Midterm 1

Question 1

What is the Mohindra technique? How do you perform it?

Answer 1

Mohindra technique is a near retinoscopy technique to assess a distance refractive error.

-Use dark room
-infant fixates on retinoscope light
-Neutralize with skiaskopy bars
-Subtract 1.25 Diopters from the final result. DO NOT SUBTRACT WORKING DISTANCE

Question 2

What are structural changes happen to the crystalline lens as we age?

Answer 2

Adds layers to the lens but flattens.

Question 3

How does the power change of the cornea as we age into adulthood?

Answer 3

The power gets smaller.
Childs power of the cornea is 49D and decreases.

Question 4

What does larsen mean?

Answer 4

Means the eye is changing and lens is thinning until about the age of 3-4 years old.

Question 5

What does 15/16 mean when doing bell retinoscopy? How do you find how much the patient is accommodating?

Answer 5

Means first “with-to-against” motion was at 15 cm and “Against-to-with” was at 17 cm.

Take their blur point distance,find diopters, and subract wokring distance (2D) from their results.

Question 6

What is an objective correlate of FCC?

Answer 6

Monocular Estimate Method
Doctor dips retinoscope in front of patiens eye 1/5 of second to avoid accommodation. Doctor Guesses their lag or lead.

Question 7

What test measures amount of accommodation at near?

Answer 7

Minus lens procedure ( PRA)

Question 8

How to find patient’s average amplitude for age? (Hofstetter’s average amp)

Answer 8

18.5 - 1/3(age)

Question 9

How do you find patient’s minimum amplitude?

Answer 9

15 - 1/4(age)

Question 10

Swedish study equation to find amp

Answer 10

(15-1/4(age)) - 2

Question 11

What are the z score elements (4)

Answer 11

Vertical
Horizontal time - adjusted time +timex 80/ (80- ommissions +additions)
Errors
Ration - horizontal adjusted time / vertical adjusted

Question 12

Z score equation

Answer 12

actual mean/ standard deviation

Question 13

According to Banks, when does accommodation mature?

Answer 13

Able to accommodate starting at 1 month and is able to completely accommodate at 3 months.

Question 14

When does an accurate response of accommodation occur?

Answer 14

2-3 months

Question 15

How do you test accommodation on infants/toddlers/ preschoolers/school-aged kids?

Answer 15

Near retinoscopy

Question 16

How do you test accommodation from school aged kids and beyond?

Answer 16

Near point of accommodation

Question 17

When testing pursuits by doing the NSUCO test, what are the directions you follow in order?

Answer 17

Horizontal
Vertical
Diagonals
Circles
z-axis
stop/start
speed change

Question 18

When do saccades become adult like?

Answer 18

13 months.

Question 19

Do we pay more attention to saccades or pursuits?

Answer 19

saccades

Question 20

What paper tests can you do to test saccades?

Answer 20

Development Eye Movement
King Devik

Question 21

What does the 4 dot procedure measure?

Answer 21

stereo

Question 22

If patient sees 2 red dots on 4 dot test, what would the patient be doing?

Answer 22

OS supression

Question 23

If patient sees 3 green dots on 4 dot test, what would the patient be doing?

Answer 23

OD supression

Question 24

What stereo test does not require stereo or red green glasses?

Answer 24

Lang test

Question 25

What is a stereo test for infants that we can use?

Answer 25

FBAT, uses red/green glasses.

Question 26

What is the benefit of using HOTV VA testing?

Answer 26

No directional confusion. Can give matching cards to help kids (4 or 5yrs)

Question 27

What does the patterned reversed VEP test?

Answer 27

Detects minor visual pathway abnormalities

Question 28

When a 1-2 year old infant does OKN drum, what direction will they show a response in?

Answer 28

temporal to nasal

Question 29

When does an infant have symmetrical response to OKN?

Answer 29

At 3-5 months

Question 30

When doing OKN drum, when do you have a smooth pursuit? When do you have a fast pursuit?

Answer 30

Slow pursuit in direction of the roation.
Fast pursuit in the opposite direction.

Question 31

What is the OKN drum dominated by?

Answer 31

Peripheral retina

Question 32

What is the best VA test for infants?

Answer 32

Teller Acuity Cards II (TACII)
Spatial frequency gratings and gray scale

Question 33

What does APGAR stand for? What is a normal rating, what is a low grade?

Answer 33

Appearacne
Pulse
Grimace
Muscle Tone
Respiration

Normal: Greater or equal to 7
Critically Low: less than 3

Question 34

refraction of full turm newborn babies

Answer 34

+2.0D

Question 35

What does the gold standard school screening test? What is it called?

Answer 35

Distance VA
Cover Test
Retinoscopy
Gross assessment of ocular health

Modified Clinical Technique (MCT)