Final Exam Flashcards
Feelings based approach pro/con
Emphasis on decreasing negatives and increasing positives
Difficult to understand and quantify emotions, not scientific
Animal choice/preference based approach pro/con
Good in theory, y gestation crates
How many choices do you offer
Nature of the species based approach pro/con
Want animals to behave in natural way
Who defines natural?, least scientific credibility, too many species
Freedoms based approach pro/con (1960)
Stand up
Lie down
Turn around
Groom
Stretch limbs out fully
Freedoms based approach pro/con (1992)
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom to express normal behavior
Homeostasis based approach pro/con
Based on animals attempts and success at coping with their environment
Exists if successful coping with no biological cost to
-health, growth, food/fiber, reproduction (starve is most severe)
Go to approach for scientist because can measure animal’s response
i.e. loss of milk production due to animal stress
Prohand
A training program for stock people to teach animal handling and attitudes (change people behavior)
Has positive effects such as increase in production or growth rate
Autonomic nervous system response
Short-term, fast, acute
Benefit: fight or flight can save life
hand on hot surface
Neuro-endocrine response
Longer, sustained duration, slowly increase stress, chronic
Immune system responses
Multiple combinations of high/low
5 sources of animal stress
Environmental
Chemical
Biochemical
Physical
Psychological
1st party audit
Within company
2nd party audit
Supplier that purchases from company doing audit
3rd party audit
Blind, outside entity (UEP)
Self-regulation within the animal welfare industry
Retail driven in response to consumer concerns and pressure (McD’s)
Biggest and second biggest factor for passing an audit for chickens
- Housing and space allowance (has increased overtime)
- Food and water
______ ________ in the layer house must allow daily inspections of all birds
light intensity
_______ ______ must allow for continuous flow of fresh air for every bird
ventilation system (ammonia levels)
Animal care audits focus on what bird?
Egg laying chickens
Procedure for 3rd party audit
Clean clothes, vehicle
Meet person and explain audit
Disposable outerwear
Whole facility inspected with focus on animal welfare and care
______ made a landmark decisions by banning gestation crates
Florida
Beak trimming
Observe method, have to demonstrate they know how to do correctly at audit because can hurt bird
Molting
Can increase life span, can’t stop feeding to achieve but can reduce feed while still maintaining good BCS
Free range chickens
High exercise - good bones but higher mortality rates, dirtier eggs
Battery cage chickens
Low exercise - more bone breakage but lower death
Enrich cage chickens
Additional features from battery cages such as areas for nesting, scratching, perching and dust bathing
Farm program to evaluate dairy cows
Locomotion, hocks/knees sores, BCS, milking routine, space to lie down
Number of domesticated
We have only domesticated a few number of species
Animal machines (Ruth Harrison)
Coined the term factory farming to represent mass production
Precautionary principle
In Europe something might hurt the population they will ban it vs US there needs to be data showing it is harming population
Stereotypic behavior
Unnatural behavior seen in captivity such as bar biting
Aqua culture
Oxygen is major factor limiting production, people must be concerned about oxygen levels in the water and increase waste from the fish (N and P)
What is Premarin?
Uses pregnant mare urine as a source of estrogen for women in menopause
Foal is a waste product of industry
Fur farming
China holds market, two main issues are confinement and method of euthanasia
Pro fur - Fur Commission USA, International Fur Trade Federation
Anti fur - Ethical treatment of animals and Humane society of US
U.S. has Fur Labeling Act and Dog and Cat Fur Protection Act
US energy policy and how it is related to animal use
Ethanol plants where corn is favored raw material animals can consume corn by-product
Swine production gestation crate pro and con
Pro - individual animal attention, controlled feeding, reduced competition, controlled environment, economic and productivity improvements
Con - Inability to turn around, reduced social contact and interaction, stereotypic behaviors, chore-time free access stalls
PQA to PQA+ what is difference
Has animal handling clause
Total protein
What you eat *Total protein isn’t totally digestable
Net protein
What builds your body
Net protein utilization (NPU)
The critical point considering digestibility and biological value
I.e. corn is 53% NPU and beef is 73% NPU
Distillers dry grain with solublea (DDGS)
Problem with feeding DDGS is sulfate toxicity if you feed too much
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFO)
The legal term name for factory farming
Horses for human consumption
State legislation has proved to be much more important than federal legislation (Illinois), Big increase in shipping to Mexico after banning in US, US wouldn’t pay for meat inspection but individual plant could pay for it
Wild horse and burro legislation
Can’t go out and capture for slaughter
50% BLM funds go to feed horses
50% of wild horses live in captive type environment
Domestic violence
More about power and control over abused subject
Majority of men
Can be hard to get help if people leave with their pet (women’s shelters)
Animal hoarding
Majority female, “what problem”
Horn removal
No local anesthesia if removed before erupts, after erupts from hairline need vet/local anes
Declawing
Removing last digit of the front toes of cats
Banned in Europe and Hollywood, CA
Ear cropping
Cosmetic reasons with a few medical reasons
Requires full anesthesia
Transplant surgeries for animals
Can be done, owner is also responsible for donor animal
Castration of farm animals
Debate on weather to do under sedation or not
Trimming of needle teeth
Done at birth of pigs, is it a needed procedure or anesthesia?
