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vertebrate anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between a homocercal tail and a heterocercal tail?

A

hetero–> two asymmetrical lobes
homo–> equal lobes (produces forward thrust without lift)

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2
Q

Organisms belonging to the phylum Chordata all have what 5 traits at some stage in their life?

A
  1. notochord
  2. pharyngeal gill slit
  3. subpharyngeal organ (endostyle or thyroid gland)
  4. a dorsal tubular nerve cord (hollow)
  5. postanal tail
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3
Q

what is a notochord?

A

hyrdostatic organ that does not compress, supports the body

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4
Q

what are pharyngeal slits?

A
  • aided in feeding & respiration primitive chordates
  • part of the digestive tract
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5
Q

where are the pharyngeal slits?

A

posterior to the mouth

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6
Q

what is the postanal tail?

A

posterior elongation of body past the anus

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7
Q

what is the endostyle?

A

involved in iodine metabolism
- needed to make thyroid hormones

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8
Q

what three things have endostyles?

A
  1. urochordates
  2. cephalochordates
  3. larval lamprey
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9
Q

what have thyroid glands?

A

adult lamprey and all other vertebrates

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10
Q

what do chordates include?

A

all vertbrates along with some primitive sea animals

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11
Q

what do hemichordata have?

A
  1. pharyngeal slits
  2. dorsal nerve chord
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12
Q

what do hemichordates lack?

A
  1. post anal tail
  2. notochord
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13
Q

class ascidiacea

A
  • sac-shaped, enclosed in tunic as adult
  • incurrent/excurrent siphon to capture food particles
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14
Q

cephalochrodata

A

-worm like filter feeders (cilia aid)
- free swimming
-dorsal nerve chord
- pharyngeal gill slits

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15
Q

urochordata

A
  • dorsal nerve chord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
    -post anal tail
  • notochord
  • filter feeders (cilia aid)
  • free swimming
  • only larvae
  • adults sessile
  • adults have a heart no blood vessels
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16
Q

chordata

A
  • dorsal nerve chord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • post anal tail
  • notochord
  • filter feeder (cilia)
  • sexes are separate
    -segmented muscle
  • no heart but blood vessels
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17
Q

evolutionary systematics

A

places organisms in a common category based on similarities in characteristics

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18
Q

radial (body symmetry)

A
  • body laid out equally from a central axis
  • any plane through center divides organism into equal (mirror) parts–> jelly fish
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19
Q

bilateral (body symmetry)

A
  • midsaggital plane divides body into equal parts
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20
Q

frontal plane

A

bilateral body into dorsal and ventral

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21
Q

saggital plane

A

bilateral body into left and right

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22
Q

transverse plane

A

bilateral body into anterior & posterior

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23
Q

anterior

A

cranial/head

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24
Q

posterior

A

caudal/tail

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25
Q

dorsal

A

back

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26
Q

ventral

A

belly/front

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27
Q

medial

A

midline of body

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28
Q

lateral

A

sides of body

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29
Q

distal

A

farthest

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30
Q

proximal

A

closest

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31
Q

pectoral region

A

chest supporting forelimbs

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32
Q

pelvic region

A

hips supporting hindlimbs

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33
Q

rapid reproduction

A

unchecked- members of species naturally increase in numbers

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34
Q

carl linnaeus

A

-systems for grouping and naming animals
- species are fixed and unchanging

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35
Q

theory of evolution darwin vs wallace

A

wallace: “best fitted to their environment lived”
darwin: 1. unchecked 2. competition for declining resources 3. survival of the few

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36
Q

john ray

A
  • grouped/classified based on characteristics
  • modern taxonomy
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37
Q

william paley

A
  • natural theology or evidences of the existence and attributes of the deity collected from the appearance of nature
  • watchmaker analogy but recognized the complexity of design
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38
Q

robert hooke

A
  • once living organisms
  • document changes over time
  • fossils as a historical record
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39
Q

Jean-Baptiste lamarck

A
  • adaptive change
  • inherited by subsequent generations
  • driven by environmental change over long periods of time
  • mixed up physiological characteristics/response
  • a ladder of progress
  • needs –> traits (giraffe neck)
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40
Q

what was wrong with lamarks theory

A
  • no direction
  • do not adapt to achieve an end
  • loss of a trait does not occur because of not needing it
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41
Q

lamarckism

A

the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring –> heritability

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42
Q

thomas malthus

A
  • produce far more offspring than can survive
  • population grows geometrically
  • food supply grows artithmetically
  • unless family size regulated–> decline of humans
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43
Q

Karl Ernst von Baer

A
  • discovered human ovum & oocytes
  • established mammals develop from eggs
  • species were similar went through similar egg development stages
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44
Q

what did karl baer work allow for?

