Middle East. Flashcards
What 6 things make a civilization?
- permanent cities
- trade
- written reports
- agriculture
- craft specialization
- religion/ government
Where and when did civilization begin at?
Mesopotamia at 3000 BCE
When and What was the first city created called
Hyyuk in 6800 BCE
What was Hyyuk built around
Bazaars and ziggurats
What was the oldest law of code
Hammaurabis Code
When and where was Judaism founded
~2000 BCE in Mesopotamia and modern day Iraq/Israel
How did Judaism begin
With the departure of Abraham from Mesopotamia to Caan (Isael)
Who was Abraham and Moses
The founders/ important figures of Judaism.
What is the oral tradition of Judaism called
Talmud
What are the three major branches of Judaism
Orthodox
Conservative
Reform
What is Diaspora
The scattering of the Hebrews/Jewish people all over the region die to persecution.
What is Kosher
Conforming to the law of the Torah
What are some of the holy days and celebrations for Judaism.
Hannaka
Yom Kippur
Rosh hashnana
Passover
What are two symbols of Judaism
The Star of David
The shield of David
What is the most religious location for Judaism
The western wall
When, where, an who is the birth of Christianity
Judaea
7BCE
Jesus Christ
Who took the word of Christianity out of the Jewish world?
St. Paul
When and where did Islam originate from
622 CE Hega peninsula (modern day Saudi Arabia)
What is Hegia
The flight of Muhammed to medina
What is an imam and a mullah
Muslim religious leaders
What is Hadith
Sayings and deeds of Muhammed
What are the 5 pillars of Muslim faith
- Profession of faith
- Prayer of worship 5x a day facing Mecca
- Giving to the poor
- Fasting during Ramadan
- Hajj
What is Sharia
Law of the Koran
Why is the most sacred location for Muslims
Kaaba, the sacred stone in Mecca
What does MENA stand for
Middle East and North Africa
What climates dominate this region
Arid and semi arid
What is the dominate biome of the Middle East
Desert
What resource is very valuable in the Middle East
Water
What resource is very plentiful in the Middle East
Oil
What is desalination
The removal of salt from ocean water for human use
What are three important choke points in the Middle East.
Suiz canal
Strait or hornez
Bosporus
What is an Arab.
Culture and race of people in the Middle East
What is the cultural hearth of the Middle East
Arabian peninsula
What does OPEC stand for
Organization of the petroleum exporting countries
What is the league of Arab states
The promotion of peace and prosperity among the middle eastern countries
What was the Arab spring
Series of uprisings against corrupt government leaders.
What countries saw the Arab spring
Tunisia Yemen Jordan Libya Bahrain Syria Egypt
What challenges face the Middle East today
- Modernization and keeping their traditions
2. Cooperating with one another.
What are three major reasons why we go to war
Resources
Ideological differences
Territory
What is the movement of Jews back to their ancestral home
Zionism
What are the four wars Israel fought with it’s surrounding neighbors
1948 Israeli war for independence
1956 siez war
1967 six day war
1973 Yom Kippur war
What five places did Israel occupy after 1948
West Bank Gaza Strip Sinai peninsula Golan heights Southern Lebanon
What were two attempts at establishing peace
Camp David accords
Oslo accords
What is the war on terror
War between terrorism and the USA and it’s allies
Common term for military, political, legal, and ideological battle against Islamic terrorism
What mountain path lies between Afghanistan and Pakistan
Kyber pass
What are the three largest groups in Afghanistan
Pastan-38%
Hazara
Tajik
What divided Pakistan from Afghanistan
Durand line
What mountain lies in afganastan
Hindu Kush
When and Why did the soviets invade Afghanistan
1979- the people were anti communist and pro Muslim so the soviet troops were sent there to keep the state communist.
What wars did Afghanistan take part of
Soviet/afgan war
Afgan civil rights
Us invation of Afghanistan
What attacks did al Qaeda do
1988- World Trade Center bombing
1998-bombing of American embassy in Kenya
2000- bombing of the uss cole
2001- 9/11
What was the operation NATO and the USA did in 2001
Operation enduring freedom
What is the loya jirga
New Democratic government of afganastan
What significant event happened in 2011
Death of Osama bin laden
Iraq was historically known as what
Mesopotamia
Cradle of civilization.
What two Muslim groups have historically struggled for control of Iraq
Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims
Who took control of Iraq after WWI
Britain
Who did the British put in charge of Iraq
Sunni Muslim King named King Faisal
What happened to King Faisal
A military coup overthrew the King and a military dictatorship seized power.
What happened in 1980
Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq
Who was Saddam hussain
The president of Iraq and the head of the Arab socialist Ba’ath party
What all did Saddams rule accomplish
Modernized the country
More secular
Built roads, electricity, infrastructure
Built Iraqi military
What three ethnic groups exist today in Iraq
Sunni
Shia
Kurds
Iraq currently has the ________ highest oil reserve
Second
In 1980, who did Iraq invade
Iran
In 1990 who did Iraq invade
Kuwait
Why organization was established after WWII
The United Nations
What branch of the UN decided to use force to remove Iraq from Kuwait
The UN severity council
What environmental disaster did Iraq create when they retreated from Kuwait
- Set fire to oil wells
2. Dumped millions of oil in the Persian gulf
What 3 reasons did the USA give to invade Iraq
Iraq violated UN demands
Har boring terrorists
Had weapons of mass destruction
What is WMD & IED
Weapons of mass destruction
Improvised exploding devices
What is sectarian violence
Ethnic groups fighting and terrorizing one another
What kind of government does Iraq have today
Iraq National Assembly
What was the operation the UN did on afganastan in 2003
Operation desert storm
Who fought over the island of Cyprus?
The Turks and Greeks.
What is the green line
UN made line that divides the country between the Turkish and Greek side.
Who is the worlds largest landless minority?
Kurds.
What is an ayatollah.
A Shia Muslim leader.
