Middle east glossary Flashcards
1
Q
November 1947 UN General Assembly
A
The Partition Plan
2
Q
What did the Partition Plan do?
A
the plan allocates about 55% of the land to go to minority Jewish population and 45% to non-Jewish arab majority
- Jersulem a neutral entity
- never was implemented Arabs rejected plan and war broke out
3
Q
May 1948 - march 1949
A
Jewish arab civil war in Palestine
- nakba ethnic cleansing
4
Q
The arab Israeli war 1948
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Israels independence, march armistice 1949 israel controlled 78% og the country compared to 55% in partition plan
egypt and jordan held 22%
5
Q
Dec 1948 UN general assembly resolution
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right to return for palestine, never implemented
6
Q
1953 Iranian Military Coup
A
Iran is nationalized, oil reserves are threathened britain and US orchestra coup against democratically elected prim minister
- Mohammad Mosaddeq and instead Shah from long reigning family Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
- force backed by west, dictatorship
7
Q
1954-1962 French Algerian war
A
- war for independence
- 100 years of occupation 8 years of uprsing french to withdraw FLN
8
Q
1956 Suez war
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- president Nasser in egypt west conducted a imperalist scheme to invade egypt and take control of canal
- US concerned with cold war, stepped in and stopped plot
9
Q
1960 UN genreral assembly
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- declaration on decolonization
- resoltution aimed to hasten and reinforce progress decolonization and provide moral and legal legitimacy to decolonial movements
10
Q
June 1967 six day war
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- june war, 3 arab israeli conflict
- Israel attack egypt, syria heled egypt
- Israel expanded territorial control
- from the river to the sea
- controlled egypt, jordan, jeruseulm territory (humiliation)
11
Q
1973 Yom Kippur war October war
A
- fourth Israeli palestine war
- Arab forces struck back suprise atack three weeks long
- Israelis first wartime serious casualties and defeat
- egypt reclaimed key portions of the territory
12
Q
1975-1990 Lebanon Civil war
A
- long civil war that ended in foreign interference (syria)
- strain forces occupied the country from 1976 until 2005
domestic sectarianism - most parties of the civil war rejected the countries constitution which favored the minority christans maronities (french legacy)
- in the end power sharing among sects
13
Q
1978 Camp David peace accord
A
-egypt and israel peace treaty
- US jimmy carter, Eygpt anwae sadat
-recognized the state of Israel and Israel withdrew from egyptain sinai peninsula
- treaty has since been upheld
14
Q
1978-1979 Islamic revolution of Iran
A
- Iranian revolution
- not arm armed conflict was contentious popular uprising that transformed local, regional and global politics
-expelling west neocolonial influence and ushered in the Islamic republic of Iran - Iran has been anti US since
- ruled by secualr dictator Shah Pahlavi before uprising
- he was important west ally
15
Q
1979-1989 Soviet Invasion and occupation of Afghanistan
A
- communist ally and proxy gov war
- local afgan fighters mounted affective resistance secretly backed by US agencies and Saudi Arbia
- given billions of dollars in arms and training arab fighters across arab world
- successful russians were bled out
- after soviet left the Taliban led by Mullah Omar imported brutal theocracy on the country, arab mujahebin became Al Qaida
- leading to the infidel empire and 9/11
16
Q
1980-1988 Iraq iran war
A
- First gulf war, following Iranian revolution
-Iraw delcared war on iran and invaded - US backed military dictatorship of Saddam Hussein feared that irans popular Shi’a Islamism would spread to Iraq
- also because of long standing support for Europe and us
- iraw using chemical weapons illegal under international law much supplied by western countries
17
Q
1982 Lebanon war
A
-Israeli invasion of Lebanon
- during Lebanon’s intermittent civil war in 1975, Israel invaded and occupied the southern part of the country, inflicting massive bombardment and casualties as far north as the capital, Beirut
- defeating the Palestine Libartion org PLO in Lebanon mostly refugee camps and had directed terror attacks against Israel
18
Q
1987-1993 intifada of the stones
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INTIFADA, not militarized, grassroots revolt
- brought sympathy to Palestine cause, led to a solo accord
- HAMAS began
19
Q
1990-1991 GULF WAR
A
- after the Iraq war
- Iran invaded Kuwait oil-rich
US turned to Iraq to expel Iran
supported by the UN council
height of US global hegemony
20
Q
1993-1995 OSLO peace Accords
A
- Us mediation Israel agreed to recognize the PLO as legit Palestinian leadership, and the PLO agreed to recognize the state of Israel and renounced armed struggle
- the PLO allowed the return to the Palestine territories and est the Palestinian Authority
- did not end the occupation Israeli settlers did not move and moved in continued
21
Q
1994 Jordan Israel Peace treaty
A
- Jodan became the second and last arab country to recognize Israel
- until trump brokered Abraham accords
22
Q
1997 UNGA resoulation on peaceful settlement of the question of palestine
A
- ongoing annaul votes at the UN calling for 2 state solution
- condemning Israel occupation illegal settlement under international law
- almost all countries vote in favour of resolution expect US and Israel few others
23
Q
july 200, jan 2001 camp david and Taba Talks
A
- president clintons peace efforts btw israel and Palestinians culminated in negotiations first camp david in july 200 and then in egypt resort town of taba in jan 2001
- camp david offered the Palestinians less than a state
24
Q
2000-2005 INTIFADA
A
- second intifada
- this time armed uprising, HAMAS
street classes, suicide bombing, small arms - irsaeli response with tight military tanks, air strikes, heli attacks
