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Pharmacology 1 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define drug

A

substance used to diagnosed, treat, cure, prevent or mitigate disease

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2
Q

define pharmacy

A

the practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs

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3
Q

define pharmacotherapeutics

A

use of drugs in the treatment of disease

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4
Q

define toxicology

A

science dealing with the study of poisons

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5
Q

define pharmacognsoy

A

study of natural origin of drugs

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6
Q

natural origin of drugs

A

plant, animal, mineral, bacteria, fungus

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7
Q

synthetic origin of drugs

A

chemical modification of natural drugs
manufactured entirely from chemical ingredients

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8
Q

bioengineering of drugs is…

A

Genetic modification of living things to make a drug

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9
Q

phase 1 of research and development

A

drug administrations to a small group of healthy volunteers

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10
Q

phase 2 of research and development

A

controlled trials with patients who have conditions to be treated

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11
Q

phase 3 of research and development

A

drug administered to hundreds to a few thousand patient

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12
Q

phase 4 of research and development

A

post-marketing surveilance

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13
Q

who approves Rx drugs in Canada

A

Therapeutic Products Directorate

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14
Q

who is responsible for postmarket safety in Canada

A

Marketed Health products directorate

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15
Q

Generic name

A

commonly used to identify drug
more consistent internationally

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16
Q

chemical name

A

describes chemical structure

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17
Q

proprietary/brand name

A

assigned by the manufacturer
must avoud look-alike and sound-alike risks

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18
Q

what does the ending -pam mean?

A

benzodiazepine

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19
Q

-olol ending means what?

A

Beta Blocker

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20
Q

-Prazole ending means what?

A

Proton pump inhibitor

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21
Q

-pril ending means what?

A

ACE inhibitor

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22
Q

-thromycin ending means what?

A

Macrolide

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23
Q

Pharmaceutical phase

A

disintegration and dissolution of drug takes place

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24
Q

factors influencing disintegration

A

particle size
drug solubility
dosage form
route of administration

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25
Q

what affects the choice of drug formulation

A

chemical properties
human physiology

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26
Q

solid dosage form: Tablets

A

contain one or more active ingredients plus fillers and binders

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27
Q

repeated actioned tablets

A

outer layer disintegrates rapidly in stomach, inner layer disintegrates in small intestines

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28
Q

delayed action tablets

A

slow release of drug to avoid GI upset, improve absorption, or prevent drug destruction in stomach

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29
Q

enteric coated tablets

A

dissolves in intestines

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30
Q

sustained released and time release tablets

A

deliver contents over time, usually over 24 hours and only need to be dosed once per day

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31
Q

film coated and sugar coating tablets

A

makes easier to swallow and improves taste

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32
Q

sublingual and buccal tablets

A

dissolve in mouth b/c of fast absorption due to blood vessels located in mouth

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33
Q

oral disintegration tablets

A

similar to sublingual but dissolve rapidly under tongue

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34
Q

troche and lozenge tablets

A

dissolve in mouth

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35
Q

thin film tablets

A

applied sublingual, buccal and extended release tablets, dissolves or disintegrates to release drugs

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36
Q

Solid dosage form:capsules

A

Contain one or more active ingredients plus binders and fillers

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37
Q

Osmotic controlled release capsules

A

osmotic pressure of water entering capsule pushes out active drug

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38
Q

oral liquids

A

easy to swallow and work more rapidly than tablets and capsules

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39
Q

suspensions

A

contain small drug particles, shake well

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40
Q

syrups

A

high content of sugar

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41
Q

elixirs

A

contain alcohol, usually between 5 and 40%

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42
Q

tinctures

A

contain alcohol, between 17% and 80%

43
Q

emulsions

A

drug suspended in oil may be dispersed in water and vice versa

44
Q

Ointments

A

semi solid preparations containing oily base

45
Q

creams

A

semi solid emulsions with high water content

46
Q

hydrogels

A

up to 99% water and controlled release delivery

47
Q

suppositories

A

solid or semi solid dosage inserted into the body, melt at body temp

48
Q

Transdermal patch

A

controlled release devices on the skin

49
Q

what are the major routes of administration

A

Oral
Injection
Inhalation
Topical

50
Q

Define Bioavailability

A

the fraction of the drug that enters into the systemic circulation

51
Q

define First-pass effect

A

the process where the liver metabolizes and only a fraction of the orally administered dose enters the circulation

52
Q

Define Onset of action

A

the time it takes a drug to reach necessary concentration

53
Q

Define Peak effect

A

the maxium drug effect produced once it has reached its maximum concentration

54
Q

Define Duration of action

A

How long the therapeutic effects last

55
Q

define Absorption

A

Molecules moving from site of action to systemic circulation

56
Q

What effects the rate of absorption

A

pH
Blood flow
Contact time
Tissue thickness

57
Q

What is passive transport

A

when drugs diffuse from greater concentration to lesser concentration

58
Q

What are the 2 types of lipid-soluble drugs?

