Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

vertebrate anatomy > March 2-7th > Flashcards

March 2-7th Flashcards

1
Q

water to land transition (13)

A
  • lungs
  • limbs with digits
  • pulmonary vein
  • expanded pectoral and pelvic girdle
  • ventrally oriented ribs that eventually surrounded lungs
  • flattened skull with eyes on top of the head
  • spinal column strengthened
  • cervical vertebrae (neck) so head moves independetly from body
  • development of choanae
  • jaw modifications to change from sucking methods
  • operculum and gills lost
  • caudal fin reduced, lateral line lost
  • sensory, physiological and behavioural changes
  • —-vision, hearing, gas exchange, water balance, navigation, movement, reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

amphibian characteristics (6)

A
  • moist environments
  • lay eggs in water
  • hatch to an aquatic juvenile phase
  • undergo metamorphosis to adult form
  • think skin (mucus glands, cutaneous respiration in some)
  • breath using buccal force pump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

air intake steps in frogs (buccal pump)

A
  1. glottis closed and the floor of the cavity lowered, Air enters pocket of buccal cavity
  2. glottis opens, lung volume is reduced, air forces out of the lungs and out of the mouth and nares
  3. mouth and nares close, floor of buccal cavity rises, air is pushed into lungs
  4. glottis closes, gas exchange occurs in lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an amnion?

A

a sack like membrane that holds the developing embryo in a compartment of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an amniote?

A

a vertebrate whose embryo is wrapped in an amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what have amniote?

A

reptiles, birds and mammals
- amnionic egg with a tough outer shell
- internal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is anamniote?

A

no amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • watertight, will not dry
  • chorion (gas exchange), allantois (waste repository), yolk sac (nutrients) and amnion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is dry skin?

A

layers of scales that help prevent moisture loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thoracic breathing

A
  • create a negative pressure
  • breathing capacity improved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are osteostracans? what do they have?

A

the earliest known vertebrates
- bony plates–> dermal armour
- basis for evolutionary development and diversification of integument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

placoderms

A
  • armour broke into smaller unit (denticulated cosmoid scales)
  • evolution of teeth from scales in mouth (allowed lifestyle, habitat diversification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is integument?

A

the largest organ with many varied structures including the skin, hair & associated glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the functions of the integument?

A
  • interface between organism & development
  • sense organ
  • some organisms: gas, water & ion exchange, nourish young, vitamin D synthesis, blood pressure regulation
  • structural role: helps to hold shape
  • protection - injury, barrier to pathogen
  • gathers and dissipates heat
  • defense
  • communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the three layers of the integument from inner to outer?

A
  1. hypodermis
  2. dermis
  3. epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

integument similarities of epidermis across vertebrates

A
  • outer layer
  • develops embryonically from ectoderm
  • rests on basal lamina
  • is over top of the dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in many fishes and amphibians what are the similarities across vertebrates in terms of epidermis?

A

-mucus to moisten skin surface
- prevents skin from drying out & prevents bacterial infection
- ensure laminar flow of H2O across surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the epidermis produce?

A

hair, feathers, baleen, claws, nails, horns, beaks, some scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the scale formation of the epidermis?

A

folds in integument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the epidermis made of in terrestrial vertebrates?

A

keratin –> stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is keratin thicker?

A

in regions of lots of contact (feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the three epidermal layers

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. stratum germinativum
  3. other epidermal layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

basal lamina

A
  • non-celllar, extracellular matrix of collagen, proteoglycans etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stratum germinativum

A
  • cuboidal cells that divide
  • epidermal layer on top
25
Q

other epidermal layers (to surface)

A
  • towards surface, outer layer can be keratinized or cornified–> stratum corneum
26
Q

what do the other epidermal layers (to surface) arise from?

A

s.germinativum

27
Q

how does keratinisation occur?

A

from friction, abrasion

28
Q

what is keratinisation of the oral cavity due to?