A

the primordial ancestor of a group of related organisms from the early embryose of those organisms

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45
Q

ernest haekel

A

recapitulation

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46
Q

cartilangeous skeleton

A
  • predatory carnivores
  • eat commercially valuable fish
  • destroy fishing nets
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47
Q

branches splitting means?

A

different taxa

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48
Q

what is the bird wing evidence of?

A

reptilian forelimb

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49
Q

homolgy

A

ancestry

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50
Q

analogy

A

function

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51
Q

homoplasy

A

appearance

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52
Q

serial homology

A

similarity b/w successively repeated parts in the same organism

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53
Q

turtle and dolphin forelimbs similarities

A

paddle function–> analogous
common ancesteor–> homologous
superficially simialr–> homoplastic

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54
Q

what were feathers originally for?

A

insulation then modern birds–> flight

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55
Q

phylogenetic relationships

A

graphic representation of evolutionary relationships

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56
Q

ladder like evolution

A

several simultaneous courses of all spp pinnacles within own groups all adapted to their own environment

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57
Q

what are evolutionary processes limited by in terms of explaining form and function?

A

external environment
internal structure

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58
Q

what does morphology include?

A

form and function structural integration of parts with function analysis at level of organism, organsim’s parts, organism’s niche

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59
Q

what are the physical limitations to design?

A

designed favoured by natural selection

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60
Q

does natural selection initiate evolutionary changes?

A

no it acts on choices offered
ex avain wings evolved for flight so they will never be effective for digging

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61
Q

taxonomy

A

the system of classifying plants and animals by grouping them into categories according to their similarities

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62
Q

phylogeny

A

the course of evolutionary change within a related group of organisms

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63
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups

64
Q

cladistics

A

organisms categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a groups most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors

65
Q

dendogram

A

branching diagram that represents the relationships (or history) of a group of organisms

66
Q

how are dendrograms used in computational biology

A

illustrate clustering of genes or samples

67
Q

cladogram

A

shows the cladistic relationship between a number of species

68
Q

phylogram

A

illustrates phylogeny, branches proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change

69
Q

what is the linnaean system of classification?

A

assigns every organism a kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

70
Q

phylogenetic classifications system

A

names only groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestor

71
Q

what are the advantagous of phylogenetic classification?

A
  1. tells you about the organisms evolutionary history
  2. does not “rank” organisms
  3. reassigns names based on ancestral links (clades)
  4. uses biological names doesn’t have to change linnaean names still work
72
Q

taxa

A

group of organisms

73
Q

what do muscles do?

A

shorten by contraction

74
Q

origin

A

where the muscle attaches, the end that doesn’t move

75
Q

insertion

A

where the muscle attaches, the end that moves when the muscle contracts

76
Q

abduct (action)

A

away from midline

77
Q

adduct (action)

A

toward midline

78
Q

flexion (action)

A

reduce angle of joint

79
Q

extension (action)

A

increase angle

80
Q

protraction (action)

A

reduce angle of joint

81
Q

retration (action)

A

move limb back

82
Q

agonist

A

causes the action

83
Q

antagonist

A

resists or causes the counter action

84
Q

tendons and faschia

A

connect muscles to bone

85
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

86
Q

faschia

A

thin casing (sheets) that surround and hold organs, vessels, nerves as well as muscles

87
Q

monophyletic taxon (clade)

A

includes the most recent common ancestor of all those animals and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor

88
Q

paraphyletic taxon

A

includes the most common ancestor does not include descendants of the most common ancestor

89
Q

polyphyletic taxon

A

most common ancestor not included, common ancestor lacks the characteristics of the group
-“unnatural”

90
Q

what are examples of polyphyletic taxon

A

marine mammals, bipedal mammals, flying vertebrates

91
Q

synapomorphy

A

derived or changed character state shared by two or more lineages in a particular clade

92
Q

what are synapomorphies indicators of?