A

Lipophilic - lipid loving
Hydrophobic - hates water

59
Q

What is a Water soluble drug?

A

Hydrophilic - water loving

60
Q

What is active transport

A

drug moves across cell membrane without regard to concentration

61
Q

What is the pH range for plasma

A

7.35 to 7.45

62
Q

Define metabolism

A

Biochemical process of turning a active drug into a compound

63
Q

What is the most important metabolic enzyme and where is it found

A

Cytochrome p450
Liver

64
Q

Define Metabolite

A

Product of drug metabolism

65
Q

Define enzyme

A

Protein capable of causing chemical reaction

66
Q

Define biotransformation

A

Drug metabolizing in the body into a different level of activness

67
Q

Where is the primary site of biotransformation

A

Liver

68
Q

What does the P450 system do

A

Transformers lipophilic drugs to compounds to be more easily eliminated by the kidneys

69
Q

What are prodrugs

A

Meds that are administered in inactive form and are metabolized to be activated

70
Q

Which diseases reduce metabolism

A

Hepatitis
Lung disease
Kidney disease
Heart failure

71
Q

Define eliminations

A

The removal of the drug from the body

72
Q

What are the major routes of elimination

A

Kidney
Lungs
Bowel

73
Q

Define elimination half life

A

The time is takes for 50% of the drug to be cleared from the blood stream

74
Q

How can elimination half life be calculated

A

T1/2= 0.639/k

75
Q

Define bio equivalence

A

The bioavaliabilty of the generic is compared to the brand, if the same they are equivalent

76
Q

Define pharmaceutical equivalence

A

Same active ingredients but different dosage form and absorption rate

77
Q

Define pharmaceuticals alternatives

A

Same active ingredient different strength and dosage

78
Q

Define therapeutic alternative

A

Different active ingredient but have the same effect

79
Q

Define distribution

A

Movement of the drug from circulatory system to site of action

80
Q

Define blood brain barrier

A

Cells lining the capillaries of the brain form a tight junction which limit passage between the capillaries and brain tissue

81
Q

Define blood placenta barrier

A

Limits the access of drugs to the fetus

82
Q

Internal causes of epilepsy

A

Birth defects
Infections
Perinatal injury
Malignant tumours
Lead poisoning
Head trauma

83
Q

External class of epileptic episodes

A

Metabolic disturbance
Hypoglycaemia
Electrolyte imbalance
Withdrawal

84
Q

What is not easily identifiable using pharmacology concepts

A

Radiographic Imaging

85
Q

What does pharmacology not combine within the studies

A

Commercial Manufacturing of drugs

86
Q

Advantage of parenteral route of admin

A

rapid onset of action

87
Q

Which topical dosage form produces a systemic effect

A

Transdermal patches

88
Q

Which dosage form is frequently used for local effect

A

Topical but not transdermal
oral
Parenteral

89
Q

Factors when choosing route of admin

A

Chemical properties
Human Physiology
Individual factors

90
Q

What do binders do

A

Help compress into tablet form

91
Q

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

92
Q

3 factors that influence distribution

A

Drug properties
Binding
Ability to cross natural Barriers

93
Q

Which drugs used in the treatment of seizure disorders potentiates GABA

A

Valproic acid

94
Q

What was the first drug approved the treat seizures

A

Phenobarbital

95
Q

which drug is indicated for the treatment of status epilepticus

A

Diazepam

96
Q

which drug needs a product label warning of suicidal ideations

A

Phenytoin

97
Q

Phenytoin and fosphenytion suppress seizures by binder to receptors….

A

On voltage dependent sodium channels

98
Q

which drug has 100% bioavailability when taken orally

A

valproic acid

99
Q

what activates or turn off receptors

A

Agonists

100
Q

What is able to occupy a receptor site to prevent reaction

A

Antagonist

101
Q

does response curve shows

A

Efficacy and potency

102
Q

Affinity is…

A

drugs attraction to the receptor site

103
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio of effective does to lethal dose

Pharmacology 1 (2 decks)

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