Midterm 1 Flashcards
Peter Singer
1975 Animal Liberations
Animals should not be used by humans for anything
Animal Protection/Welfare Summary
Use but don’t abuse
Use for food, biomedical research okay
Fur or cosmetic use has controversies
Martin’s Act
First law to prohibit animal cruelty 1822 in England
Regarding cruel treatment of cattle
Humane Method of Slaughter Act
1958 - Animals must be stunned before humane kill, poultry not included
2006 - edited
Daniel Andreas
Animal Rights Extremist
Bombed buildings of 3 companies
FBI most wanted
Anthropocentric
Placing humans at the center of one’s world, as though all other life forms are relatively unimportant or inferior to humans.
Anthropomorphic
Attributing to animals the human features and behaviors, thinking that animal needs and wants are the same as human needs and wants.
Autonomous
A species living or conducting itself completely independent of others: self-determining, subject to its own laws. When applied to the consideration of animals and their relationship to humans - are the animals free from dependence on humans for well-being? If so, they are autonomous
Discrimination (specific to biomedical research)
Selection of an animal for experimentation, where that animal’s responses are applicable and the results of the experiment will apply to the target organism (animal or human).
Neolithic
Pertaining to or characteristic of the last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles
Sentience
Capability of detecting changes in one’s personal environment - particularly regarding pain or discomfort. Having a nervous system and capable of responding to stimuli.
Sapience
sentience along with the awareness of being “aware”
Utilitarianism
Philosophy of decision making where the best conduct or viewpoint is the one that best serves the majority. For most animal rights advocates, other animals are equal to humans – all are beings. Thus, the utilitarian aspect brings the most good to the most beings.
Three ethics
Personal - what you “know” and value
Social - what “they” say, do
Professional - what keeps your job, career
Dr. Bernard Rollin ethics
1st level ethics - Good Vs Bad
2nd level ethics - look for consistency in good vs bad
Rollin’s thoughts
Blending of personal and social ethics - humanization of animals anthropomorphism)
Most people don’t live on a farm or get involved with agriculture careers household pets are only connection
Eastern philosophies
General belief that animals and humans are more equal
Western philosophies
Teach that humans are dominant
Older views = animals inferior, use as humans see fit,
no moral obligations about treatment
Newer views = animal use OK, more attention to
welfare, mistreatment is sinful or morally wrong
Amish
Value community life and harmony with nature - rural living and organic farming
Communities each have own set of rules
Animals are a tool for human use
Amish are not vegetarians
Amish commercial dog production
Animal views extend to raising and selling dogs as done with livestock
Concerns about animal care - unsanitary, lack of health care
Gaining profit - dependence from the modern world
American Indians and bison
Subduing enemy by restricting resources led to destruction of the American Bison by U.S. Army
They used Bison for food clothing and shelter
Buddhism believes in ______ but ______ as an animal is due to past misdeeds
Believes in rebirth but rebirth as an animal is due to past misdeeds
Jainism
Strictly vegan - eat roots and grains
All life is sacred
Don’t wear leather, keep pets, or engage in agriculture
Hinduism
Vegetarian
Cows are sacred India bans killing cows - no beef consumed
Animal slaughtering done by lowest castes but animal sacrifice done by all castes
Kosher
Jewish method
Animals should have no flaws and disease
Family relationships important - cow and calf not killed together
Goal = removal of blood - animal is awake throat cut
Halal
Islamic method
Awake, restrained one cut with sharp knife after prayer
Goal = removal of blood - animal is awake throat cut
Islam
Follows have power over animals, not allowed to mistreat
Kill only out of necessity, no sport hunting
Pets varies within region and tribe
Jewish
Can consume cloven hoofed animals that ruminate, poultry & fish with fins and scales
No hunting for sport kill only for human need
Vegan
Plant food only
Fruitarian
Fruits, nuts, honey, vegetable oils
Lacto-vegetarian
Does consume some dairy
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Some dairy and eggs
Pesco-vegetarian
Plants, fruits, and fish, MAYBE dairy and eggs
Omnivore
consumes both plant and animal products
Animal welfare
A movement that believes in
refining and replacing techniques to reduce numbers of animals used in research – and that those animals should be treated as humanely as possible. This concept includes
proper housing, disease prevention, nutrition, and humane euthanasia or slaughter.
