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ANSC 1210 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ethics (3 definitions)

A
  1. discipline dealing w what is good and bad w moral duty and obligation
  2. a set of moral principles: theory/system of moral values
  3. a set of moral issues or aspects.
    to put it simply - how we ought to behave
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2
Q

how to justify a moral view?

A

ensure its more than a feeling or the expression of personal taste

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3
Q

direct moral/ethical obligations

A

animals have moral standing, theyre members of moral community

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4
Q

indirect moral/ethical obligation

A

animals do not have moral standing, not members of moral community

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5
Q

contractarian view

A

morality based on a contract/agreement between individuals
treating others well means you will be treated well.
based off of self interest
morality only applies to individuals who can enter into an agreement (not animals)
obligations based on how much they matter to other humans
good treatment of animals cintingent on agreement between people

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6
Q

utilitarian view

A

morality based on consequences
human actions should produce the best possible consequences
maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
animals are included in moral community
practice that causes suffering is acceptable when suffering is outweighed by pleasantness generated
killing is acceptable in some conditions

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7
Q

animal rights view

A

morality based on rights that should be protected
animals are included in he moral community bc theyre sentient
humans + animals have inherent value of their own
inherent value can not be used in calculations act consequences
killing is not morally acceptable - only self defence

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8
Q

relational views

A

“ethics of care” causing suffering is wring bc it demonstrates lack of care
duties to animals may be based on emotional relations to them
humans can feel sympathy fr the suffering of strangers
humans may be concerned act animals bc of negative effect that poor treatment of animals may have on other ppl
more of an obligation to domestic animals or wild animals after interfering w their habitat

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9
Q

respect for nature view

A

moral concerns may be based on potential extinction of the species
species has value self and deserves to be protected from extinction.
domestic animals may be considered to be less valuable than wild animals

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10
Q

Pythagoras beliefs

A

philosopher / mathematician
close connection between humans and animals
opposed to eating animals bc believed in reincarnation

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11
Q

did Pythagoras believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, direct

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12
Q

Aristotle beliefs

A

greek philosopher/science
collection of wild animals
animals + humans shear perception and emotion
argued only humans have capacity for speech and reasoning - humans are superior and have authority over animal

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13
Q

ARISTOTLE believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

no

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14
Q

st thomas aquinas beliefs

A

Middle Ages
italian philosopher and theologian
christian flavour to Aristotle - animals are for our use
animals do not have mortal souls
ppl who mistreat animals may develop a habit to commit crimes

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15
Q

st Thomas aquinas believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes indirect

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16
Q

rené Descartes

A

renaissance
frenchie, philosopher, physiologist, mathematician - naturally, he’s insane
blamed for introducing concept of animals as machines
encouraged vivisection for advancement of knowledge
argued animals are:
- devoid of language and rationality
- capable of feeling fear, pain
- capable of emotion without thought

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17
Q

rené Descartes believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

no

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18
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

age of enlightenment
English philosopher
social contract theory - basis for western political philosophy
humans act out of self interest - leads to cooperation and social contract
animals have no language and so they can’t enter social contract
not worthy of moral consideration but can matter to other humans

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19
Q

Thomas Hobbes believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, indirect

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20
Q

John locke

A

age of enlightenment
English philosopher/physician
developed the idea of social contract theory
animals have simple mental capacities
- evidence of memory, can’t form abstractions like ppl
animals can suffer and harming them is morally wrong

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21
Q

John locke believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, indirect

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22
Q

Immanuel kant

A

German philosopher - moral philosophy - age of enlightenment
morality is about following the rules
introduced principle of categorical imperative
humans are ends in themselves
emphasized diff between humans and animals - humans have rationality
animals can be treated as means to an end
doing our duties to animals is indirectly doing our duties to humanity

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23
Q

Immanuel kant believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

indirect

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24
Q

Jeremy bentham

A

English philosopher + social performer
- concerned act working conditions
argued the consequences of actions that mattered
good = happiness, bad = pain and suffering

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25
Q

Jeremy Bentham believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, direct

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26
Q

John stewart mill

A

English philosopher
greatest happiness principle - utilitarian
- good action causes greatest happiness for everyone

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27
Q

join Stewart mill believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct

A

yes, direct

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28
Q

Peter singer

A

Australian philosopher
professor of bioethics
promotes utilitarian approach but opposes animal use, not against so long as they have a good life and painless death
father of animal rights despite not being an animal rightist.

