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psych101 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Hippocrates and what was his influence?

A

Ancient Greece physician who developed the world’s first personality classification scheme.

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2
Q

Socrates & Plato

A

Mind and body are connected
knowledge is acquired though experience
mind as a “blank slate” (tabula rasa - john locke)

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3
Q

Avicenna (980-1037 CE)

A

Human intellect at birth is a blank sheet
Knowledge comes from empirical familiarity with objects in this world

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4
Q

Ibn Tafail (1105-1185 CE)

A

Demonstrated this idea through an allegorical tale in his book Hay ibn Yaqzan
Influenced john lockes later formula of tabula rasa

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5
Q

The mind body problem

A

John locke: proposed that the mind and the body could be made of the same substance
james mill: proposed that the mind may be entirely physical, and therefore follow laws

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6
Q

Who was Charles Darwin and what was his influence?

A

Darwin developed the theory of natural selection - the genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population.

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7
Q

Wilhelm wundt and edward bradford titchener

A
  • structuralism
  • examined the induvidual structures of the mind through introspection
  • report thoroughly on your experiences
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8
Q

william james

A
  • functionalism
  • focus on how mental and behavioural processes function
  • what purpose do the activities of the mind serve? how can this help us survive as a species
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9
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

Believed that hereditary (genetics) could explain the physical and psychological difference found in population.

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10
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Salivating puppies - observation led to research of mechanisms of learning.

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11
Q

John B. Watson

A

Believed all behaviour could ultimately be explained through conditioning.

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12
Q

What was B. F. Skinner’s view?

A

Radical behaviourism - how an organism responded to rewards and punishments

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13
Q

Who was Donald Hebb, and what theory did he develop?

A

Hebb was a Canadian neuroscientist who examined how cells in the brain change over the course of learning. He developed Hebb’s law - memory is related to activity occurring at the cellular level.

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14
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of heredity; responsible for guiding the process of creating proteins that make up our physical structures and regulate development & psychological processes

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15
Q

Genes are composed of DNA, which is what?

A

A molecule that contains 4 nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine) - each gene is a unique combination of these 4 which represent the code used to create the thousands of proteins in the body.

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16
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

Genotype - the genetic makeup of an organism (unique set of genes that comprise the individual’s genetic code)
Phenotype - the resulting physical traits & behavioural characteristics that show genetic variation

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17
Q

All the cells in our body contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are?

A

Structures in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all the genes an individual inherits.

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18
Q

Behavioural genomics

A

refers to the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behaviour

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19
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

the complementary field of behavioural genomics that refers to the study of how genes and the environment influence behaviour

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20
Q

What term refers to a statistic (between 0 & 1) that represents the degree to which genetic differences between individuals contribute to individual differences in a behaviour found in a population?

A

Heritability - 0 means genes don’t contribute to individual differences in a trait; 1.0 means genes account for all individual differences in a trait.

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21
Q

Epignetics

A

study of changes in gene expression that occur as a result of experience and that do not alter the genetic code

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22
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR)

A

refers to the technique that allows genetic material to be removed, added, or altered in specific locations of the genome

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23
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and how does it help research?

A

A procedure in which an electromagnetic pulse is delivered to a targeted region of the brain. Results in a temporary disruption of brain activity allowing researchers to investigate a number cognitive processes.

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24
Q

What is structural neuroimaging, and how is it useful?

A

Type of brain scanning that produces images of the different structures of the brain. Used to measure the size of different brain areas and to determine whether any brain injury has occurred.

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of structural neuroimaging?

A
  1. Computerized tomography (CT scan)
  2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  3. Tensor imaging (DTI)
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26
Q

What is functional neuroimaging, and how is it useful?

A

Type of brain scanning that provides info about which areas of the brain are active when a person performs a particular behaviour.

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27
Q

What are the types of functional neuroimaging?

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - for temporal resolution
  2. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - measure magnetic activity associated with cells firing
  3. Positron emission tomography (PET) - show activity of the whole brain
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28
Q

What are operational definitions? E.g.?

A

A clear statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. Variable: Express anger -> Op. def: punch a punching bag

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29
Q

What are descriptive approaches?

