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Middle East > Middle East - 1948 War > Flashcards

Middle East - 1948 War Flashcards

1
Q

What day does David Ben-Gurion announce the state of Israel? And how long after does the Arab Armies invade?

A

14 May 1948, the following day the armed forces of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan and Syria invade.

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2
Q

When does the first phase of fighting occur?

A

15 May - 10 June 1948

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3
Q

How many Egyptian men cross the border and where do they cross the border? Who do they attack?

A

10’000 men cross the border near the coast. Attacking some isolated Jewish settlements in what was to be the Arab State.

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4
Q

How many Arab troops were there in may 1948?

A

25’000

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4
Q

What did the Arab forces send to fight in the war?

A

Their expeditionary force, leaving bulk of army at home.

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6
Q

How many troops did the IDF have?

A

Over 35’000. By mid-July they had 65’000 peaking at 96’000.

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7
Q

Who attacked from the north in the first phase?

A

A force containing Syrian, Iraqi and Lebanese troops.

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8
Q

What happened with the force attacking from the North? Why?

A

They were resisted by Jewish Settlers and most of the invaders were forced to withdraw. They lacked ammunition and were the least experienced of the Arab Force.

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9
Q

What was the major conflict in the first phase?

A

The battle for Jerusalem.

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10
Q

What does King Abdullah do in the first phase?

A

Move his Arab Legion to defend the old city.

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11
Q

Why was the Arab Legion the force the Israelis were keenest to defeat?

A
  1. Wanted full control of Jerusalem, including the old city which contained the Jewish holy sites.
  2. The Arab legion was the most effective and best trained Arab force. They felt if the Arab Legion was defeated the other forces would all collapse.
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12
Q

Did the Israelis defeat the Arab Legion in the first phase?

A

No, they weren’t able to overcome the Arab legion and the Israeli offensive was halted. However, they do gain control of Western Jerusalem and are able to feed and protect the Jewish Population there.

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13
Q

What happened to the Arab inhabitants of Jerusalem in the first phase?

A

They fled or were forced out.

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14
Q

When was the first ceasefire?

A

10 June 1948

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15
Q

Who were willing to open peace talks?

A

Jordanians and Lebanese were.

Egyptians, Syrians and Iraqis were not.

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16
Q

What do the Israelis do in the first ceasefire in terms of weapon?

A

They secure fresh supplies of weapons from Eastern Europe - mainly the Czechs.

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17
Q

In the ceasefire, do the Arab forces rearm themselves?

A

No, Britain - their main supplier - refused to disobey the UN embargo on supplying arms to the warring sides.

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18
Q

What do the Israelis do in the ceasefire within their forces?

A

Recruit more men, reorganise and rearm their forces.

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19
Q

True or false? When the Egyptians break the truce, the Israelis go on the offensive and seize the initiative from the Arab forces.

A

True

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20
Q

When was the second phase of fighting?

A

9-18 July 1948

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21
Q

What was the Israeli priority in the second phase of fighting?

A

Widen the corridor leading to Jerusalem.

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22
Q

Did the Arab legion keep hold of the old city?

What do they neglect to do?

A

Yes, but it didn’t attempt to seize land allocated to the Arabs.

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23
Q

What happened in the south in the second phase?

A

Israeli forces were able to resist Egyptian advances in the Negev dessert.

24
Q

What land do the Israelis take control of the north in the second phase?

A

The whole Galilee region.

25
Q

When was the second truce?

A

September 1948

26
Q

What was the proposed peace plan from the second ceasefire? (4 points)

A

Added land to the Arabs in the south.
Added land to the Israeli’s in the North.
Jerusalem remains international city.
Arab refugees given the right to return home.

27
Q

What happens the following day after the announcement of the peace plan?

A

The UN mediator is assassinated by the stern gang.

28
Q

To maintain international support, what does the Israeli government do following the assassination?

A

Order the dissolution of the Stern Gang and Irgun. However, some of the members incorporated into the IDF.

29
Q

When was the third phase of fighting?

A

15 October 1948 - 7 January 1949

30
Q

What is the Israeli goal in the third phase?

A

To defeat the Egyptians in the south.

31
Q

Do the Israelis achieve the goal from the second phase?

A

Yes, driving them past the border over into Egypt.

32
Q

Who controls the Negev at the end of the war?

A

The Israeli’s.

33
Q

How many Israelis are killed in the war?

A

6000, nearly 1% of the population.

34
Q

How much territory do the Israelis hold?

A

79% instead of the 55% originally accepted.

35
Q

How many Palestinians become refugees at the end of the war? Where did they go?

A

Over 700’000, most moving to the West Bank.

36
Q

What is the Arabic word meaning disaster which is used to describe the events?

A

Nakba

37
Q

What was agreed in the Israeli-Egyptian armistice?

A
  • pre war borders

- Gaza area was to come under Egyptian military rule

38
Q

What was agreed in Israeli-Jordanian armistice?

A
  • West Bank now part of the Jordanian empire
39
Q

Why were the Israelis keen to make peace with the king?

A

So they could keep control of the newer, western part of Jerusalem. Preferring a partitioned Jerusalem to an international one.

40
Q

What made an armistice agreement between Syria and Israel harder?

A

Syrian forces had control of some territory allocated to the Jewish State.

41
Q

Why was the Syrian-Israeli agreement a good result for the Israelis?

A

Left Israel free of Syrian troops whilst providing a buffer zone between the two sides.

42
Q

How long did it take for permanent peace treaties between the two sides to come about?

A

30 years.

43
Q

What were two key issues which couldn’t be resolved?

A

Borders and Refugees

44
Q

What were the Arabs views on refugees?

A

Israel had created the problem and they hence should have the right to return or to be compensated by the Israeli’s.

45
Q

What were the Israeli’s views on refugees?

A

The Arab’s had started the issue by invading Israel and starting the war. They’d only negotiate if the most of the refugees were to be settled outside Israel.

46
Q

Were some countries willing to negotiate on borders?

A

Yes.

47
Q

What was agreed in the Syrian-Israeli armistice?

A

The Syrians would withdraw from the ceasefire lines and that that area was to become a DMZ.

51
Q

What other obstacles to peace existed?

A

The intensely bitter Arab public opinion.

52
Q

What law does Israel introduce in 1950 to develop the state?

A

Law of return.

53
Q

What is the law of return?

A

It granted any Jew the in the world the right to become a citizen of Israel.

54
Q

What does the law of return lead to in terms of population?

A

It doubles the size of the population.

55
Q

Where would the new immigrants go?

A

Most would join the IDF. Here they’d learn Hebrew and would love together.

56
Q

What led to the state of Israel becoming richer?

A

The irrigation and cultivation of the desert.

Introduction of new industries.

57
Q

What was key for the economic development?

A

The financial aid received from the US government and American Jews.

58
Q

What was the US’s view on Israel?

A

A close, firm friend in a troubled part of the world.

Middle East (4 decks)

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