent conditions

Answer 10

Comorbidity

Question 11

What are the four types of risk factors?

Answer 11

Spurious, Fixed, Malleable, Casual

Question 12

Type of risk factor that is related to disorder only through association with other risk factors, other risk factors are more important

Answer 12

Spurious

Question 13

Type of risk factor that can’t become easily altered such as sex/race

Answer 13

Fixed

Question 14

Type of risk factor that is something we can change such as parenting style

Answer 14

Malleable

Question 15

Type of risk factor where an alteration in risk factor yields alteration in outcome, the gold standard

Answer 15

Casual

Question 16

When 1 risk factor barely elevates risk, but 2 or more increase the risk dramatically, even more so for 3

Answer 16

Cumulative Risk Factor

Question 17

When 1 risk factor becomes another and another, signals transactional models

Answer 17

Cascading Risk Factors

Question 18

Factors that in the presence of risk reduce the impact of the risk factor to promote good outcome

Answer 18

Protective Factors

Question 19

Proportion of variance in a trait or condition that can be explained by genes, rather than environments

Answer 19

Heritability

Question 20

Gene type where child inherits genes from parents who choose environments that reflect the parents genetic tendencies

Answer 20

Passive r(G,E)

Question 21

Gene type where the child seeks environments that activate those genetically driven tendencies

Answer 21

Active r(G,E)

Question 22

Gene type where the child’s genes evoke certain responses from their environment which results in transactional patterns

Answer 22

Evocative r(G,E)

Question 23

Individual differences in emotional reactivity, self regulation, attention, and behavior; closer to inborn tendencies or very early trait manifestation

Answer 23

Temperament

Question 24

Rothbart’s Six core dimensions of Temperament

Answer 24

Negative effect, fear, frustration, extraversion, orienting/perception, effortful control

Question 25

What are the three major developmental tasks during infancy ?

Answer 25

Attachment, sense of self, understanding others and world

Question 26

What are the four attachment patterns

Answer 26

secure, insecure (avoidant), insecure (ambivalent/resistant), disorganized

Question 27

Attachment pattern in majority of infants where they are soothed by a parent/caregivers return

Answer 27

Secure

Question 28

Attachment pattern where the infant avoids contact with parent/caregiver and is indifferent

Answer 28

Insecure avoidant

Question 29

Attachment pattern where the infant is overwhelmed by reunion and has trouble with distress

Answer 29

Insecure Ambivalent/Resistant

Question 30

Attachment pattern where the infant acts in different way, no clear pattern but may freeze and disassociate

Answer 30

Disorganized

Question 31

What are the two key dimensions of parenting?

Answer 31

warmth/responsiveness
limit setting/control

Question 32

Parenting style with high control/limit setting but low warmth/responsiveness

Answer 32

Authoritarian

Question 33

Parenting style with low control/limit setting and low warmth/responsiveness

Answer 33

Neglectful/Uninvolved

Question 34

Parenting style with high control/limit setting and high warmth/responsiveness

Answer 34

Authoritative

Question 35

Parenting style with low control/limit setting but high warmth/responsiveness

Answer 35

Permissive

Question 36

Reciprocal chains of negative reinforcement

Answer 36

Coercion