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History of Science > Midquiz - Flash Dates + Grand Theories > Flashcards

Midquiz - Flash Dates + Grand Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

inventero of paradigm theory, history of science. Published the Structure of Scientific Revolutions

A

Thomas Kuhn

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2
Q

When was the Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn published

A

1962

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3
Q

What was the first step of determining an analytic or experimental guide to research? Which argument established it? What era

A

Boyle v Hobbes in 1660. Boyle built an air contraption to show vacuum at work. Went from theory to causes to observations to theory.

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4
Q

A Puritan minister who was a proponent of Newtonian science. Published the Christian Philosopher in 1721

A

Cotton Mather

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5
Q

When did Thomas Jefferson send Lewis & Clarke on a mission of knowledge?

A

1803

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6
Q

The Year the Coast Survey program started in the US and who originally ran it

A

1807 & led by Hassler. Alexander Bache took over in 1843

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7
Q

The first Yale professor of chemistry and natural history hired in 1801 & who started the American Journal of Science and the Arts in 1818

A

Benjamin Silliman

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8
Q

When was the American Journal of Science & the Arts

A

1818

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9
Q

When was West Point founded? And when was Alexander Bache made a professor of engineering there?

A

1802, 1825

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10
Q

The true proponent of the Coast Survey and when did he start working for the Coast Survey

A

Alexander Bache. 1843

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11
Q

A court case that started the conversation of whether scientists were truly and officially experts and could have their knowledge taken as fact

A

James Maurice vs Samuel Judd in 1818. Samuel Judd refused to pay taxes on whale oil because it wasn’t fish oil.

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12
Q

the ROCKSTAR scientist of the 19th century scientists. Prominent naturalist, Austrian(?).

A

Baron Alexander von Humboldt

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13
Q

When the Smithsonian fund left behind finally was established with a secretary, board, and building

A

1846

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14
Q

Went to Walden Pond and studied it to extreme detail in 1846

A

Henry David Thoreau

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15
Q

Sarah Stone published her book/guide on midwifery

A

1737

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16
Q

Length of time of this person’s diary described her daily rituals, including those of midwifery

A

1785 - 1812, Martha Ballard

17
Q

pioneered small pox vaccine by testing his gardner’s son

A

Edward Jenner

18
Q

Two main Geology questions

A

Uniformitarian (slowly changing over time) v catastrophic (sudden, dramatic changes)
Neptunism (accretion and deposition by water) v Plutonism (upwelling and spewing of molten matter from beneath)

19
Q

Stole mill/industrial spinning technology from England (who had it highly protected at the time) & brought it to the US and period it was stolen. When was his mill built?

A

Samuel Slater (Slater the Traitor), invented tech in 1760s. Built mill in RI in 1793

20
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

“giraffe’s neck will grow longer as it grows, and then pass it to children.” Continuous spontaneous generation theory, so simpler forms just hadn’t had as much time to evolve

21
Q

uniformist geologist whose books influenced Darwin during his worldly voyage

A

Charles Lyell

22
Q

years that Darwin was on his voyage

A

1831-1836

23
Q

publication date of Origin of Species

A

1859

24
Q

Two important figures who brought Darwin’s theory in America

A

Louis Agassiz (founded comparative zoology) & Asa Gray (botanist with correspondance between he and Darwin)

25
Q

two people who applied Darwin’s theories to humans

A

Herbert Spencer - coined survival of the fittest (1864)

William G. Spencer - advanced Social Darwinist position (1883)

26
Q

when was survival of the fittest coined?

A

1864

27
Q

when was Harvard created?

A

1636

28
Q

A bill that provided states with 30,000 acres to establish and fund educational institutions that focused on agriculture, mechanics, and to educate industrial classes. And when was it authorized?

A

Morill Land Grant Act in 1862

29
Q

Acts that helped support the Morill Land Grant Act, one that funded research and a second that funded dissemination of knowledge collected and what years they were founded

A 
Hatch Act (1887) = research
Smith-Lever (1914) = disemmination
30
Q

A second land grant act aimed at equality of education in Southern states, led to the founding of many of the historically black colleges

A

Second Morill Act in 1890

31
Q

This university was founded in 1876 based on European graduate education

A

John Hopkins

32
Q

two people who pushed the boundary in germ discovery. 1 determined the germ theory, in which year? the other in anthrax, in which year?

A

Louis Pasteur - 1861

Robert Kock - 1876

33
Q

a prominent antivaxxer after her child died

A

Laura Little

34
Q

traced cholera outbrea to a single water pump

A

John Snow, 1854

35
Q

The Three Industrial Revolutions, time estimates, and focus

A 
First IR (1760 - 1840) - textile, replacing human/animal power
Second IR (1840s - 1950s) - transportation, communication, source of power (electricity)
Third IR (1950s-today) - information technologies
36
Q

Relationship between Society and Innovation

A
  • The Development of Germ Theory (1860s-1900s)
  • -> As people move away from miasma theory, cities love this new idea, take it up.
  • -> First a voluntary phase, not necessary. Then existing policies and social norms as information spreads and becomes an established part of life.
  • -> Societal changes bring opposition (antivax).
  • -> Use these norms to help continue or support the existing social constructs (discrimination against Chinese)
37
Q

How should we define a “paradigm shifts” and does certain things qualify as a paradigm shift?

A
  • Def: Science changes via revolutions
  • People come up with new theories during a crisis phase, and one of these theories will win & signal shift
  • God/Creationism —> Evolution (Darwin emerging from the the crisis, social reaction to Darwin)
  • Miasma –> Germ Theory
38
Q

a scientist who believed that species organized by divine intelligence, no evolution or change, but species could happen at any given moment

A

Georges Cuvier

History of Science (3 decks)

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