2003 Israel began construction of separation barriers with west bank GREEN LINE - and around its settler communities in west bank
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September 11 2001
terror attacks 911
- Al Qaida terrorist highjacking of plane
-crashing into Twin Towers that led to their collapse
- one struck the pentagon
- and the fourth crashed in field in Pennsylvania
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2001 present US led war on terror
- responding to 911 the uS led internation coaliton against countries and terrorist organization
- occupation in arghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003
- across middle east
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2001-2021 US led war in afghanistan
- part of war on terror
-US led international coalition invaded and occupied afghan replacing taliban gov they were hosting Al Qaida
- new west friendly gov
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2002 Arab Peace Initiative (aka saudi Initiative)
- Arab League under saudi leadershop declared it would recognize israel and normalize all relations if Israel ended its occupation of the palestian territories
- and syrian Golan heights and worked towards palestian refugee problem
- Israel ignored saudi initiative and reasserted in 2007 ignoring again
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2003-2010 Iraq war US invasion of Iraq
- third gulf war
- george W bush unilaterally invaded and occupied Iraq based on false pretexts of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction
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2006 Lebanon War Israel Hezbollah war
- Israel launched military operations against hezbollah positions and other targets across lebanon with the aim of defeating the armed Islamist movement
-backed by Iran and Syria
-this was a failure
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dec 2008-Jan 2009 Israeli operation
- Israel laucnhed 3 weeks of airstrikes and ground operation against hamas leading Palestinian Islamist resistance group,
-hamas has controlled gaza strip since 2007 after winning 2006 elections for the PA
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2010-2013 arab uprisings arab spring
-the entrenched rule of arab presidents for life was seriously challenged and in some cases came crashing down
proximate causes included increasingly corrupt dictatorships
- deteriorating state welfare and social services and rising costs in food
- Tunisia, egypt, bahrain and yemen the uprising were grassroots, popular, democractic unarmed and mostly nonviolent
- started with the Tunisian man who set himself on fire in 2010
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The larg2012 UN recognition of statehood
- the large majority of countries 138 of them voted in favour of upgrading Palestinian territories under the PA to partial state staus
- non observer state status
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2012 Israeli operation pillar of defence
- 2nd gaza war mowing the lawn
- cut short by diplomatic pressure
- air airstrikes, violent armstice, against hamas
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2014 Israeli operation Protective Edge
- aka third gaza war mowing the grass
- repeat, but most severe tactivly back by egypt now under dictatorship of el sisi
2200 casaulities almost all Palestinians mostly civilians
- 20,000 homes destroyed 100 of factories and mosques destroyed
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2014-2018 Global coalition against ISIS
- following terror attacks on europe us led an international coalition to undertake airstrikes against ISIS in syria and Iraq plus military support from other actors
- Iraqi gov, jurds, and armed jihadis
- ISIS was an ideological successor to al Qaida but more extreme
-ISIS calls for establishing state and killing other Muslims
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2015-present Suadi war on yemen
- US-backed, Houthis took power by force in 2014
following three years of contentious politics sparked by the 2011 arab springs
- Saudi Arabia declared war on the new gov aim to restoring previous gov
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2015-Joint comprehensive plan for action (aka the Iran deal, Iran nuclear agreement)
- was signed between Iran and the security council plus Germany deal liften economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for Irans commitment to ending weapons grade uranium enrichment and allowing international inspections of its facilities fro a period of the years
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2016- UN security council resolution illegality of Israeli settlements
- Obamas final weeks in office, ciritcal of israeli occupation to pass through the security council
14-0 US abstained rather then veoted
- the resolution to reaffirmed that Israeli settlements in the west and east bank were illegal
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2018-2019 great march of return
- gaza border protests
- over a year every Friday tens of thousands of unarmed Palestinians in gaza strip marched to the heavily fortified border fence with Israel demanding an end to the blockade and demanding the right to return to their land and homes lost in 1948
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October 7th 2013 hamas terror attacks on israel
- at a Israeli music festival hamas air raided israeli civilians
- taking israeli hostages in order to gain Palestinian hostages that have been taken for years
-this has continued countless causaluties of over 30,000 in the past couple months
-Israel has destroyed all schools, entire neighbourhoods, displaced millions pushing to north gaza at the border of egypt
almost all hostpials have been occupied,
- there is no clean water, no electricity, no medical supplies, and famine has began
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