Midterm 1

Question 1

What is cyberethics?

Answer 1

Cyberethics is the study of social, legal and moral issues and the impact they have on cybertechnology.

Question 2

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 1)

Answer 2

Computing technology was in its infancy,Computers were huge and unconnected.

Question 3

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 2)

Answer 3

Computers were used as communication devices, First privately owned networks – computers can now be linked together.

Question 4

4 phases of cybertechnolog (phase 3)

Answer 4

The World Wide Web has become commonplace,As such, the general public is now “connected” all the time.

Question 5

4 phases of cybertechnology (phase 4)

Answer 5

“Social Networking” makes up 1 of every 5 minutes spent online,Computers are now becoming more and more a part of us (on our clothes, in our bodies…)

Question 6

3 perspective of applied ethics:

Answer 6

Professional EthicsPhilosophical EthicsSociological Ethics

Question 7

Professional Ethics:

Answer 7

aims to identify and analyze issues of ethical responsibility for professionals in a field of study.

Question 8

Philosophical Ethics:

Answer 8

uses a 3-part system called the “standard methodology” to propose solutions to more difficult ethical issues.

Question 9

Sociological Ethics:

Answer 9

aims to describe particular moral systems and report how societies, groups and individuals view a particular moral issue.

Question 10

Name some disciplines associated with professional ethics:

Answer 10

Computer Science,Engineering,Library/Information Science.

Question 11

Name some disciplines associated with philosophical issues:

Answer 11

Philosophy, Law.

Question 12

Name some disciplines associated with sociological issues:

Answer 12

Sociology,Behavioral sciences.

Question 13

What are the 3 types of errors and failures?

Answer 13

Problems for individuals,System Failures,Safety-Critical Issues.

Question 14

What is a Professional Error? (Give an example of a professional error)

Answer 14

Professional errors inconvenience individuals or groups of individuals. Example: Woman received $6.3 million electric bill.

Question 15

What is a System Failure? (Give an example of a system failure)

Answer 15

Professional errors that cause either partial or complete failures and affect large numbers of people/cost huge sums of money. Example: $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter disappeared when it should have gone into orbit around Mars.

Question 16

What is a Safety-Critical Failure? (Give an example of a Safety-Critical failure)

Answer 16

Professional errors that have the potential to injure or kill people. Example: Radar System installed by Navy to monitor airspace around them accidentally shot down a passenger jet due to poor design and errors in calculation.

Question 17

Name the 3 fault types:

Answer 17

Responsibility, Liability,Accountability.

Question 18

Responsibility assumes _______ or _______. Focuses on ________. Guilt but ____________.

Answer 18

blame or fault,individuals,no legal punishment.

Question 19

Liability assumes ________ or ________. Focuses on __________. No _________ but __________.

Answer 19

NO blame or fault,groups of people,guilt but sometimes legal punishment.

Question 20

Accountability assumes _________ or _________. Focuses on ________ or _________. Guilt _________.

Answer 20

blame or fault, individuals or groups,and legal punishment.

Question 21

Name the 3 types of privacy:

Answer 21

Accessibility,Decisional, Informational.

Question 22

Accessibility privacy (give example):

Answer 22

speaks to harm that can be caused through physical access to a person or their possessions (i.e. Residence as a private space).

Question 23

Decisional Privacy (give example):

Answer 23

speaks to an individual’s freedom to non-interference. (i.e. Contraception, abortion, other “personal” issues).

Question 24

Informational Privacy (give example):

Answer 24

speaks to harm that can be caused through access to and control over personal information (i.e. personal information as private information)

Question 25

What are 3 ways data privacy can be threatened?

Answer 25

Data mining,Data matching,Data merging.

Question 26

Data Mining is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 26

Combining and comparing data, then identifying non-obvious trends from it. (Good: ? Bad: figuring out if people are away from their homes.)

Question 27

Data Matching is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 27

Comparing data from multiple sources to search for matches or “hits” among those sources. (Good: list of suspects, match name with existing list. Bad: stops people from going to wikileaks)

Question 28

Data Merging is (give example of good/bad):

Answer 28

Combining data from multiple sources to identify individual records or groups of individual records. (Good: Cell phone data for google maps. Bad: two different bobs and one may not have herpes)

Question 29

What is Hacktivism and what do hacktivists seek? (give an example of hacktivism)

Answer 29

Hacktivism is “political hacking”, hacktivists seek to promote their political cause. (i.e. disrupting normal operations of a website or web service but without causing major damages).

Question 30

What is Civil Disobedience?

Answer 30

Civil Disobedience is willingly and actively refusing to obey laws through nonviolent resistance.

Question 31

What are some problems hacktivism creates?

Answer 31

1. compromises personal information2. collateral damage on other websites hosted on the same server.3. financial repercussions.

Question 32

What is CyberTerrorism and who typically performs CyberTerrorism?

Answer 32

Political hacking intended to cause “grave harm”. Typically performed by “non-state actors” to try and intimidate a government or society by fear or force.

Question 33

How to we come to make ethical conclusions, how do we decide what is right or wrong?

Answer 33

1. society influence2. culture3. laws/rules4. religion

Question 34

What’s the problem with how we decide what is right or wrong?

Answer 34

Most of ethical conclusions originated from people, ethnocentrism, cultural differences, and fail to cover everything.

Question 35

What is Deontology?

Answer 35

right is always right, wrong is always wrong, no wiggle room. Values intrinsic values.

Question 36

What is the problem with Deontology?

Answer 36

Allows no wiggle room. Takes away from individual rights.

Question 37

What is Utilitarianism?

Answer 37

Focuses on consequences, if ends justify the means.

Question 38

What is the problem with Utilitarianism?

Answer 38

Can take away individual right, cannot know the consequences.

Question 39

What is social contract theory?

Answer 39

Universally accepted within groups as “good.” Mutual benefit. Negative/positive rights.

Question 40

What is a positive right? (give example)

Answer 40

something that requires somebody to do something, for you to get that right. (i.e. Voting, requires people to set it up. Requires some participation from society)

Question 41

What is a negative right? (give example)

Answer 41

Something that shouldn’t be interfered with. If no one impedes upon the right, the right still exists. (i.e. Free speech, you can say what you want if no one interferes)