FInal IDs Flashcards
1
Q
- wrote the Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962
- Paradigms: “universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time solve a model problem and solution to a community of practitioners.”
A
Thomas Kuhn
2
Q
- 18th century intellectual movement
- leaders core conventions: comprehension of universe, availability of reason as the standard for critiquing all instructions and truth claims, promotion of toleration, equality, & natural rights
- during this era, science SUSTAINED religion
A
Enlightenment
3
Q
- edited by Denis Diderot & Jean le Rond d’alembert
- published 1751- 1765
- sought to widely disseminate knowledge, improve human life, and “change the way people thought”
A
Encyclopedia
4
Q
- author of ‘Experiments and observations on electricity’ (1751-54) & invented lightning rod
- Natural philosopher
- wrote ‘A proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge’
A
Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790)
5
Q
- diary about the different childbirths she helped give and her daiy life
- glimpse into medicine in 18th century America during the transition from midwives to male doctors
A
Martha Ballard
6
Q
- case determining whether a whale is a fish within the meaning of a law providing the inspection of fish oil
- whalers knew a lot that college-educated “experts” did not
- question of scientific authority and the value of education vs the experiences of laymen
A
Jamues Maurice v Samuel Judd (1818)
7
Q
- this person left his estate to the US Government “to found in Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Inst, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men”
- Congress passed a bill in ___ to create the ___ board with a secretary, board of regents, & a building
A
James Smithsonian, 1846
8
Q
- military academy founded in ____
- federal gov didn’t support science in beginning of 19th century
- ____ hired a chemistry professor in ___; engineering prof in ____
A
West Point, 1802, 1824, 1825
9
Q
Lewis and Clark, 1804-1806
A
- explored the northwest region of America, searching for a north west passage under the instruction and payment of Jefferson
- include year in answer
- reached the west coast
- main objectives were to explore Missouri River and take notes on animals, people, plants & map the land
- beginning of westward expansion
10
Q
Morrill Land Grant Act
A
Morril Act of 1862
- denied until Lincoln was able to push it through with South gone
- Each state recieved 30k acres of federal land to establish educational institutions to teach branches of learning related to agriculture & mechanical arts & promote liberal and practical education of the industrial classes
- University of Illinois, Berkeley, Ohio State
11
Q
First Industrial Revolution
A
- 1760-1840s
- steam engines powered by coal replacing human & animal energy & water mills for most large factories
- people began working on the clock for the first time
- large factories arose in textiles and few other industries (moving away from home-based textile industry)
- prices fell for consumers
12
Q
Second Industrial Revolution
A
1840s-1950s
- trnasportation & communication radically altered, first by RR, telegraphy, telephone & radio, then automobile, truck, airplane; electricity
- electric motors and internal combustion replace steam & furnish vital new sources of power for factories, vehicles, & equipment
- inventors would make alliances with capitalists and form companies based on their patents
- demographic shift to industrial cities
13
Q
Third Industrial Revolution
A
- 1940s/50s to now
- emphasis on information technology, knowledge work, shift to services; internet
- 1947 - Bell Labs patents semiconductor transistor that displaces vacuum tubes in military and civil communication & control devices
- a move of displacement from inventors to industrial research labs, except for start-ups which follow inventer + capitalist model
14
Q
Charles Darwin & Darwinian Evolution
A
- traveled on the HMS Beagle from 1831 - 1836
- wrote Origin of Species in 1859 after pressure of another scientist writing similar things
- Stated that all life is related & has descended from a common ancestor; beneficial mutations preserved in a way known as “natural selection” in a slow, gradual process of change
- didn’t apply his idea to humans
15
Q
Origin of Species
A
- published in 1859
- arguably a paradigm shift
- did not apply his ideas to humans
- Darwin’s book on his take on evolution & natural selection
16
Q
- biologist & geologist at Harvard & a renown lecturer
- resistent (initially) of Darwin’s theory of evolution in the US
A
Louis Agassiz (1807-1873)
17
Q
- receptor of Darwin’s theory of evolution in America
- adamant that science and religion are not exclusive
- botatnist at Harvard & believed that species developed over time
A
Asa Gray (1810-1888)
18
Q
Gregor Mendel
A
- experimented with inheritance in the 1850s and 1860s –> died in shame
- work rediscovered in early 1900s
- work specifically concerned with dominant and recessive traits & how they are bassed down through seeds, pods and flowers of pea plants
19
Q
- Columbia and Caltech geneticist & a known skeptic
- experimented with fruit flies & was able to confirm Mendel’s inheritance argument
- eliminated theories that competed with Darwin’s
- a lot of his work was more meaningful due to his resistance to Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory
A
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945)
20
Q
Miasma
A
- theory of disease held that diseases were caused by inhaling invisible clouds
- revealed little knowledge of medicine
- held up until germ theory was discovered by Pasteur
21
Q
- implemented by the navy & put onto ships
- listening devices used to locate German U-boats during WW1
- navy worked with a company in order to create them, initiating the military-industrial complex (though most bonds broke after war ended)
A
Hydrophone
22
Q
John Scopes, 1925
A
- biology teacher charged in ___ with teaching evolution in his high school science class
- was asked by local govt attorneys if he would agree to be arrested and stand as a test case against a TN law against teaching against the bible
- Jury found scopes guilty in 9 minutes, but won on a technicality
23
Q
William Jennings Bryan
A
- took the stand in defense of bible and local control of public schools
- teachers in public schools must teach what taxpayers desire to be taught
- died 5 days after trial
- a former secretary of state under Wilson & ran for President 3 times
24
Q
Eugenics
A
- “not punishment, but protection” -> mainstream and postered by many people in power & workers in welfare/unemployment and healthy
- applying scientific methods into social policy & use genetic quality of a population to improve it
- implemented to help determine the work force’s employability & what level of welfare a person should get during the Great Depression
- Nazi scientists based work off American Eugenics done previously
25
Q
Carrie Buck, 1927
A
- lost Supreme Court case Buck v Bell
- sterilized against her will in VA in ___ because of eugenics program noted she was “feeble minded”
- “in order to prevent being swamped with incompetence” stated judge on trial & “three generations of imbeciles is enough”
26
Q
- physicist
- “Plea for Pure Science” written in ____ about relationship between universities & their commercialization
- 1st President of American Physical Society
A
Henry Rowland, 1883