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29
Q

Peter singer believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct

A

yes, direct

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30
Q

tom regan

A 
American philosopher 
"the case for animal rights"
animals have inherent value
individuals who have inherent value have equal right to be treated w respect
killing is harm by deprivation
against utilitarianism
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31
Q

tom Regan believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct

A

yes, direct

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32
Q

teleological theories

A

based on “goodness and badness” results of actions

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33
Q

deontological theories

A

based on “right and wrong” intrinsic properties of actions. necessity, obligation

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34
Q

which branch of ethical theory is utilitarian based on

A

teleological - what promotes greatest happiness, least suffering

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35
Q

what branch of ethical theory is animal rights based on

A

deontological - rights should be promoted and protected. animals have the right to not get hurt

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36
Q

weakness of animal rights

A

term harm is hard to grasp

concept of inherent value is unclear

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37
Q

3 criteria forming the basis of welfare definitions *

A

physical, mental, natural/behavioural

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38
Q

3 elements in welfare debate *MC Q

A
  1. science - effects on animal from animal perspective
  2. ethics - human action towards animal
  3. law - result of science + ethics dictating how humans must treat animals (codes of practice
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39
Q

confinement systems for pigs

A

sows in gestation stalls, farrowing crates
- ~2 X7ft
may result in abnormal chewing behaviour, excessive drinking, dog sit
pigs prefer to stay in a group where they can do rooting behaviour

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40
Q

family pen systems for pigs include:

A

manure area
rooting area
active area
- accommodate for natural behaviours

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41
Q

housing systems for chickens

A

variety of group sizes
non cage w litter to scratch in, elevated areas
multi their - slats, all hens have equal access
free range - outside access

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42
Q

negatives of natural environments

A

include stressors that impact welfare

- animals may adapt to some of these stressors but long term can be detrimental

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43
Q

sow stalls and 3 criteria for welfare

A

naturalness - restricted behaviour
physical - lack of exercise impacts cardio / bone strength
- ulcers, injuries from bar biting
mental - little control over environment, pain form pysical, apathy

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44
Q

alternative to sow stalls

A
  • group housing w electric feeders
  • group farrowing systems
  • 2 stage systems
  • allowing animals to behave freely
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45
Q

animal welfare - physical aspect

A

good physical health and functioning of animals

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46
Q

animal welfare - mental/psychological aspect

A

minimize affective states (pain, fear) and allow normal pleasures

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47
Q

animal welfare - behavioural/natural aspect

A

develop and live in natural ways for the species

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48
Q

T/F animals can be in good health and still not have a good life experience

A

T

more to protect animals than preventing cruelty

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49
Q

world organization for animal health def. of animal welfare

A

how animal is coping in living conditions

- comfortable, safe and humane handling and slaughter

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50
Q

*“5 freedoms”

A
  1. freedom from hunger and thirst
  2. freedom from discomfort
  3. freedom from pain, injury and disease
  4. freedom to express normal behavoiur
  5. freedom from fear and distress
    - combines all criteria, does not include the freedom from death
51
Q

conflict with the 5 freedoms

A

free from disease conflicts w fear from handling during treatment
free to express normal behaviour conflicts w distress from normal behaviour like fighting.

52
Q

free stalls

A

free choice food, species specific behaviour

53
Q

stanchion/tie stall

A

little freedom of movement
feed in a manger
less freedoms

54
Q

5 rights for ag animals

A
  1. good nutrition - diet to maintain health and vigour
  2. good environment - suitable housing, good air, comfy bed
  3. good health - vet care
  4. appropriate behaviour
  5. positive mental experiences
55
Q

scale of quality of life

A

good life > life worth living > bad life

56
Q

affective state

A

umbrella term for emotions, sensory pleasure, mood, etc

57
Q

emotions

A

individuals assessment of personal meaning - personally meaningful, short period of time

58
Q

sensory pleasure `

A

satiation, when a stimulus corrects internal trouble, shared emotions, subjective feelings

59
Q

pleasure

A

feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment

60
Q

mood

A

free-floating, objectless, long lastin

61
Q

suffering

A

no universally accepted definition, negative feelings over a prolonged time and or high intensity. no distinction of an end or a start

62
Q

mental states

A

welfare dependent on what animals feel, animal welfare concerned w subjective feelings of animals.

  • is the animal happy
  • do they have opportunities for positive states?
63
Q

what happens to something without affective states?

A

neither fun nor pain. need the bad w the good.

64
Q

welfare and death

A

welfare is ab the living animal, dead animals can no longer have experiences.
however death rates can be a welfare concern.
death should be instantaneous, high death rates can mean poor welfare

65
Q

methods of killing a rodent and how humane it is

A

dog - very fun
live traps - depends on frequency (some concerns w relocation)
snap traps - instant death - most humane when works as its supposed to
toxic baits - slow, painful death - internal bleeding. v inhumane
glue traps - slow death by starvation - even more inhumane

66
Q

anthromophism in animal welfare

A
  • human characteristics attributed to other animals
  • starting point for considering what animals want/need
  • can not be relied on its own - monkey that went to space example
67
Q

folk psychology

A
  • natural interpretation given robust knowledge
  • expertise gathered when spending lots of time w something
  • must also be qualified with science
68
Q

dignity of animal

A

inherent worth taken into account when being handled

animal has the right to be valued and respected

69
Q

conscoiusness

A

how things feel
philosophy - how you can have experiences
involved when awake
ability to perceive/respond to features of environment

70
Q

access consciousness *

A
  • mental representation used to rationalize and control action
71
Q

self consciousness *

A

aware of oneself

72
Q

phenomenal consciousness

A

aka sentience - this one is v important
how we understand other minds, what is it like to be someone else
refers to other aspects of consciousness

73
Q

behavioural welfare and quality of life

A
  1. studies of motivation, preferences and aversions

2. examples of behavioural indicators of stress, pain, disease, and affective states

74
Q

4 areas of studying animal behaviour - why an animal behaves the way it does

A
  1. function
  2. causation
  3. ontogeny
  4. evolution
75
Q

methods of animal assessment - behavioural welfare (5)

A
  1. behavioural observation
  2. preference tests
  3. work animal will do to get what it wants/needs
  4. work animal will do to escape impleasant stimulations
  5. deviations from normal behavoiur
76
Q

how to use animal behaviour observation to assess welfare

A

quantitative assessment
- frequency, duration latency, and # of animals performing a behaviour
qualitative assessment
- descriptive terms summarizing animals emotional state and behaviour

77
Q

how to use animal preferences tests observation to assess welfare

A

observation doesnt tell of restrictions are important. animals must learn to do a response and make a decision

78
Q

habituation

A

animals learn to cease response to stem w no important or relevant outcomes

79
Q

associative learning

A

animals learn certain stim. may mean a reward or punishment and modify behaviour accordingly

80
Q

preference test considerations

A
  • preferences are relative,
  • short term vs long term
  • previous experiences will influence prefernce
  • do not expect animals weigh the total consequences.
  • presence should be backed w motivational tests
  • does not answer id welfare is worse if an animal can not get what it wants
81
Q

how to use animal strength of motivation observation to assess welfare

A

work that will be done to gain what is needed, animal works for rewards
tells us which option the animal prefers the most/ how much they want it over something else.

82
Q

how is strength of animal motivation similar to elasticict of demand

A

motivation is highest to perform activities w inelastic demand
motivation for other activities can be compared w motivation for essential needs

83
Q

inelastic demand

A

will buy out of need - consumer remains regardless of price

84
Q

elastic demand

A

only buy out of want - increased price will get rid of consumer

85
Q

what is the work that will be done to escape unpleasant stimulations

A

how hard an animal will work to avoid stressful/painful situation
similar to motivational tests but opposite

86
Q

what is abnormal behaviour

A

can be developed
non-stereotypic - can be repetitive - like pacing
not all stereotypic behaviour is abnormal like locomotion or breathing

87
Q

how to define normality?

A

linked to statistical deviation
develop norms for the measure - objective and scientific methods
line between normal/abnormal is 1-2 std deviations from the avg.

88
Q

maladaptive vs adaptive behaviour

A

refers to effectiveness of animals behaviour rather that statistical terms
if behaviour works - effective
if behaviour doesnt work - ineffective
objective concept - may work for one and not for the other

89
Q

physiological indicators of welfare

A

neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems

90
Q

what is eustress?

