Midquiz - Flash Dates + Grand Theories Flashcards
inventero of paradigm theory, history of science. Published the Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Thomas Kuhn
When was the Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn published
1962
What was the first step of determining an analytic or experimental guide to research? Which argument established it? What era
Boyle v Hobbes in 1660. Boyle built an air contraption to show vacuum at work. Went from theory to causes to observations to theory.
A Puritan minister who was a proponent of Newtonian science. Published the Christian Philosopher in 1721
Cotton Mather
When did Thomas Jefferson send Lewis & Clarke on a mission of knowledge?
1803
The Year the Coast Survey program started in the US and who originally ran it
1807 & led by Hassler. Alexander Bache took over in 1843
The first Yale professor of chemistry and natural history hired in 1801 & who started the American Journal of Science and the Arts in 1818
Benjamin Silliman
When was the American Journal of Science & the Arts
1818
When was West Point founded? And when was Alexander Bache made a professor of engineering there?
1802, 1825
The true proponent of the Coast Survey and when did he start working for the Coast Survey
Alexander Bache. 1843
A court case that started the conversation of whether scientists were truly and officially experts and could have their knowledge taken as fact
James Maurice vs Samuel Judd in 1818. Samuel Judd refused to pay taxes on whale oil because it wasn’t fish oil.
the ROCKSTAR scientist of the 19th century scientists. Prominent naturalist, Austrian(?).
Baron Alexander von Humboldt
When the Smithsonian fund left behind finally was established with a secretary, board, and building
1846
Went to Walden Pond and studied it to extreme detail in 1846
Henry David Thoreau
Sarah Stone published her book/guide on midwifery
1737
Length of time of this person’s diary described her daily rituals, including those of midwifery
1785 - 1812, Martha Ballard
pioneered small pox vaccine by testing his gardner’s son
Edward Jenner
Two main Geology questions
Uniformitarian (slowly changing over time) v catastrophic (sudden, dramatic changes)
Neptunism (accretion and deposition by water) v Plutonism (upwelling and spewing of molten matter from beneath)
Stole mill/industrial spinning technology from England (who had it highly protected at the time) & brought it to the US and period it was stolen. When was his mill built?
Samuel Slater (Slater the Traitor), invented tech in 1760s. Built mill in RI in 1793
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
“giraffe’s neck will grow longer as it grows, and then pass it to children.” Continuous spontaneous generation theory, so simpler forms just hadn’t had as much time to evolve
uniformist geologist whose books influenced Darwin during his worldly voyage
Charles Lyell
years that Darwin was on his voyage
1831-1836
publication date of Origin of Species
1859
Two important figures who brought Darwin’s theory in America
Louis Agassiz (founded comparative zoology) & Asa Gray (botanist with correspondance between he and Darwin)
two people who applied Darwin’s theories to humans
Herbert Spencer - coined survival of the fittest (1864)
William G. Spencer - advanced Social Darwinist position (1883)
when was survival of the fittest coined?
1864
when was Harvard created?
1636
A bill that provided states with 30,000 acres to establish and fund educational institutions that focused on agriculture, mechanics, and to educate industrial classes. And when was it authorized?
Morill Land Grant Act in 1862
Acts that helped support the Morill Land Grant Act, one that funded research and a second that funded dissemination of knowledge collected and what years they were founded
Hatch Act (1887) = research Smith-Lever (1914) = disemmination
A second land grant act aimed at equality of education in Southern states, led to the founding of many of the historically black colleges
Second Morill Act in 1890
This university was founded in 1876 based on European graduate education
John Hopkins
two people who pushed the boundary in germ discovery. 1 determined the germ theory, in which year? the other in anthrax, in which year?
Louis Pasteur - 1861
Robert Kock - 1876
a prominent antivaxxer after her child died
Laura Little
traced cholera outbrea to a single water pump
John Snow, 1854
The Three Industrial Revolutions, time estimates, and focus
First IR (1760 - 1840) - textile, replacing human/animal power Second IR (1840s - 1950s) - transportation, communication, source of power (electricity) Third IR (1950s-today) - information technologies
Relationship between Society and Innovation
- The Development of Germ Theory (1860s-1900s)
- -> As people move away from miasma theory, cities love this new idea, take it up.
- -> First a voluntary phase, not necessary. Then existing policies and social norms as information spreads and becomes an established part of life.
- -> Societal changes bring opposition (antivax).
- -> Use these norms to help continue or support the existing social constructs (discrimination against Chinese)
How should we define a “paradigm shifts” and does certain things qualify as a paradigm shift?
- Def: Science changes via revolutions
- People come up with new theories during a crisis phase, and one of these theories will win & signal shift
- God/Creationism —> Evolution (Darwin emerging from the the crisis, social reaction to Darwin)
- Miasma –> Germ Theory
a scientist who believed that species organized by divine intelligence, no evolution or change, but species could happen at any given moment
Georges Cuvier
