exam (after midterm)

Question 1

**welfare inputs

Answer 1

measure of environment and resources, resource based measurements.
includes management, envrionment, animal genetics, early life experience

Question 2

welfare outputs

Answer 2

animal responses, animal based measurements

includes behaviour, physiology, clinical health, production

Question 3

welfare indicators (2)

Answer 3

• practicability - time constraints, expenses, handling, observation
• reliability - repeatability and validity

Question 4

** inputs for welfare - meaning of management

Answer 4

stockman training, time they have to care for animals

how many animals 1 person is taking care of

Question 5

** inputs for welfare - meaning of environment/housing

Answer 5

kind of housing, quality/amount of animals, use of vaccines

Question 6

** inputs for welfare - meaning of genetics/early life

Answer 6

genetic makeup and early experience affects disease resistance and fear thresholds.

Question 7

4 applications for group assessment

Answer 7

1. research - health/welfare monitoring, impact of interventions
2. voluntary certification schemes
3. legislation/ codes of practice
4. advisory - preventative medicine

Question 8

2 groups of analgesics

Answer 8

1. opioids (narcotics)

2. non-steroidal Anti-Inflamitory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 9

why is pain often not recognized in vet practice

Answer 9

use ranges 84-17% bc od difficulty recognizing pain, lack of knowledge abt appropriate therapy

Question 10

what is pain

Answer 10

unpleasant sensory/emotional experience w critical/potential tissue damage
- either physical hurt/discomfort caused by injury or emotional suffering

Question 11

function of pain

Answer 11

alarm system that alerts organism to take action to avoid or minimize injury

Question 12

why do animals change their physiology when in pain

Answer 12

• reduce/avoid damage
• reduce likelihood of recurrence
• promote recovery

Question 13

most frequent injury areas

Answer 13

foot and leg most frequent

Question 14

inflammatory pain

Answer 14

greatest cause of pain in vertebrates- external trigger.

Question 15

ischaemic pain

Answer 15

bc of lack of blood from pressure on artery. like Maddy’s toe

Question 16

electrical shock pain

Answer 16

direct activation of nerves near content point, causes muscle contraction

Question 17

facial expression of pain

Answer 17

used often in infants.

can’t use it as full justification for animals - anthrophomiphism

Question 18

attentional shifts altering preception

Answer 18

motivational change acts by way of refocussing attention

Question 19

challenges w pain management on farm

Answer 19

limited factors for pain management (assessment, availability, lack of clinical trails, withdrawn times)

Question 20

reasons for castration

Answer 20

reduce aggression
improve safety
reduce sexual behaviour
avoid unwanted pregnancy
improve meat quality

Question 21

tail docking

Answer 21

on sheep, cows, pigs, dogs, usually w/o anasthetic

procedural or post-procedural pain

Question 22

dehorning

Answer 22

removing horn and horn producing tissue

Question 23

beak trimming

Answer 23

reduces mortality and morbidity, acute and chronic pain. considered mutilation.

Question 24

muelsing

Answer 24

removing skin fold w knife to prevent parasite infestation

Question 25

how does physical environment affect welfare

Answer 25

preventing performance of behaviours, unstimulating, increased likelihood of disease, damaging/injuring animals, causing discomfort, frightening animals

Question 26

code of practice for hens and pullets

Answer 26

all new housing systems must support nesting, perching, and foraging behaviour. all hens must have enriched cage

Question 27

internal parasite impact

Answer 27

reduce growth, may delay sexual maturity, may reduce milk production

Question 28

external parasite impact

Answer 28

transmit pathogens, disturb feeding time, reduce milk production

Question 29

how to judge truck designs for pigs

Answer 29

loading and unloading behaviour temp on truck behaviour during lariage meat quality

Question 30

humane slaughter

Answer 30

animals must be stunned before blood removed stunning induces unconsciousness asap when stunning is done, animal does not feel pain.

Question 31

captive bolt stunning

Answer 31

penetrative- more effective, lower chance of effort | non-prenatrative - may not fracture skull

Question 32

electrical stunning

Answer 32

widely used in pigs and chickens can cause blood speckle and splash animal needs to be restrained, potential to be incorrectly stunned

Question 33

CO2 stunning

Answer 33

pigs respond badly, loss of consciousness 33-47 sec | loss of posture after 10 sec. 80-95% CO2

Question 34

quality assurance/farm assurance programmes

Answer 34

private companies/ producers etc, focus on food safety and welfare- marketing

Question 35

health of animals act

Answer 35

1990 enabling act- authorizes making regulations aimed to protect can livestock from contagious diseases

Question 36

health of animals regulations

Answer 36

``` disease control, quarantine and disposal import and export of animals and products transport and feeding whilst protects animals from suffering requires animal to be fit for transport ```

Question 37

PAWS act

Answer 37

``` provincial to protect animals toughest penalties in can more inspections basic standard of care for all animals ```

Question 38

limitations to legislation

Answer 38

needs to be effective, enforceable, and economically feasable private initiatives marketed well giving more money