A

common ancestory

93
Q

what is a homology?

A

similar characteristics shared by two different organisms that were inherited by a common ancestor

94
Q

what is an example of a homology?

A

dove–> efficient flyer, ostrich is flightless
both inherited from common ancestor that has wings

95
Q

what are analogies?

A

similar characteristics shared by two different organisms because of convergent evolution

96
Q

what is an example of an analogy?

A

wing of a dove and the wing of a butterfly
- bird and insect lineages evolved wings separately

97
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

when two distinct lineages evolve a similar characteristic

98
Q

why does convergent evolution happen?

A

when both lineages face similar environmental challenges and selective pressures

99
Q

what are homologies of craniates?

A
  • skull - brain case
  • cartilaginous or bony
  • encloses the brain and sense organs
  • smell, sight and hearing
  • olfactory, single then becomes paired
  • photoreception, paired lateral outgrowths
  • become more complex (lense, muscles, eyelids)
  • acoustic/mechanoreception (hearing, balancing, perception)
100
Q

what are homologies-synap of craniates?

A
  • skull - brain case
  • cartilaginous or bony
  • encloses the brain and sense organs
  • smell, sight and hearing
  • olfactory, single then becomes paired
  • photoreception, paired lateral outgrowths
  • become more complex (lense, muscles, eyelids)
  • acoustic/mechanoreception (hearing, balancing, perception)
101
Q

what are homolgies-synapmorphies of vertebrates?

A

-series of bone or cartilage blocks firmly joined together
- replaces the notochord as the main structural support

102
Q

homologies- synpomorphies of jawed vertebrates

A

jaws , filter feeding, raptorial feeding (predatory)

103
Q

what is the cranium derived from in craniates?

A

neural crest cells: cluster of tissue in embryo

104
Q

craniate synapomorphies: a head

A

mouth, gills, pharynx, sense organs

105
Q

craniate synapomorphies: complex sense organ

A

paired (except in lamprey), nose, eyes, ears, taste (gustatory), lateral line and electroreceptive system

106
Q

craniate synapomorphies: tripartite brain

A

process all the info being collected
fore- takes info from the olfactory system
mid- info from eyes and ears
hind- links to dorsal cord and also process inputs digestive, auditory, electroreception

107
Q

craniate synapomorphies: complex organ system

A

control and regulation

108
Q

craniate synapomorphies: muscularization of the all of the gut

A

differentiated digestive organs

109
Q

craniate synapomorphies: gills

A

improved gas transfer

110
Q

craniate synapomorphies: hemoglobin

A

improves the efficiency of oxygen transfer

111
Q

craniate synapomorphies: braincase

A

protection- bone is made of connective tissue strengthened with Ca phosphate

112
Q

what pharyngeal modificatiosn were there in craniates? (4)

A
  1. gill arches –> developed from wall of pharynx
  2. gill arches –> became vascularized and are innervated w neurons
  3. specialized muscle develo
  4. anterior gill arch evolved to form jaw
113
Q

what is the subphylum vertebrate defined by?

A

the vertebral column replacing notochord during embryonic development

114
Q

8 classes of vertebrate

A
  1. fish (bony, cartilagenous, jawless)
  2. amphibia
  3. reptiles
  4. birds
  5. mammals
115
Q

what is the vertebral colum?

A

series of separate bones or cartilage blocks (backbone)

116
Q

what are intervertebral bodies?

A

cartilage or fibrous pads that separate vertebrae

117
Q

what is the structure of the vertebral column?

A

centrum, notochord becomes integrated with neural and hemal arch (with spines)

118
Q

what is the purpose of jaws

A

capture, bite, crush prey

119
Q

what are the purposes of paired fins?

A

stability and control

120
Q

what did the presence of paired fins lead to ?

A

new habitats, breeding sites, resource exploitation, predator avoidance

121
Q

what did jaws evolve from?

A

anterior pharyngeal arches

122
Q

what group has jaws?

A

gnathostomes

123
Q

how do agnathans feed?