Animal rights
A movement that insists that animals
have moral rights equal to those of humans and is
totally opposed to using animals for biomedical
research, sporting events, clothing, entertainment,
product testing, and for food
Liberation
The implementation of the concept that
animals are not to be put to work in any way, and all
use of animals should be eliminated. Animal
liberationists have committed crimes to set animals
free (ex: lab break-ins)
Tom Regan
The idea that animals are “subjects of a life,”
they have an innate value or worth
Richard Ryder
Stated: “Pain is the only evil”
Authored: Speciesism and Painism
Sentience
Awareness
Sapience
Awareness of being aware and making about choices about what to do in life
Great Ape Project
Legal rights to non-human great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
Marc Beckoff
Against GAP
authored “Rights of Animals”
States GAP is an example of discrimination based on speciesism
Stevin Wise
For GAP
Apes are autonomous, thus entitled
Founded ALDF - Animal Legal Defense Fund
Rene Descartes
I think, therefore I am
Machine theory - animals are not like machines they ARE machines
Thomas Hobbes
Only rational beings can enter into contractual arrangements
Contractarianism
Animals are not rational
John Locke
Animals can be used as a resource because they cannot form general or abstract ideas
(ex. milk and snow same color)
Jeremy Bentham
“The question is not - Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk ? But rather, Can they suffer?”
Utilitarianism
Charles Darwin
Differences between species are only by degree
Supported vivisection to progress science but did not like it
Vivisection
Cutting into live animal.
Originally, no anesthesia was used because anesthesia had not yet been developed.
Today the term refers to any and all types of animal experimentation.
Dissection
Cutting apart for purposes of scientific examination (usually refers to use of animal or human cadavers)
Peter Singer
Contemporary philosopher
Utilitarian
OK to euthanize “damaged” humans
Tom Regan
Contemporary philosopher
All animals have inherent value - therefore “subjects of a life”
Michael Fox
Contemporary philosopher
wrote “case for animal experimentation”
Was pro-research, then Tom Regan converted him to animal rights
R.G. Frey
Contemporary philosopher
Unequal value thesis: not all life is equal
Ingrid Newkirk
“A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy”
Human life is no more valuable than animal life
Neal Bernard
PETA medical advisor
Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
Very radical group with philosophy of animals
Considered terrorist by FBI
Temple Grandin
Animals think in pictures
Fear = dominant emotion
Different things frighten them
Aldo Leopold
Land ethic = stop viewing environment as resource since we are all members of biotic community
Good/bad = based on what happens to biotic community, not the individual
J. Baird Callicott
Liberationists have “life-loathing” philosophy - no thought to consequences
Nim Chimpsky
Knew ASL
Koko
Gorilla knew ASL communication
Animal Welfare Act (1966)
Protection of animals from gross abuse
Initial goal was to stop the theft of dogs to be used in research
Has evolved to cover dog, cat, NHP, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit or any other warm-blooded animal used for research except birds, laboratory rats and mice not covered by AWA specifically
Horse/Farm Animal coverage under AWA
Horses and other farm animals used for “food and fiber” research not covered
Horses and farm animals used for teaching or biomedical research are covered
Claudius Galen
Founder of the study of anatomy
William Harvey
Demonstrated blood circulation using vivisection
Martin’s Act
Offense to wantonly abuse, specifically targeted to handling of cattle
Corneal transplants
Worked on humans for many years, first human transplant in 1906
Kidney transplants
Work carried out in initially in dogs, best success in cats, first human transplants in 1950s, problems with rejection - many years of work with animals to overcome
Hip replacement surgery
Robotic surgery techniques 1st learned in dogs and now still done to help people and dogs with him problems
Replacement heart valves
Replacement valve, usually from pigs, washed, denatured and tanned to render it biologically inert, reduce rejections
Developed after many years work in rabbits, Guinea pigs and rats.
