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ANS 121 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a trait?

A

any observable characteristic of an individual

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2
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

observed category of measured level of performance for a trait in an individual ex. red coat color

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3
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of individual, constists of mom and dad contribution for everytrait

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4
Q

crossbreeding

A

mating animals from different breeds

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5
Q

heterosis

A

superiority of an outbred individual related to the average performance of populations (hybrid offpsring has imporved traits)

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6
Q

inbreeding

A

mating of closely related individuals

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7
Q

pure breeding

A

mating individual within the same breed- maintain bloodlines and pedigrees

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8
Q

*dominance

A

heterozygote is identical to expression of homozygous genotype
- pheonotypically no difference
-prone to genetic disease

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9
Q

*partial dominance

A

heterozygote is intermediate to expressions of homozygous genotypes, more closely resembles expression of homozygous dom. genotype

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10
Q

*no dominance

A

heterozygote is exactly midway between expressions of homozygous genotypes

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11
Q

enviornment effects

A

external effect factors (non-genetic) have on an animals performance

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12
Q

relationship with each other

A

phenotype= genotype+enviornment

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13
Q

homozygous

A

when both genes at a locus are functionally the same (AA or aa)

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14
Q

heterozygous

A

when both genes are at a locus are functionally different (Aa)

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15
Q

Gene

A

physical unit of heredity consisting of DNA sequence on chromosome

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16
Q

DNA

A

heredity material in humans and all other organisms

17
Q

chromosome

A

long strand of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of a cell

18
Q

locus

A

location of gene on chromosome

19
Q

allele

A

alternative form of gene, must be functionally different
-upper letter = most dom and listed first

20
Q

mitosis

A

creates exact copy of parent cells
- starts and ends w same # of chromosomes

21
Q

meosis

A

occurs in reproductive/germ cells (ovary and testies) leads to formation of Haploid cells

22
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

meiosis has 2 divisions (meiosis 1 and 2)

23
Q

prophase 1 (meiosis 1)

A

crossing over- physical exchange of chromosome pieces
- each daughter cell contains 1 pair of sister chromatids

24
Q

meiosis II

A
  • no crossing over
    -4 haploid spermatids
    -genetically haploid
25
Q

mitosis

A
  • 2 cells
    -both memebers of each pair of chromosomes
    -genetically diploid
26
Q

Rule #1 probability

A

probability of 2 independent events occuring together is the product of the probability of their individual occurences (RrxRr = 50% of “R” offspring)

27
Q

Rule #2 probability

A

Probability of one or the other of 2 mutually exclusive events occurring is = to the sum of the probabilities of their occurrences

28
Q

geno vs pheno ratios

A

G= 1:2:1
P= 3:1

29
Q

Dominance

A

Interaction between alleles and a single locus, allele with greater effect is dominant

30
Q

epistasis

A

interaction among gene at different loci, the allele present at one or more loci

31
Q

sex-linked

A

pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes
differs from mendelian pattern
-lack corresponding regions of DNA

32
Q

sex limited inheritance

A

phenotypic expression is limited to 1 sex
- milk production in female cows
-hormonally conditioned
-most are autosomal

33
Q

sex-influenced inheritance

A

modes of gene expression differ between males and females
-allele may be dominant in male and rec. in female
-can show up in both, but one more frequent in one sex

34
Q

law of segregation

A

seperation of paired gene during gamete formation=meiosis
- gametes contain half the #of chromosomes and genes than normal body cells (somatic)

35
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Independent segregation of genes at different loci
-all combos are possible
-crossing over
-ensures genetic variability
-cant predict what combo of genes will be present= why siblings dont look alike

36
Q

marker assisted selection

A

selection for specific alleles using genetic markers
-closely linked to loci of interest
-visual phenotype

37
Q

gene transfer

A

transplantation of specific genes from one individual to another using lab techniques

ANS 121 (3 decks)

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