A

abrasive/sharp food

29
Q

does keratinisation occur in fish and aquatic animals

A

no

30
Q

where is the dermis located?

A

under the epidermis

31
Q

what does the dermis contain?

A
  • connective tissue, mostly collagen with eslastin woven into layers (plies)
32
Q

what is thicker the dermis or epidermis and why?

A

dermis because it is mature skin with two layers: stratum laxum and stratum compactum

33
Q

what might the dermis als contain?

A

macrophages, chromatophores- neural origin, pigment cells, nerve endings & sense organs, blood vessels

34
Q

what brings blood vessels close to the body surface?

A

dermal papillae

35
Q

in fishes and aquatic animals how is dermis arranged?

A

orderly plies: form stratum compactum, elastic nature

36
Q

in terrestrial vertebrates how is dermis arranged?

A
  • more irregular arrangement
  • rely on limbs, less on trunk
37
Q

where is the hypodermis located?

A
  • between dermis and muscle layers
  • between skin and deep body musculature
38
Q

what is the hypodermis made out of?

A

loose connective and adipose tissue

39
Q

what did the interaction between the epidermis and dermis give rise to?

A

specialization and derivations

40
Q

what skin appendages did the interaction between epidermis and dermis give rise to?

A
  • hair & fur
  • feathers
  • teeth
  • scales
  • nails and claws
  • mammary glands
  • sweat glands
41
Q

fish integument

A
  • covered by mucus
    ——secreted by glands in the skin
    ——-important bc it inhibits entrance of pathogens (parasites), slight antibacterial action, and reduces friction when swimming
  • epidermis alive and active on body surface (no layer of dead, keratinized cells)
  • scales of dermal origin
42
Q

what are the two types of epidermis cells in fish integument?

A

-club cell
- granular cell
- goblet cell
- sacciform cell

43
Q

dermis in fish integument

A
  • collagen
  • may be elastic
  • dermal bone
  • scale surface often covered by enamel & deeper layer of dentin
44
Q

bony fish dermis

A
  • 2 layers
  • loose connective tissue & dense fibrous connective tissue
  • chromatophores
45
Q

bony fish epidermis

A
  • basal layer of cells
  • above- stratified epidermal cells
46
Q

spines

A
  • enlargement of single scale
  • no joints
  • often have poison glands associated with spine
47
Q

what are photophores?

A

light generating glands

48
Q

two types of photophores?

A
  1. secretions nourish bacteria
  2. chemical reactions to produce light
49
Q

what are some examples of bacterial photophores?

A

fish, few squid, pyrosoma (tunicate)

50
Q

how do bacterial photophores work?

A

in specialized organs, providing nutrients potentially continuous luminescence

51
Q

examples of fish that have bacterial photophores?

A

anglerfish, pinecone fish, lantern eyes/flashlightfish, ponyfishes/slipmouths, and ichthyococcus

52
Q

how do fishes control bioluminescence?

A
  • they have a lid that covers the organ
  • rotation of organ
  • vascular control: control blood supply to light organ (o2 decreases light intensity decreases)
53
Q

bioluminescence in splitfin flashlightfish

A
  • suborbital light organ
    ——-cavity under the eye
54
Q

how does the suborbital light organ work in flashlightfish?

A

symbiotic bacteria produce bluish light enhanced by a reflective inside surface (blink up to 90 times per min)

55
Q

photoblepheron (flashlight fish)

A

lid slides up to cover organ when not being used

56
Q

anomalops (flashlight fish)

A

rotate the photophore

57
Q

phathanophaneron (flashlight fish)

A

combination–> rotates and slides up over the organ

58
Q

what are the purposes of the suborbital light organ

A
  1. light assist in predation (see or attract prey)
  2. avoid predatory fishes (blink-and-run pattern)
  3. intraspecific communication (schooling, territorial, courtship behaviours, reproductive advantage, species recognition)

vertebrate anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions