Middle childhood Flashcards
industry
developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.
school provides many opportunities
Erikson’s theory
industry vs. inferiority
inferiority
pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well.
family environment teachers and peers can contribute to negative feelings.
self concept
more refined, perspective taking, real self vs ideal self
self concept: cognitive
reasoning, experience, behaviors.
self concept: social
parental support and peer social groups
self concept: cultural
varies between cultures
asian- harmonious interdependence
western- independence and self assertion
collectivist subcultures- group social traits
self esteem in middle childhood
hierarchically structured, drops first few years then rises
self esteem categories
academic, social, athletic, physical apperance.
influences on self esteem
culture and gender
having authoritative parents=
high self esteem
having controlling parents =
harms self esteem
achievement related attribution two parts
mastery oriented, learned helplessness
mastery oriented
attribute success to ability, incremental view of ability, can improve by trying, focus on learning goals
learned helplessness
attribute failure to ability, fixed view of ability cannot be changed, focus on performance goals
fostering a mastery oriented approach
cultures affect a child’s development if learned helplessness
preventing learned helplessness
provide a positive learning environment, be encouraging, send clear messages, small class sizes, cooperative learning
piaget’s concrete operational stages
conservation-reversibility, classification, seriation- transitive inference, spatial reasoning
conservation
capable of focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them. they obey logical rules
reversibility
think through a series of steps then do them in reverse order.
classification
putting things in their categories
seriation
order items along a quanitative dimension. example: length or weight
transitive inference
being able to know that one stick is longer than another. also putting them in order
spatial reasoning
understanding space. also called cognitive maps. mental representations.
information processing perspective
examines separate aspects of thinking
brain development is keyed to
speed, capacity, and inhibition
memory strategies
rehearsal, organization, elaboration
cognitive self regulation
process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
self monitoring
takes control of learning
whole language approach
from the beginning children should be exposed to whole text
phonics approach
translating written symbols into sounds then they recieve reading materials
metalinguistic awareness
the ability to think about language as a system children learn 20 new words a day
traditional classroom
teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules and decision making progress is evaluated by how they keep up
constructivist classroom
encourages students to construct their knowledge. piaget, learning centers, small groups, problem solving
social constructivist classroom
children participate in challenging activities. advances in cognitive and social development