A

Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation that describe behaviour but don’t explain it.

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30
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Measuring the degree to which two variables co-occur or predict one another. E.g. Number of hours of sleep and number of arguments with romantic partner

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31
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

If it’s a positive relationship the +/- will tell you that, and the number will tell you the strength. r = 1.0 (the perfect positive relationship); r = 0.0 (scattered); r = -1.0 (the perfect negative relationship)

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32
Q

Experimental research

A

A means of determining the cause of events. If we think one variable causes changes in another, we manipulate that variable (independent variable IV) to determine its effects on the (dependent variable DV).

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33
Q

What is a drug?

A

Exogenous substance, not necessary for normal function, which alters the functions of cells. Can cause changes in physiology and behaviour.

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34
Q

AGONIST

A

Drugs increase or mimic effects of neurotransmitter at synapses

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35
Q

ANTAGONIST

A

Drugs block or inhibit effect of neurotransmitter at synapses

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36
Q

Part of the nervous system: The brain and spinal chord

A

Central

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37
Q

Part of the nervous system: Transmits info between brain & rest of body

A

Peripheral

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38
Q

Part of the nervous system: Interprets and stores info, communicates with muscles, glands, & organs

A

Brain

39
Q

Part of the nervous system: Pathway connecting brain and peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal chord

40
Q

Part of the nervous system: Transmits sensory info, controls movement of the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

41
Q

Part of the nervous system: Regulates activity of the organs, glands, & other physiological processes

A

Autonomic

42
Q

Part of the nervous system: Prepares body to react, expend energy in times of stress

A

Sympathetic

43
Q

Part of the nervous system: Maintains body functions; conserves resources

A

Parasympathetic

44
Q

Which part of the brain consists of the brainstem, medulla, and cerebellum?

A

Hindbrain

45
Q

Which part of the brain consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, hippocampus, and amygdala?

A

Midbrain

46
Q

Frontal lobe

A

planning, inhibition, personality, movement

47
Q

Temporal lobe

A

speech production & language, auditory cortex, facial recognition

48
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Language impairment due to damage to left temporal lobe. Result is an inability to speak and/or understand what others say

49
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial attention and spatial sense

50
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

Attention impairment due to damage to right parietal lobe. Result is they can’t recognize that there’s stuff that exists in their left visual lobe

51
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision and detecting shape, colour, movement, etc.

52
Q

What describes lateralization of function?

A

Functions are performed by distinct regions of the brain
Right: Language
Left: Spatial ability

53
Q

what are the different components of the neuron

A
  1. cell body (soma)
  2. Dendrites - listeners
  3. Axon - speakers
  4. terminal buttons
54
Q

what are the different types of neurons

A
  1. motor neurons: send messages out to body’s tissues from the brain
  2. interneuron: communicate with each other within brain and spinal cord
  3. sensory neuron: carry messages from sensory organs and tissues to brain and spinal cord
55
Q

what is resting potential

A

inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside (polarized)

56
Q

what is action potential

A

a shift in electrical charge, starting at the base of the axon, and traveling down its length

57
Q

how does neural communication occur?

A
  1. inside of cell is negative so positive ions want to rush in when they can
  2. action potential begins when cell reaches threshold of excitation
  3. sodium channel opens and positively charged sodium ions rush into the cell
  4. sodium channels close, and potassium channels open and potassium exits which brings charge back to resting potential
  5. potassium channels close after loosing too many positively charged ions and reset to prepare for next action potential
    !!! ACTION POTENTIALS ARE “ALL OR NONE”
58
Q

what is myelin and why is it important

A
  • fatty myelin sheath is wrapped around each neurons axon
  • only allows action potentials to occur at the unmyelinated nodes of ranveir
  • signal jumps from one node to the next, allowing for faster transmission
  • saltatory conduction
59
Q

describe MS, symptoms, treatment, and connection to myelin

A
  • causes the hardening of myelin insulation
  • more likely if you live further from equator, an identical twin, a woman
  • causes vision loss, reduced balance, motor control issues, tiredness, numbness and tingling
  • no cure but to focus on treatment of symptoms
60
Q

what are synapses

A

gaps between neurons

61
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released after an action potential that travel across this gap (synapses)
- they are uniquely shaped
- can only bind to certain receiving dendrites
- can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on receiving neuron
– remaining neurotransmitters in the synapse is reabsorbed by the sending neuron