Question 39

National Farm Animal Care Council

Answer 39

codes of practice development process | Animal care assessment model

Question 40

suitable pet criteria

Answer 40

no risk of harm to community/environment adequately meet needs of species in captivity suitable interactions w humans to ensure continued commitment

Question 41

animal characteristics to consider when picking an animal

Answer 41

breed age source

Question 42

adopt dont shop

Answer 42

bullshit rule not feasible for many, shortage of dogs, lots of behavioural problems etc

Question 43

common everyday companion animal welfare issues

Answer 43

behavioural needs behaviour problems inappropriate training methods medically unnecessarily procedures

Question 44

positive reinforcement

Answer 44

give treat, increase behaviour

Question 45

negative reinforcement

Answer 45

remove pressure as a reward

Question 46

positive punishment

Answer 46

decease behavoiur by punishing

Question 47

negative punishment

Answer 47

remove attention - looking away from dog to stop jumping

Question 48

when is use of animals acceptable in research, tech and testing?

Answer 48

- contributes to understanding of fundamental biological principles - knowledge developed reasonably expected to benefit humans/animals - merit review is approved - best effort to find alternatives have failed

Question 49

morals

Answer 49

concerned w right and wring, something is moral if it pertains to right rather than wrong

Question 50

3 R's for animal use

Answer 50

Replacement- avoid/replace animal use Reduction- strategies that result in fewer animals being used Refinement- modified husbandry/experimental procedures to minimizer pain and distress/enhance welfare

Question 51

commitment to change

Answer 51

most value at 75% commitment

Question 52

4 pillars of wildlife rehab

Answer 52

wildlife rehab medicine conservation education new discoveries emergency preparedness and response

Question 53

3 reasons why we come across wildlife

Answer 53

1. sick 2. orphan/kidnapped 3. injured (pollution, cars)

Question 54

human-wildlife conflicts

Answer 54

pollution, vehicle, boating/fishing, persecution, habitat loss, toxicosis, hunting/trapping, sticky stuff

Question 55

animal welfare concerns in wildlife

Answer 55

husbandry, nutrition, enrichment, stress, skills/resources, pain management, chance for release?

Question 56

problems inflicted on animals during rehab

Answer 56

aspergillosis, aspiration pneumonia, illness/anorexia bc of husbandry, carpal/keel injury, feather injuries, bumble foot, thermal burns, lacerations, metabolic issues

Question 57

classifications for animals based on use

Answer 57

companion, wild, and utility animals

Question 58

utility animals

Answer 58

food, research, working, sport. domestic animals kept for utility purpose, various roles. emotional relations can vary and overlap

Question 59

world organization for animal health*

Answer 59

OIE | helps the need to fight animal disease at global level, responsible for improving animal health, referenced by WTO

Question 60

*OIE standards for terrestrial animals

Answer 60

``` transport slaughter use in research and education stray population control working horses production animals ```

Question 61

*OIE sandards for farmed fish

Answer 61

transport and slaughter

Question 62

impact of world trade organization on animal welfare

Answer 62

legally binding trade agreement to encourage free trade products are treated equally, a country can ban use of something and still import it

Question 63

EU animal welfare legislation

Answer 63

1999- 1st time animals were regarded as beings w feelings that can suffer and experience well-being

Question 64

*legislation that governs treatment of farm animals in canada?

Answer 64

no

Question 65

*3 laws that apply to welfare of food animals in can

Answer 65

health of animals act meat inspection act criminal code

Question 66

how christians view animals and importance for their religion

Answer 66

not traditionally sympathetic to animals, we have dominion over them.

Question 67

how islam view animals and importance for their religion

Answer 67

belief in 1 god, promotes kindness for living creatures, all creatures are like family to God

Question 68

how hindus view animals and importance for their religion

Answer 68

many gods, some animals considered "sacred", used in ceremonies "holy cow"

Question 69

animal welfare issues w sacred animals

Answer 69

cows can be prevented from slaughter, some need to travel long distance to be slaughtered, may cause unneeded suffering for animal who's best outcome is slaughter religious states may alter wild behaviours, animals dependent on ppl food animal sacrifices

Question 70

classical conditioning

Answer 70

like pavlov - stim paired w neutral

Question 71

operant conditioning

Answer 71

learn to behave to get rewards and avoid punishment

Question 72

5 freedoms

Answer 72

1. freedom from hunger and thirst 2. freedom from discomfort 3. freedom from pain, injury and disease 4. freedom to express normal behavoiur 5. freedom from fear and distress - combines all criteria, does not include the freedom from death

Question 73

5 revisions to 5 freedoms for production animals

Answer 73

1. good nutrition - diet to maintain health and vigour 2. good environment - suitable housing, good air, comfy bed 3. good health - vet care 4. appropriate behaviour 5. positive mental experiences

Question 74

3 criteria forming the basis of welfare definitions *

Answer 74

physical, mental, natural/behavioural

Question 75

3 elements in welfare debate *MC Q

Answer 75

1. science - effects on animal from animal perspective 2. ethics - human action towards animal 3. law - result of science + ethics dictating how humans must treat animals (codes of practice

Question 76

phenomenal consciousness

Answer 76

sentience how we understand other minds, what is it like to be someone else refers to other aspects of consciousness