Docking of sheep’s tail
Like short for show but if too short will cause rectal prolapse
Branding for cattle
More commonly done out west where roam on expanses of land
Bipedalism
Unique to humans, allows us to use less energy but have more knee/back problems and birth problems, allows us to be more selective in diet
GI tract to body length
Herbivore>Omnivore?Carnivore
Post gastric processing causes us to have a larger ______ ________ than gorillas
small intestine
Animal welfare act and circuses
USDA inspectors to go look at animal welfare in circuses
AZA
Zoo association that is a voluntary group but all respectable zoos are members
Zoo animal enrichment
Like pumpkins for halloween want to minimize stereotypic behavior
Sanctuaries
Have global accreditations but aren’t breeding animals
Horse racing debate
How many actually make it onto track, (Only 15%) injuries sustained
Lasix and withdrawal
Prevents respiratory bleeding, can make horse run faster and possibly pee out drugs (Diuretic)
Greyhound racing
Only few tracks left, same as horses what to do with animals after racing and injuries possible
Who goes to animal movies/sets if asked to to make sure no animals are harmed
American Humane
Michigan’s large carnivore act
Set the precedence on owning large carnivores
Ohio dangerous animal act
Followed michigans precendence
Species survival plans
Zoos have species survival plans that mainly focus on large mammals and have trades with other zoos to ensure breeding
Rise and fall rate
Animals with low repro, special feeding, migratory are more likely to come extinct
Pets and federal
Different laws at federal state and local???
Bald eagle protection act
Example of how federal legislation can prohibit owning a specific species
Killing or processing it is illegal
Black beauty (George Angell American version)
Increased funding for MSPCA and AHA
Children’s literature
Anthropomorphism of animals, can increase funding for animal protection
Gestation crates will be gone in Ohio by ____
2026
Can you currently dock tails of cattle?
No as of 2017
Can’t just decide to go put in battery cages what can you do
Need to purchase an already existing farm
Veal crates
Can maintain individually for 3 months but then need to be in groups
Willingness to pay
What we say on survey isn’t what we always do in real life
Humane methods of slaughter act
Established humane standards of slaughtering livestock, must be rendered insensible by a single blow, gunshot, electrical, chemical or other means that is rapid and effective prior to slaughter
Kosher slaughter is exception to humane slaughter becasue
Animal doesn’t have to be rendered insensless
Animal welfare act
Doesn’t cover birds or mice
After world war II there was a big push to change what?
How we raise many of our agricultural products including animals
Foie Gras
Fatty liver from geese, is considered delicacy, force feed birds to get liver
Meat consumption is on the ____
Rise
Breed specific legislation
State and municipal law not national law
U.K.’s new law against XL bully
How can we increase the efficiency of energy transfer?
Convert a greater percentage of total solar energy into energy fixed in storage
Source of protein world wide
2/3 from plant 1/3 from animal
Tail docking in dogs
AVMA said should be discontinued if only done for cosmetic reasons
Working dogs may have reasons to have tail docked
In lots of breed standards
Debarking
Cutting vocal cords, should be a last resort, will still have some noise
Circuses removed elephants due to ______
Pressure from public