62
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potential reaches axon terminal
  2. Calcium channels open
  3. Ca2+ causes vesticals to release neurotrasmitter
  4. NT crosses synapse
  5. NT binds to neuroreceptors
  6. Trigger signal in post-synaptic neuron
63
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory NT, linked to forming memories, excessive glutamate implicated in triggering seizures

64
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory NT, facilitates sleep, reduces arousal - epilepsy meds increase action of GABA

65
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

found at the neuromuscular junction: controls movement, role in attention and memory

66
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

affects moods, hunger, sleep etc., serotonin levels may be linked to depression, prozac raises serotonin

67
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

involved in mood, movement, reward, learning, abnormal levels in schizophrenia, ADHD, and Parkinson’s

68
Q

transduction

A

translation of physical energy from the environment to neural signals

69
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation necessary to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

70
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected 50% of the time

71
Q

weber’s law

A

its not about the amount of a stimulus that is added or taken away but its about the PROPORTION
in order to notice a difference the two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion

72
Q

bottom-up processing

A

taking individual bits of sensory info and using them to construct a perception

73
Q

top-down processing

A

perceptions that are influenced by our expectations or prior knowledge

74
Q

McGurk effect

A

what we see can influence what we (think) we hear
when the see something that doesn’t align with what we hear, it changes our perception of the sound

75
Q

parts of the visual system

A

cornea
pupil
lens
retina
brain

76
Q

the retina

A

contains photoreceptors at the very back of the eye that convert the light into neural impulses

77
Q

how is visual information processed in the brain

A

information crosses from the left and the right side to the opposite side at the optic chiasm

78
Q

dorsal visual system

A

eye and head movements, reaching movements, other simple behaviours

79
Q

ventral visual system

A

speech and thinking in words, consciousness, other simple complex behaviours

80
Q

gestalt psychology

A

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
○ Proximity : automatically grouping together
○ Similarity: automatically grouping together things that are similar
○ Continuity: automatically grouping together things that form a continuous line
○ Closure: we look for whole objects and fill in the gaps that aren’t there

81
Q

monocular cues

A

○ Relative size
○ Interposition
○ Elevation
○ Relative motion
○ Linear perspective

82
Q

binocular views

A

result from seeing with both eyes
- retinal disparity: objects closer to the face appear at increasingly different locations on your retinas (ie. ames room)

83
Q

What function does the cornea have?

A

Focusing so that we can see clearly (bends lights to allow it to come into focus)

84
Q

What function does the lens have?

A

Does refinement of focusing (bends light)

85
Q

What function does the retina have?

A

Contains photo receptors that convert the light into neural impulses

86
Q

Rods v. cones

A

Rods: high sensitivity to light (low acuity), analyze info in periphery (black/white vision);
Cones: low sensitivity to light (high acuity), analyze info in the fovea (colour vision)

87
Q

Dark adaptation

A

when we’ve been exposed to a lot of light, our photoreceptors become depleted, cones regenerate faster than rods, so initially our cones are working which don’t allow us to see in the dark, & our rods take a second to activate

88
Q

Interposition (or occlusion)

A

If one object blocks the view of another it’s perceived as closer

89
Q

Elevation

A

Items that are higher in the visual field are perceived as being further away

90
Q

Relative motion

A

Movement direction – objects in front of fixation point seem to move backwards, vice versa;
Movement speed – close objects move fast, vice versa

91
Q

Linear Perspective

A

The more lines converge, the greater the perceived distance

92
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Greater the disparity between the eyes, that impacts our perception of how close or far away that object is

93
Q

Visual Agnosia & Prosopagnosia

A

The case od Dr. P: Visual agnosia – Impairment of recognition of visually presented objects;
Prosopagnosia – inability to recognize human faces

psych101 (4 decks)

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