midterm 1 Flashcards
define drug
substance used to diagnosed, treat, cure, prevent or mitigate disease
define pharmacy
the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs
define pharmacotherapeutics
use of drugs in the treatment of disease
define toxicology
science dealing with the study of poisons
define pharmacognsoy
study of natural origin of drugs
natural origin of drugs
plant, animal, mineral, bacteria, fungus
synthetic origin of drugs
chemical modification of natural drugs
manufactured entirely from chemical ingredients
bioengineering of drugs is…
Genetic modification of living things to make a drug
phase 1 of research and development
drug administrations to a small group of healthy volunteers
phase 2 of research and development
controlled trials with patients who have conditions to be treated
phase 3 of research and development
drug administered to hundreds to a few thousand patient
phase 4 of research and development
post-marketing surveilance
who approves Rx drugs in Canada
Therapeutic Products Directorate
who is responsible for postmarket safety in Canada
Marketed Health products directorate
Generic name
commonly used to identify drug
more consistent internationally
chemical name
describes chemical structure
proprietary/brand name
assigned by the manufacturer
must avoud look-alike and sound-alike risks
what does the ending -pam mean?
benzodiazepine
-olol ending means what?
Beta Blocker
-Prazole ending means what?
Proton pump inhibitor
-pril ending means what?
ACE inhibitor
-thromycin ending means what?
Macrolide
Pharmaceutical phase
disintegration and dissolution of drug takes place
factors influencing disintegration
particle size
drug solubility
dosage form
route of administration
what affects the choice of drug formulation
chemical properties
human physiology
solid dosage form: Tablets
contain one or more active ingredients plus fillers and binders
repeated actioned tablets
outer layer disintegrates rapidly in stomach, inner layer disintegrates in small intestines
delayed action tablets
slow release of drug to avoid GI upset, improve absorption, or prevent drug destruction in stomach
enteric coated tablets
dissolves in intestines
sustained released and time release tablets
deliver contents over time, usually over 24 hours and only need to be dosed once per day
film coated and sugar coating tablets
makes easier to swallow and improves taste
sublingual and buccal tablets
dissolve in mouth b/c of fast absorption due to blood vessels located in mouth
oral disintegration tablets
similar to sublingual but dissolve rapidly under tongue
troche and lozenge tablets
dissolve in mouth
thin film tablets
applied sublingual, buccal and extended release tablets, dissolves or disintegrates to release drugs
Solid dosage form:capsules
Contain one or more active ingredients plus binders and fillers
Osmotic controlled release capsules
osmotic pressure of water entering capsule pushes out active drug
oral liquids
easy to swallow and work more rapidly than tablets and capsules
suspensions
contain small drug particles, shake well
syrups
high content of sugar
elixirs
contain alcohol, usually between 5 and 40%
tinctures
contain alcohol, between 17% and 80%
emulsions
drug suspended in oil may be dispersed in water and vice versa
Ointments
semi solid preparations containing oily base
creams
semi solid emulsions with high water content
hydrogels
up to 99% water and controlled release delivery
suppositories
solid or semi solid dosage inserted into the body, melt at body temp
Transdermal patch
controlled release devices on the skin
what are the major routes of administration
Oral
Injection
Inhalation
Topical
Define Bioavailability
the fraction of the drug that enters into the systemic circulation
define First-pass effect
the process where the liver metabolizes and only a fraction of the orally administered dose enters the circulation
Define Onset of action
the time it takes a drug to reach necessary concentration
Define Peak effect
the maxium drug effect produced once it has reached its maximum concentration
Define Duration of action
How long the therapeutic effects last
define Absorption
Molecules moving from site of action to systemic circulation
What effects the rate of absorption
pH
Blood flow
Contact time
Tissue thickness
What is passive transport
when drugs diffuse from greater concentration to lesser concentration
What are the 2 types of lipid-soluble drugs?
Lipophilic - lipid loving
Hydrophobic - hates water
What is a Water soluble drug?
Hydrophilic - water loving
What is active transport
drug moves across cell membrane without regard to concentration
What is the pH range for plasma
7.35 to 7.45
Define metabolism
Biochemical process of turning a active drug into a compound
What is the most important metabolic enzyme and where is it found
Cytochrome p450
Liver
Define Metabolite
Product of drug metabolism
Define enzyme
Protein capable of causing chemical reaction
Define biotransformation
Drug metabolizing in the body into a different level of activness
Where is the primary site of biotransformation
Liver
What does the P450 system do
Transformers lipophilic drugs to compounds to be more easily eliminated by the kidneys
What are prodrugs
Meds that are administered in inactive form and are metabolized to be activated
Which diseases reduce metabolism
Hepatitis
Lung disease
Kidney disease
Heart failure
Define eliminations
The removal of the drug from the body
What are the major routes of elimination
Kidney
Lungs
Bowel
Define elimination half life
The time is takes for 50% of the drug to be cleared from the blood stream
How can elimination half life be calculated
T1/2= 0.639/k
Define bio equivalence
The bioavaliabilty of the generic is compared to the brand, if the same they are equivalent
Define pharmaceutical equivalence
Same active ingredients but different dosage form and absorption rate
Define pharmaceuticals alternatives
Same active ingredient different strength and dosage
Define therapeutic alternative
Different active ingredient but have the same effect
Define distribution
Movement of the drug from circulatory system to site of action
Define blood brain barrier
Cells lining the capillaries of the brain form a tight junction which limit passage between the capillaries and brain tissue
Define blood placenta barrier
Limits the access of drugs to the fetus
Internal causes of epilepsy
Birth defects
Infections
Perinatal injury
Malignant tumours
Lead poisoning
Head trauma
External class of epileptic episodes
Metabolic disturbance
Hypoglycaemia
Electrolyte imbalance
Withdrawal
What is not easily identifiable using pharmacology concepts
Radiographic Imaging
What does pharmacology not combine within the studies
Commercial Manufacturing of drugs
Advantage of parenteral route of admin
rapid onset of action
Which topical dosage form produces a systemic effect
Transdermal patches
Which dosage form is frequently used for local effect
Topical but not transdermal
oral
Parenteral
Factors when choosing route of admin
Chemical properties
Human Physiology
Individual factors
What do binders do
Help compress into tablet form
4 phases of pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
3 factors that influence distribution
Drug properties
Binding
Ability to cross natural Barriers
Which drugs used in the treatment of seizure disorders potentiates GABA
Valproic acid
What was the first drug approved the treat seizures
Phenobarbital
which drug is indicated for the treatment of status epilepticus
Diazepam
which drug needs a product label warning of suicidal ideations
Phenytoin
Phenytoin and fosphenytion suppress seizures by binder to receptors….
On voltage dependent sodium channels
which drug has 100% bioavailability when taken orally
valproic acid
what activates or turn off receptors
Agonists
What is able to occupy a receptor site to prevent reaction
Antagonist
does response curve shows
Efficacy and potency
Affinity is…
drugs attraction to the receptor site
therapeutic index
ratio of effective does to lethal dose
