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ANSC 1210 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ethics (3 definitions)

A
  1. discipline dealing w what is good and bad w moral duty and obligation
  2. a set of moral principles: theory/system of moral values
  3. a set of moral issues or aspects.
    to put it simply - how we ought to behave
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2
Q

how to justify a moral view?

A

ensure its more than a feeling or the expression of personal taste

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3
Q

direct moral/ethical obligations

A

animals have moral standing, theyre members of moral community

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4
Q

indirect moral/ethical obligation

A

animals do not have moral standing, not members of moral community

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5
Q

contractarian view

A

morality based on a contract/agreement between individuals
treating others well means you will be treated well.
based off of self interest
morality only applies to individuals who can enter into an agreement (not animals)
obligations based on how much they matter to other humans
good treatment of animals cintingent on agreement between people

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6
Q

utilitarian view

A

morality based on consequences
human actions should produce the best possible consequences
maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
animals are included in moral community
practice that causes suffering is acceptable when suffering is outweighed by pleasantness generated
killing is acceptable in some conditions

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7
Q

animal rights view

A

morality based on rights that should be protected
animals are included in he moral community bc theyre sentient
humans + animals have inherent value of their own
inherent value can not be used in calculations act consequences
killing is not morally acceptable - only self defence

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8
Q

relational views

A

“ethics of care” causing suffering is wring bc it demonstrates lack of care
duties to animals may be based on emotional relations to them
humans can feel sympathy fr the suffering of strangers
humans may be concerned act animals bc of negative effect that poor treatment of animals may have on other ppl
more of an obligation to domestic animals or wild animals after interfering w their habitat

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9
Q

respect for nature view

A

moral concerns may be based on potential extinction of the species
species has value self and deserves to be protected from extinction.
domestic animals may be considered to be less valuable than wild animals

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10
Q

Pythagoras beliefs

A

philosopher / mathematician
close connection between humans and animals
opposed to eating animals bc believed in reincarnation

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11
Q

did Pythagoras believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, direct

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12
Q

Aristotle beliefs

A

greek philosopher/science
collection of wild animals
animals + humans shear perception and emotion
argued only humans have capacity for speech and reasoning - humans are superior and have authority over animal

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13
Q

ARISTOTLE believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

no

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14
Q

st thomas aquinas beliefs

A

Middle Ages
italian philosopher and theologian
christian flavour to Aristotle - animals are for our use
animals do not have mortal souls
ppl who mistreat animals may develop a habit to commit crimes

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15
Q

st Thomas aquinas believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes indirect

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16
Q

rené Descartes

A

renaissance
frenchie, philosopher, physiologist, mathematician - naturally, he’s insane
blamed for introducing concept of animals as machines
encouraged vivisection for advancement of knowledge
argued animals are:
- devoid of language and rationality
- capable of feeling fear, pain
- capable of emotion without thought

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17
Q

rené Descartes believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

no

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18
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

age of enlightenment
English philosopher
social contract theory - basis for western political philosophy
humans act out of self interest - leads to cooperation and social contract
animals have no language and so they can’t enter social contract
not worthy of moral consideration but can matter to other humans

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19
Q

Thomas Hobbes believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, indirect

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20
Q

John locke

A

age of enlightenment
English philosopher/physician
developed the idea of social contract theory
animals have simple mental capacities
- evidence of memory, can’t form abstractions like ppl
animals can suffer and harming them is morally wrong

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21
Q

John locke believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

yes, indirect

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22
Q

Immanuel kant

A

German philosopher - moral philosophy - age of enlightenment
morality is about following the rules
introduced principle of categorical imperative
humans are ends in themselves
emphasized diff between humans and animals - humans have rationality
animals can be treated as means to an end
doing our duties to animals is indirectly doing our duties to humanity

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23
Q

Immanuel kant believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?

A

indirect

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24
Q

Jeremy bentham

A

English philosopher + social performer
- concerned act working conditions
argued the consequences of actions that mattered
good = happiness, bad = pain and suffering

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25
Jeremy Bentham believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? direct or indirect?
yes, direct
26
John stewart mill
English philosopher greatest happiness principle - utilitarian - good action causes greatest happiness for everyone
27
join Stewart mill believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct
yes, direct
28
Peter singer
Australian philosopher professor of bioethics promotes utilitarian approach but opposes animal use, not against so long as they have a good life and painless death father of animal rights despite not being an animal rightist.
29
Peter singer believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct
yes, direct
30
tom regan
``` American philosopher "the case for animal rights" animals have inherent value individuals who have inherent value have equal right to be treated w respect killing is harm by deprivation against utilitarianism ```
31
tom Regan believe humans have duties/obligations to animals? indirect or direct
yes, direct
32
teleological theories
based on "goodness and badness" results of actions
33
deontological theories
based on "right and wrong" intrinsic properties of actions. necessity, obligation
34
which branch of ethical theory is utilitarian based on
teleological - what promotes greatest happiness, least suffering
35
what branch of ethical theory is animal rights based on
deontological - rights should be promoted and protected. animals have the right to not get hurt
36
weakness of animal rights
term harm is hard to grasp | concept of inherent value is unclear
37
3 criteria forming the basis of welfare definitions *
physical, mental, natural/behavioural
38
3 elements in welfare debate *MC Q
1. science - effects on animal from animal perspective 2. ethics - human action towards animal 3. law - result of science + ethics dictating how humans must treat animals (codes of practice
39
confinement systems for pigs
sows in gestation stalls, farrowing crates - ~2 X7ft may result in abnormal chewing behaviour, excessive drinking, dog sit pigs prefer to stay in a group where they can do rooting behaviour
40
family pen systems for pigs include:
manure area rooting area active area - accommodate for natural behaviours
41
housing systems for chickens
variety of group sizes non cage w litter to scratch in, elevated areas multi their - slats, all hens have equal access free range - outside access
42
negatives of natural environments
include stressors that impact welfare | - animals may adapt to some of these stressors but long term can be detrimental
43
sow stalls and 3 criteria for welfare
naturalness - restricted behaviour physical - lack of exercise impacts cardio / bone strength - ulcers, injuries from bar biting mental - little control over environment, pain form pysical, apathy
44
alternative to sow stalls
- group housing w electric feeders - group farrowing systems - 2 stage systems - allowing animals to behave freely
45
animal welfare - physical aspect
good physical health and functioning of animals
46
animal welfare - mental/psychological aspect
minimize affective states (pain, fear) and allow normal pleasures
47
animal welfare - behavioural/natural aspect
develop and live in natural ways for the species
48
T/F animals can be in good health and still not have a good life experience
T | more to protect animals than preventing cruelty
49
world organization for animal health def. of animal welfare
how animal is coping in living conditions | - comfortable, safe and humane handling and slaughter
50
*"5 freedoms"
1. freedom from hunger and thirst 2. freedom from discomfort 3. freedom from pain, injury and disease 4. freedom to express normal behavoiur 5. freedom from fear and distress - combines all criteria, does not include the freedom from death
51
conflict with the 5 freedoms
free from disease conflicts w fear from handling during treatment free to express normal behaviour conflicts w distress from normal behaviour like fighting.
52
free stalls
free choice food, species specific behaviour
53
stanchion/tie stall
little freedom of movement feed in a manger less freedoms
54
5 rights for ag animals
1. good nutrition - diet to maintain health and vigour 2. good environment - suitable housing, good air, comfy bed 3. good health - vet care 4. appropriate behaviour 5. positive mental experiences
55
scale of quality of life
good life > life worth living > bad life
56
affective state
umbrella term for emotions, sensory pleasure, mood, etc
57
emotions
individuals assessment of personal meaning - personally meaningful, short period of time
58
sensory pleasure `
satiation, when a stimulus corrects internal trouble, shared emotions, subjective feelings
59
pleasure
feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
60
mood
free-floating, objectless, long lastin
61
suffering
no universally accepted definition, negative feelings over a prolonged time and or high intensity. no distinction of an end or a start
62
mental states
welfare dependent on what animals feel, animal welfare concerned w subjective feelings of animals. - is the animal happy - do they have opportunities for positive states?
63
what happens to something without affective states?
neither fun nor pain. need the bad w the good.
64
welfare and death
welfare is ab the living animal, dead animals can no longer have experiences. however death rates can be a welfare concern. death should be instantaneous, high death rates can mean poor welfare
65
methods of killing a rodent and how humane it is
dog - very fun live traps - depends on frequency (some concerns w relocation) snap traps - instant death - most humane when works as its supposed to toxic baits - slow, painful death - internal bleeding. v inhumane glue traps - slow death by starvation - even more inhumane
66
anthromophism in animal welfare
- human characteristics attributed to other animals - starting point for considering what animals want/need - can not be relied on its own - monkey that went to space example
67
folk psychology
- natural interpretation given robust knowledge - expertise gathered when spending lots of time w something - must also be qualified with science
68
dignity of animal
inherent worth taken into account when being handled | animal has the right to be valued and respected
69
conscoiusness
how things feel philosophy - how you can have experiences involved when awake ability to perceive/respond to features of environment
70
access consciousness *
- mental representation used to rationalize and control action
71
self consciousness *
aware of oneself
72
phenomenal consciousness
aka sentience - this one is v important how we understand other minds, what is it like to be someone else refers to other aspects of consciousness
73
behavioural welfare and quality of life
1. studies of motivation, preferences and aversions | 2. examples of behavioural indicators of stress, pain, disease, and affective states
74
4 areas of studying animal behaviour - why an animal behaves the way it does
1. function 2. causation 3. ontogeny 4. evolution
75
methods of animal assessment - behavioural welfare (5)
1. behavioural observation 2. preference tests 3. work animal will do to get what it wants/needs 4. work animal will do to escape impleasant stimulations 5. deviations from normal behavoiur
76
how to use animal behaviour observation to assess welfare
quantitative assessment - frequency, duration latency, and # of animals performing a behaviour qualitative assessment - descriptive terms summarizing animals emotional state and behaviour
77
how to use animal preferences tests observation to assess welfare
observation doesnt tell of restrictions are important. animals must learn to do a response and make a decision
78
habituation
animals learn to cease response to stem w no important or relevant outcomes
79
associative learning
animals learn certain stim. may mean a reward or punishment and modify behaviour accordingly
80
preference test considerations
- preferences are relative, - short term vs long term - previous experiences will influence prefernce - do not expect animals weigh the total consequences. - presence should be backed w motivational tests - does not answer id welfare is worse if an animal can not get what it wants
81
how to use animal strength of motivation observation to assess welfare
work that will be done to gain what is needed, animal works for rewards tells us which option the animal prefers the most/ how much they want it over something else.
82
how is strength of animal motivation similar to elasticict of demand
motivation is highest to perform activities w inelastic demand motivation for other activities can be compared w motivation for essential needs
83
inelastic demand
will buy out of need - consumer remains regardless of price
84
elastic demand
only buy out of want - increased price will get rid of consumer
85
what is the work that will be done to escape unpleasant stimulations
how hard an animal will work to avoid stressful/painful situation similar to motivational tests but opposite
86
what is abnormal behaviour
can be developed non-stereotypic - can be repetitive - like pacing not all stereotypic behaviour is abnormal like locomotion or breathing
87
how to define normality?
linked to statistical deviation develop norms for the measure - objective and scientific methods line between normal/abnormal is 1-2 std deviations from the avg.
88
maladaptive vs adaptive behaviour
refers to effectiveness of animals behaviour rather that statistical terms if behaviour works - effective if behaviour doesnt work - ineffective objective concept - may work for one and not for the other
89
physiological indicators of welfare
neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems
90
what is eustress?
positive stress, like play behaviour
91
what is stress
complex term- psychological/physiological changes that occur in response to real and perceived threats - allustasis
92
stress response
evolved to handle physical threats, physcoligical threats elicit a similar response - fight or flight, mobilization of the immune system
93
neural axes
stress response via neural innervation of target organs
94
3 neural axes
1. sympathetic nervous system 2. parasympathetic activation 3. neuromuscular- skeletal muscle activation
95
neuroendocrine axis
fight or flight response - also sympathetic NS, - adrenaline secretion
96
endocrine axis
most chronic aspects of the stress response, greater intensity to activate
97
why to focus on automatic nervous system
w/o consciousness - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands - influences activity of most tissues and organ systems, thus impacting homeostasis
98
parasympathetic NS
rest and digest - basic bodily function
99
psychical welfare
sensory input - sight, smell, hear, taste, etc `
100
biogenic / psychosocial stressors
natural body response
101
limbic system location and function
neocortex - sympathetic adrenal medullary system prepares the body for immediate physical activity - fight or flight response
102
automatic NS response - direct pathological changes
``` heart rate variability blood pressure body temp resp. rate cortecholamine levels ```
103
automatic NS response - indirect pathological changes
adrenal habituation
104
measurement techniques for psychological stress response
agreements for/against - invasiveness - restriction - disturbance
105
heart rate variability (HRV)
beat to beat change in heart rate | associated w impaired emotional and behavioural regulation and stress
106
blood pressure as a psychological stress response
measure of chronic welfare change | aggression leads to increase in mice
107
body temp as a psychological stress response
stress leads to change in blood flow, influx of blood to major organs increases core body temp `
108
resp rate as a psychological stress response
assessment of present state easy to observe closely related to heart rate
109
what is released from adrenal medulla
adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine
110
adrenaline specificity
psychological stim
111
noradrenaline specifity
physical stim
112
what can bias automatic nervous system measurements
- activity, metabolism , and timing of the sample - individual diff - dominance status, sex, high nd low responders - disturbance due to measurement - have to be cautious when measuring these variables
113
blood corticoids
concentration in blood plasma commonly measured as an indicator for the presence of stressors
114
drawbacks of blood corticoids
- varies dramatically minute by minute - wide variation in inter and intra individual baseline levels - can follow periodical rhythmic patterns - stress from sampling will increase it
115
positives for glucortocoids (poop)
- less disturbance for animal - over a longer period of time - can be frequently collected - more accurately reflects the secretions than blood samples
116
negatives for glucortocoids (poop)
route and time course of excretion vary greatly among species - metabolic excretions may vary between species
117
organ pathology
chronic welfare issues = wide variety of pathologies, most measured post mortem - limited use at diagnosing ongoing welfare assessments
118
examples of organ pathology
adrenal hypertrophy - prolonged activation of ANS and HPA systems kidney lesions - prolonged high blood pressure and blood retention myocardial lesions - prolonged activation of sympathetic nervous system
119
what is a disease
deviation of normal structure and functioning of an organ/organ system in the body
120
causes of dieases
oxygen deficiency - causes cell injury and death - can result in heart failure, response failure, etc physical agents - trauma, extreme heat/cold, damaged cell and blood supply, altered conduction of nerves and muscles infectious agents - viruses, bacterial infection etc
121
disease and behavoiur
individuals may modify behaviour, selective pressure of disease causes evolution of behaviour. these changes assist in a diagnosis
122
benefits of sickness behaviour
energy saving measures - decreased movement, posture change, disinterest in social interactions. may decrease risk of predation
123
sickness-associated anorexia functional basis?
- induction of the response for the parasites benefit - reduced food intake starves parasite - reduced energetic deficiency leads to anorexia - anorexia enhances effective immune responses - anorexia leads to increased diet selectivity during infection
124
productivity and animal welfare
low productivity indicates inadequate care and stress - energy used for growth will instead be used on the immune system improved husbandry leads to improved productivity

ANSC 1210 (2 decks)

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