A

-muscular pumping
- “mud grabbers” deposit feeders
- less limitation in size

124
Q

how did prevertebrates feed?

A

cilia to produce feeding currents

125
Q

what is filter feeding?

A
  • encircling band of muscle: squeeze water
  • cartilage replaced collagen of pharyngeal bars: spring back to original shape after contraction
  • like filter feeders but pump rather than use cilia
126
Q

how do gnathostomes feed?

A
  • raptorial feeding: pluck individual particles from benthos or suspensions
127
Q

what did the switch in feeding methods with gnathostomes allow for?

A
  1. forecefull expansion of pharyngeal pump: sucking motion
  2. development of jaw, prevent prey escape
  3. increased predation= increased size
128
Q

in later jawed fishes what were the jaws supported by?

A

hyomanidbular bones

129
Q

where were teeth derived from?

A

dermal scales or plates

130
Q

what are the three believed origins of the jaws?

A
  1. hypothetical jawless condition
  2. mandibular arch functions as jaws
  3. jaws associated with braincase
131
Q

what are conodots?

A

filter feeding with teeth but no jaws

132
Q

what do ostracoderms have? (7)

A
  • plates of bony armour (head sheilds)
  • no jaws
  • cartilagenous skeleton
  • cellular bone
  • fins (not paired)
  • muscularized pharynx
  • sense organs
133
Q

what do accelular or aspidine bones lack?

A

lack enclosed bone cells (typical or early vertebrates)

134
Q

what are cellular bones?

A
  • cells within the bone matrix (typical of modern vertebrates)
135
Q

what do placoderms have?

A
  • skin
  • bony armour of fused plates (external)
  • jaws but no teeth
  • thorax of bone
  • paired pectoral and pelvic fins
  • notochord w neural and hemal arches
  • most benthic, some open water predators
136
Q

what type of feeders are ammocoete?

A

suspension feeders

137
Q

what features do petromyzontiformes have?

A
  • rasping tongue
  • lack bone
  • all spawn in FW
  • mouth clings to the bottom/prey
    -parasitic forms
138
Q

aplacental viviparity (length, maturity time male and female, nunber of pups)

A
  • longest gestation of any vertebrates
  • 18-24 months
  • males reach maturity at 11 yr
  • females 19-20 y
  • 2-11 pups
139
Q

what is fusiform?

A
  • flattened head, torpedo shaoed, posteriorly tapered
140
Q

how many gills do sharks have?

A

5 linked w pharynx

141
Q

what is the lateral line?

A

series of small openings from head to tail

142
Q

what does the lateral line do?

A

senses vibration, pressure changes

143
Q

what are the two parts of the nostril

A
  1. incurrent opening
  2. excurrent opening
144
Q

what do endolymphatic pores do?

A

help with balance and orientation

145
Q

what are the endolymphatic pores attaches to?

A

ducts that extend from the inner ear

146
Q

what are the ampullae of lorenzini?

A

tiny pores in the skin on the head arean (thermoreceptors/electroreceptors)

147
Q

what are the ampullae of lorenzini responsible for?

A

specialized sensory functions

148
Q

what are placoid scaled made of?

A

dentine/enamel

149
Q

what is the purpose of the tooth like structure on shark skin?

A
  1. to decrease friction
  2. protection
150
Q

ray & skate features

A
  1. dorsoventrally flattened fish
  2. large spiracles
  3. 5 pairs of gill slides
  4. enlarged pectoral fins - attach to head and body
  5. elasmobranches
151
Q

example of rays

A

pristiformes, myliobatiformes, and torpediniformes

152
Q

skates have what?

A
  • oviparous egg laying (mermaids purse)
  • dorsal fin
  • fleshy tail (small fins)
  • no spines
  • thorny projections
  • small teeth
153
Q

rays have/are what?

A
  • viviparous (live bearing)
  • dorsal fin (reduced or absent)
  • thin tail with barbs/spines
  • plate like teeth- crush prey
  • larger than skates
154
Q

do chimeras have a stomach?

A

no

155
Q

what shape are the jaws in chimeras (ghost fish)

A

aberrant shaped

156
Q

what are the gills covered by in chimeras ?

A

operculum

vertebrate anatomy (5 decks)

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