Rats and mice account for __-__% of the animals used in research
80-90%
3 R’s of research
Reduce - # of animals used, # of procedures
Refine - procedures to minimize pain, discomfort
Replace - animals with non-animal alternatives, models, or animals of lower phylogenetic scale
Penicillin mistakes
Not effective in cultures: delayed use for 10 years
Discrimination - Guinea Pigs: penicillin is fatal
Thalidomide
Scientist never tested on pregnant animals
Fetal deaths & severe limb deformities – banned
Animal Rights Research Focus
- Regulating use of animals (legislation)
- Abolishing use of animals
- Search for alternatives – are we there yet
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Required for institutions by congress in 1985
Must have to get federal funding
USDA - Animal Welfare Act in regards to humane lab animal care
Rats, birds and mice still excluded
OSU adds _____ to the 3 R’s of research
Be responsible
Stuart Derbyshire
Believes the 3 R’s are patronizing, poor science, a confession of guilt
Transgenic Animals
Putting human genes into animal DNA
Concordant
Animal to human transplants
Closely related species - easier
Discordant
Animal to human transplant
Divergent species harder to do
Animal to Human Organ Transplant Risk
Worst case is disease transfer which could be disastrous for human population
Draize test
Prove product is irritating to eyes or skin commonly use rabbits because they have no tear ducts
Replacement to rabbit eyes
Horseshoe crab blood cells could be a replacement
Toxicity studies
LD - 50
Dosage needed to kill 50% of subjects
First cloned animal
Dolly the sheep
Concern with cloning
Loss of genetic diversity, disease resistance, environmental adaptability
Gene pharming
The use of transgenic animals or plants to produce medicine
“Turning milk to medicine”
3 Management methods for wildlife management
Biologically sound
Environmentally safe
Socially acceptable
Xenotransplantation
The transplantation of living cells, tissues and organs from one species to another
(Animal organs into humans)
Chronic Wasting Disease
Starting to be a concern in Ohio found it in the deer farm in Ohio but not wild
It is a fatal disease
Rabies
7 varient strains
Ohio has mainly bat and skunk rabies but possibility of raccoon rabies
Bat bites are very small and hard to see
If a bat is not acting like a bat…
It probable has rabies
Wildlife strike on airplanes is most often caused
By birds
Invasive species examples in Ohio
Double crested cormorant
Feral swine
Integrated Wildlife Damage Management Plan
Must be species specific and site specific
T/F You can harm migratory birds like Canadian geese?
False
Invasive species definition
1) Non-native or alien to the ecosystem under consideration
2) Whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm to human health
Invasive species - Hawaii
Feral pigs - root and trample and borrow through habitat
Goats - no native predators - must fence and trap
Rats - stow aways, no predators
Why did introducing the mongoose to kill rats in Hawaii fail
Rat is nocturnal but mongoose is diurnal
Animal rights activists argue that ________ of an invasive species is _____ - they now live there too
Extermination; wrong
Wild pigs ____ __ _____ ______, as natives
hunt the pigs for traditional food and sport
Part of Hawaiian culture
Invasive species are low priority unless it’s a personal problem: Many people ______ with the
problems caused by invasive species
Not concerned
Invasive species - Florida
Pythons - originally released by humans now breeding in wild
People invading alligator space
Invasive species - Lake Erie
Gobi Fish - resource depletion
Asian Carp - resource depletion
Rat Island
Worse than an oil spill, prevent birds from living on island
Invasive species - Great Lakes
Zebra mussels - clog water facility pipes, cling to many man-made object
Hunting definitions
The practice of pursuing animals for food, recreation, or trade
To drive out forcibly, especially by harassing; chase away
20th Century India in regards to hunting
General opinion against hunting, put the India Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
Fox Hunting Act of 2004 in UK
Bans fox hunting, deer hunting and hare coursing with dogs
Favored the ban on hunting with dogs
Opinion polls
House of Commons
Not equivalent to blood sport
Fox considered vermin
Does not hinder other humans
Were/are against ban of hunting with dogs
House of Lords
Not hunting to survive
Real predators eventually give up
Dogs don’t kill effectively
Why was fox hunting well liked?