A

positive stress, like play behaviour

91
Q

what is stress

A

complex term- psychological/physiological changes that occur in response to real and perceived threats - allustasis

92
Q

stress response

A

evolved to handle physical threats, physcoligical threats elicit a similar response - fight or flight, mobilization of the immune system

93
Q

neural axes

A

stress response via neural innervation of target organs

94
Q

3 neural axes

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system
  2. parasympathetic activation
  3. neuromuscular- skeletal muscle activation
95
Q

neuroendocrine axis

A

fight or flight response - also sympathetic NS, - adrenaline secretion

96
Q

endocrine axis

A

most chronic aspects of the stress response, greater intensity to activate

97
Q

why to focus on automatic nervous system

A

w/o consciousness - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands
- influences activity of most tissues and organ systems, thus impacting homeostasis

98
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest - basic bodily function

99
Q

psychical welfare

A

sensory input - sight, smell, hear, taste, etc `

100
Q

biogenic / psychosocial stressors

A

natural body response

101
Q

limbic system location and function

A

neocortex - sympathetic adrenal medullary system prepares the body for immediate physical activity
- fight or flight response

102
Q

automatic NS response - direct pathological changes

A 
heart rate variability
blood pressure
body temp
resp. rate
cortecholamine levels
103
Q

automatic NS response - indirect pathological changes

A

adrenal habituation

104
Q

measurement techniques for psychological stress response

A

agreements for/against

  • invasiveness
  • restriction
  • disturbance
105
Q

heart rate variability (HRV)

A

beat to beat change in heart rate

associated w impaired emotional and behavioural regulation and stress

106
Q

blood pressure as a psychological stress response

A

measure of chronic welfare change

aggression leads to increase in mice

107
Q

body temp as a psychological stress response

A

stress leads to change in blood flow, influx of blood to major organs increases core body temp `

108
Q

resp rate as a psychological stress response

A

assessment of present state
easy to observe
closely related to heart rate

109
Q

what is released from adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine

110
Q

adrenaline specificity

A

psychological stim

111
Q

noradrenaline specifity

A

physical stim

112
Q

what can bias automatic nervous system measurements

A
  • activity, metabolism , and timing of the sample
  • individual diff - dominance status, sex, high nd low responders
  • disturbance due to measurement
  • have to be cautious when measuring these variables
113
Q

blood corticoids

A

concentration in blood plasma commonly measured as an indicator for the presence of stressors

114
Q

drawbacks of blood corticoids

A
  • varies dramatically minute by minute
  • wide variation in inter and intra individual baseline levels
  • can follow periodical rhythmic patterns
  • stress from sampling will increase it
115
Q

positives for glucortocoids (poop)

A
  • less disturbance for animal
  • over a longer period of time
  • can be frequently collected
  • more accurately reflects the secretions than blood samples
116
Q

negatives for glucortocoids (poop)

A

route and time course of excretion vary greatly among species
- metabolic excretions may vary between species

117
Q

organ pathology

A

chronic welfare issues = wide variety of pathologies, most measured post mortem - limited use at diagnosing ongoing welfare assessments

118
Q

examples of organ pathology

A

adrenal hypertrophy - prolonged activation of ANS and HPA systems
kidney lesions - prolonged high blood pressure and blood retention
myocardial lesions - prolonged activation of sympathetic nervous system

119
Q

what is a disease

A

deviation of normal structure and functioning of an organ/organ system in the body

120
Q

causes of dieases

A

oxygen deficiency - causes cell injury and death - can result in heart failure, response failure, etc
physical agents - trauma, extreme heat/cold, damaged cell and blood supply, altered conduction of nerves and muscles
infectious agents - viruses, bacterial infection etc

121
Q

disease and behavoiur

A

individuals may modify behaviour, selective pressure of disease causes evolution of behaviour. these changes assist in a diagnosis

122
Q

benefits of sickness behaviour

A

energy saving measures - decreased movement, posture change, disinterest in social interactions. may decrease risk of predation

123
Q

sickness-associated anorexia functional basis?

A
  • induction of the response for the parasites benefit
  • reduced food intake starves parasite
  • reduced energetic deficiency leads to anorexia
  • anorexia enhances effective immune responses
  • anorexia leads to increased diet selectivity during infection
124
Q

productivity and animal welfare

A

low productivity indicates inadequate care and stress
- energy used for growth will instead be used on the immune system
improved husbandry leads to improved productivity

ANSC 1210 (2 decks)

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