Women were allowed to participate with med, rich and poor could participate (spectator)
Trophy Hunting
Selective hunting of wild game animals
Controversial
Helpful to economy
Argument for hunting Whitetail deer
More whitetail deer now than ever
Deer season is a cultural ritual
Starvation of old bucks
Argument against hunting Whitetail deer
Could distort sex ratio
Could increase the number of females for an are which increases off-spring
Trapping definitions
Hunting to obtain fur
Use of traps to catch animals for variety of purposes: food, pest control, wildlife management
Body Gripping/Conibear
Lethal
Designed to kill trapped animals quickly
Strikes at back of neck or shoulders to dislocate spine
Snares
Anchored cable or wire
Wildly disputed
In Ohio must have stop on cable (non-lethal)
Foothold traps
Two jaws with trigger in the middle
Have offset jaws
State laws vary
AVMA Position on traps
Opposes the use of conventional unmodified steel jaw leg hold traps
Traps should reduce injury, stress, minimize pain and suffering to wildlife, prevent capture of non-target animals
Cage traps
Animals are baited
Common in urban environments
Glue traps
Lethal
Baits used to lure animals
Indoor rodent control
Advantages to trapping
Pest control
Reduce number of predators
Reduce over population
Catch animals for research or relocation
AFWA (Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies)
Does not take lightly to the killing of animals
Trapping in Ohio
Teeth on leg hold illegal
Must check traps every 24hrs
Must have ame on trap
Mandatory trapper education and licensing
Can’t used exposed bait
Strict liability applies
Kill or release where caught
Shark finning
Cutting off dorsal fin of sharks for shark fin soup then letting sharks drown
Has caused drastic reduction in shark population
Hunting breakdown
38.5% Competition/sport
43.8% For meat
17.8% Enjoy nature/social aspect
In regard to level of animal protection what must you take into account
Sociopolitical background and dominant religious traits
Driving force forces for animal protection developing countries vs developed countries
Developing - wildlife and food animals
Developed - companion animals
International activities - Developing countries
Most all protection set up by organizations from developed countries as outreach efforts
Focus: stray ot community dog population control
____% of strays need to be removed or it causes a _____ _____ resulting in larger litters
70%, vacuum effect
Number one reason animals are taken to shelter
Behavior issues
Shelter pet euthanasia rates
3-4 million euthanized
1/2 considered not adoptable
Transport: horses
High status (owned by men)
Limited in range due to health problems
Transport: mules
High status and expensive
Transport: donkeys
Low status (owned by women)
Inexpensive
Hardy and drought tolerant but small
Donkeys are _____ numerically
increasing
China has been slaughtering donkeys for what
E’jiao a medicine
Women and donkeys
Donkeys are gender neutral and socially easier for women to acquire and use
Allow women to delegate some of the transport chores like water collection to their children
Donkey care in developing countries
Veterinary care rare
Variable ability to provide recommended feeding
Often have harnessing/pack sores associated with equipment
_____ and _____ should have the highest value of any product of slaughter animals other than the carcass
Hides and skins
Scare tactic
The threat that if you don’t do or don’t believe this, something terrible will happen
“Unless we stop feeding antibiotics to farm animals, human diseases will become untreatable.”
Straw person
Distorting or exaggerating an opponent’s arguments to make one’s own seem stronger
“Animal rights activists would rather let people die of cancer than acknowledge any benefits from animal research.”
Bandwagon
The idea that “everybody” does this or believes this
Slanters
Trying to persuade through inflammatory and exaggerated language instead of through reason
Also look for use of words of exaggeration like “titanic” or “shattering”
“The worst drug pushers don’t work city streets - they operate today’s factory farms.”
Generalizations
Using statistics or facts to generalize about a population, place, or thing
“The meat diet of hardy Eskimos proves that eating meat will make you healthy, happy, and virile.”
Personal attack
Criticizing an opponent personally instead of rationally debating his or her ideas
“Most animal rights activists are hypocrites who are just on a power trip. They’re more interested in getting on the news than in the welfare of animals.”
Categorical statements
Stating something in a way implying that there can be no arguments
“There’s no doubt in the minds of reasonable people that factory farming is bad for the environment, bad for farm animals, and bad for human health.”
Slippery slope
A small, tricky, perhaps dangerous action that is expected to create a chain of events that will lead to inevitable disaster:
“If we grant rights to Great Apes, then it won’t be long before dogs will be allowed to drive and whales will be given the right to vote.”
